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• IPtables rate-limit, What are the differences between modules? Recent, Limit

  - by TechZilla

  I am doing some rate-limiting with IPtables, and i'm not sure if I should use "Recent" or "Limit" What are the differences between the two? If they both achieve the same result, which one has better performance? I would like to know, regardless if any difference would be perceivable. I am looking to ACCEPT if under limit, and REJECT if over. I'm not interested in thus bandwidth throttling, I don't want a queue. I don't need any syntax examples, both have ample use examples online. I have also used Limit in the past. I appreciate any responses.

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• Make a socket as a user but make it readable and writable by another

  - by user1598585

  I have a software that is run under user A, this software creates a socket in /sockets and the socket should be readable and writable by user B. I have tried setting the directory to have ownership A:A or A:B but when user A creates the socket, it ends up with uid A and gid A. Using ACLs has not helped so far, the default mask is preventing the rights to be effective. rw permisions for B will always turn into jusr r. If what I make is not a socket it will work fine. How can I best accomplish this task? (It is for a web-server where the web-application makes the socket and the web-server software forwards requests to it)

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• Tab Completion In Emacs shell-mode SSH Sessions

  - by Sean M

  My current use pattern of emacs results in my having several shell-mode buffers open, each running an ssh session. I am running into an issue with this, though - when I try to tab-complete file names and other things in my remote session, the shell attempts to use completions available on the local machine instead of on the remote machine. For example, if the file ~/foobar exists on the local machine and ~/frob exists on the remote machine, typing in ~/f and pressing tab results in ~/foobar instead of completing correctly. If I use ssh outside of emacs and try the same thing, I get the correct completion of ~/frob instead. How can I get tab-completion to complete the way it does in normal ssh sessions ?

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• Access control to non root users

  - by Sirish Kumar

  Hi I am setting up development environment based on SLED, we have installed required software as root user. We have configuered users Login through NIS. Developers needs access to almost all partitions for complete access including write and execute when they login using their ID's, Log in through their own id's is mandatory . What is the best way to give this access?

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• How to repair unbootable Fedora install

  - by Cerin

  How do you repair/reinstall Fedora without deleting any existing partitions or data? I was attempting to upgrade some old Fedora 13 servers to 17, following the instructions in the wiki. After the 14-15 upgrade, rebooting resulted in the output: Dropping to debug shell. sh: can't access tty; job control turned off dracut:/# Running dmesg also shows: dracut Warning: No root device "block:/dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root" found Googling shows this error is typically related to some weird RAID issues, but my server is a virtual machine not using any RAID. Using a rescue CD, I can chroot /mnt/sysimage, and all packages and data still seems to be there. How do I make the system bootable again?

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• How to use UMLFS?

  - by Vi

  I'm trying to mount what is inside UML session as FUSE filesystem on host. There's "uml_mount" program which looks like a thing for this purpose, but it fails. What is UMLFS (I haven't found any documentation at all) and how to mount it? uml_mount mounts FUSE filesystem and starts uml_mconsole <umid> umlfs <file descriptor> which tries to send this file descriptor to UML kernel (to deal with further FUSE things), but sending fails. Also I haven't found any signs of FUSE inside a kernel. Do I need some special patch for this?

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• In Cent os 6.2 can i update Kernel version to 3.4 ? if so how to upgrade kernel?

  - by shiva

  Hi, I have a server with Centos 6.2 with Kernel version 2.6 , but i need to increase my application Performance. The Kernel Version 3.4 has x32abi which can improve the performance so i want to upgrade to 3.4 ? Is it possible? I tried 1) downloading kernel compiling and installing but still i see the same Kernel version.. What went wrong? i followed the process in mentioned in the below link.. http://www.tecmint.com/kernel-3-5-released-install-compile-in-redhat-centos-and-fedora/

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• mod_ntlm for RHEL 5.3

  - by vikasa

  I tried to compile mod_ntlm for Oracle HTTP Server but got all sorts of errors, can someone point me to a pre-compiled binary? Tried everything at http://wiki.bestpractical.com/view/NtlmAuthentication still no go Thanks

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• How to add a broadcast address to loopback with ifconfig on a OS/X?

  - by chrisapotek

  I am trying to use ifconfig to turn on broadcast on my loopback interface. It currently reads: lo0: flags=8049<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 16384 As you can see, no broadcast address! :( :( :( I tried this on OS/X but it did not work and it did not give any error or feedback: ifconfig lo0 broadcast 127.255.255.255 Any guru would know that? I have one server that sends one packet. I have two clients running on the same machine as the server. I need them to pick up the packet WITHOUT having to force the server to send it twice.

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• Descending list ordered by file modification time

  - by LanceBaynes

  How can I generate a list of files in a directory [for example, "/mnt/hdd/PUB/"] ordered by the files modification time? [in descending order, the oldest modified file is at the lists end] ls -A -lRt would be great: https://pastebin.com/raw.php?i=AzuSVmrJ But if a file is changed in a directory, it lists the full directory, so the pastebined link isn't good [I don't want a list ordered by "directories", I need a "per file" ordered list] OS: OpenWrt [no Perl - not enough space for it :( + no "stat", or "file" command].

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• Setting background color in gvim

  - by petersohn

  I use a terminal with white text on black background (I just like it better), so I wrote the following line in my .vimrc file: set background=dark However, gvim has black on white text. How do I do either of the following: Set the background of gvim to black Check in .vimrc if I'm using gvim I tried this: I started up gvim, and typed echo &term. The answer was "builtin_gui". So I wrote the following into .vimrc: if &term == "builtin_gui" set background=light else set background=dark endif Somehow, it didn't work.

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• Why does cifs asks for su rights to write any data into it?

  - by Denys S.

  I'm mounting a windows share as follows: sudo mount -t cifs //192.168.178.49/public -o users,username=name,dom=domain,password=pword /mnt/nas Then I'm trying to create a simple file with some basic text: touch /mnt/nas/me.txt And get an error, however, the file is created (contains 0B of data though): touch: cannot touch ‘me.txt’: Permission denied With sudo it works flawless. How can I allow my current user to write data to the share? Is there a mount option?

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• "success=n" control syntax in pam.conf / pam.d/* files ...

  - by Jamie

  After sucessfully configuring Kerberos, this is what I've found in /etc/pam.d/common-auth file: auth [success=2 default=ignore] pam_unix.so nullok_secure auth [success=1 default=ignore] pam_winbind.so krb5_auth krb5_ccache_type=FILE cached_login try_first_pass auth requisite pam_deny.so auth required pam_permit.so Does the success=2 control value mean that if the pam_unix.so fails, the authentication skips to the auth requisite pam_deny.so line or to the last line?

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• Remapping characters in xmodmap

  - by Jacob R

  I am using a Swedish keyboard, and I want to be able to type braces easier. I planned to map AltGr + å to '}' and AltGr + ä to '{'. However, nothing really changes. I have some other stuff in my .Xmodmap so I know that it gets loaded allright. Here's what I have so far: keycode 35 = slash asciitilde dead_ogonek section dead_ogonek section keycode 49 = asciicircum onehalf keycode 66 = F10 clear Lock keycode 34 = aring Aring braceleft keycode 48 = adiaeresis Adiaeresis braceright where the 2 last lines are the one that should be related to this. What could I be doing wrong?

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• sshd: How to enable PAM authentication for specific users under

  - by Brad

  I am using sshd, and allow logins with public key authentication. I want to allow select users to log in with a PAM two-factor authentication module. Is there any way I can allow PAM two-factor authentication for a specifc user? I don't want users - By the same token - I only want to enable password authentication for specific accounts. I want my SSH daemon to reject the password authentication attempts to thwart would-be hackers into thinking that I will not accept password authentication - except for the case in which someone knows my heavily guarded secret account, which is password enabled. I want to do this for cases in which my SSH clients will not let me do either secret key, or two-factor authentication.

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• apt-get erroring because of a broken package

  - by MegaEduX

  Everytime I run apt-get install or update on my server I get the following error: (May not be exactly this because I am translating from portuguese) An error was found when processing: netatalk E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1) I am not trying to install that package. This error appeared when I tried to install that package, which failed to install, and it won't disappear. This doesn't prevent me from installing other packages. It installs them, just gives this error at the end.

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• when /etc/modules is used?

  - by Dyno Fu

  "# /etc/modules: kernel modules to load at boot time." my question is when and where the module loading job done? my first guess is some init scripts in /etc/init.d/ but grep got none. then i think it might be the init ramdisk, but after decompress it, i found conf/modules which is different with /etc/modules. any idea? thanx.

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• The Ubuntu Advantage Service right for my non-profit?

  - by Robert

  My small 5 computer office currently runs on Ubuntu. 2 of the desktops run Windows7 in Sun Virtualbox software, and are used for Quickbooks. I am going off to college, and I am looking for a paid tech support solution to replace my IT position. I have an approx $300/mth budget, and I am wiling to discuss higher rates. Everyone in the office is currently comfortable with regular desktop usage, but I am handling all of the software installation and updates. I was hoping to get a total support package for all of their tech related questions, but I cannot find any services which will support linux. Is the Ubuntu Advantage Service something which can take my place? They would mostly need network help, printer help, and an occasional software compatibly troubleshooting session. If this is not a solution, does anyone know of a tech support forum/hotline which would cover all of this? Thank you for reading.

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• Parallel processing slower than sequential?

  - by zebediah49

  EDIT: For anyone who stumbles upon this in the future: Imagemagick uses a MP library. It's faster to use available cores if they're around, but if you have parallel jobs, it's unhelpful. Do one of the following: do your jobs serially (with Imagemagick in parallel mode) set MAGICK_THREAD_LIMIT=1 for your invocation of the imagemagick binary in question. By making Imagemagick use only one thread, it slows down by 20-30% in my test cases, but meant I could run one job per core without issues, for a significant net increase in performance. Original question: While converting some images using ImageMagick, I noticed a somewhat strange effect. Using xargs was significantly slower than a standard for loop. Since xargs limited to a single process should act like a for loop, I tested that, and found it to be about the same. Thus, we have this demonstration. Quad core (AMD Athalon X4, 2.6GHz) Working entirely on a tempfs (16g ram total; no swap) No other major loads Results: /media/ramdisk/img$ time for f in *.bmp; do echo $f ${f%bmp}png; done | xargs -n 2 -P 1 convert -auto-level real 0m3.784s user 0m2.240s sys 0m0.230s /media/ramdisk/img$ time for f in *.bmp; do echo $f ${f%bmp}png; done | xargs -n 2 -P 2 convert -auto-level real 0m9.097s user 0m28.020s sys 0m0.910s /media/ramdisk/img$ time for f in *.bmp; do echo $f ${f%bmp}png; done | xargs -n 2 -P 10 convert -auto-level real 0m9.844s user 0m33.200s sys 0m1.270s Can anyone think of a reason why running two instances of this program takes more than twice as long in real time, and more than ten times as long in processor time to complete the same task? After that initial hit, more processes do not seem to have as significant of an effect. I thought it might have to do with disk seeking, so I did that test entirely in ram. Could it have something to do with how Convert works, and having more than one copy at once means it cannot use processor cache as efficiently or something? EDIT: When done with 1000x 769KB files, performance is as expected. Interesting. /media/ramdisk/img$ time for f in *.bmp; do echo $f ${f%bmp}png; done | xargs -n 2 -P 1 convert -auto-level real 3m37.679s user 5m6.980s sys 0m6.340s /media/ramdisk/img$ time for f in *.bmp; do echo $f ${f%bmp}png; done | xargs -n 2 -P 1 convert -auto-level real 3m37.152s user 5m6.140s sys 0m6.530s /media/ramdisk/img$ time for f in *.bmp; do echo $f ${f%bmp}png; done | xargs -n 2 -P 2 convert -auto-level real 2m7.578s user 5m35.410s sys 0m6.050s /media/ramdisk/img$ time for f in *.bmp; do echo $f ${f%bmp}png; done | xargs -n 2 -P 4 convert -auto-level real 1m36.959s user 5m48.900s sys 0m6.350s /media/ramdisk/img$ time for f in *.bmp; do echo $f ${f%bmp}png; done | xargs -n 2 -P 10 convert -auto-level real 1m36.392s user 5m54.840s sys 0m5.650s

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• Help about pure-ftp

  - by hai

  I setup pure-ftp on freebsd behind firewall. On pure-ftp setuped passsi mode ftp(rangle port 50400-50600) and firewall open port from 50400-50600 (include mode IN and out). But i try use ftp client connect but not connect. Nofinication error status: Connecting to 210.245.89.95:21... Status: Connection established, waiting for welcome message... Response: 220---------- Welcome to Pure-FTPd [privsep] ---------- Response: 220-You are user number 1 of 50 allowed. Response: 220-Local time is now 13:20. Server port: 21. Response: 220-IPv6 connections are also welcome on this server. Response: 220 You will be disconnected after 15 minutes of inactivity. Command: USER bk Response: 331 User bk OK. Password required Command: PASS Response: 230 OK. Current directory is / Command: SYST Response: 215 UNIX Type: L8 Command: FEAT Response: 211-Extensions supported: Response: EPRT Response: IDLE Response: MDTM Response: SIZE Response: REST STREAM Response: MLST type;size*;sizd*;modify*;UNIX.mode*;UNIX.uid*;UNIX.gid*;unique*; Response: MLSD Response: ESTA Response: PASV Response: EPSV Response: SPSV Response: ESTP Response: 211 End. Status: Connected Status: Retrieving directory listing... Command: PWD Response: 257 "/" is your current location Command: TYPE I Response: 200 TYPE is now 8-bit binary Command: PASV Response: 227 Entering Passive Mode (210,245,88,98,138,1) Command: MLSD Error: Connection timed out Error: Failed to retrieve directory listing Status: Connecting to 210.245.88.98:21... Status: Connection established, waiting for welcome message... Help me.

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• PHP Websites: Very high IOPS

  - by Khuram

  We are hosting a set of websites on VM Cloud. These sites were previously on a couple of dedicated servers but to enhance performance, we transferred them onto a Cloud environment. The Cloud has SSD storage but they are now saying that we have very high IOPS and are goign to degrade us if we do not do anything soon. We have good PHP Websites but they are run without any Caching. how do I start to debug this? Sincerely, Khuram

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• Reinstall Postfix

  - by Kevin

  I tried to reinstall Postfix, but I get this bunch of errors: root@***:/etc/init.d# sudo apt-get install -f postfix Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done Suggested packages: procmail postfix-mysql postfix-pgsql postfix-ldap postfix-pcre resolvconf postfix-cdb mail-reader The following NEW packages will be installed: postfix 0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded. Need to get 0B/1,389kB of archives. After this operation, 3,531kB of additional disk space will be used. Preconfiguring packages ... Selecting previously deselected package postfix. (Reading database ... 56122 files and directories currently installed.) Unpacking postfix (from .../postfix_2.7.1-1ubuntu0.1_amd64.deb) ... Processing triggers for ureadahead ... Processing triggers for ufw ... Processing triggers for man-db ... Setting up postfix (2.7.1-1ubuntu0.1) ... Configuration file `/etc/init.d/postfix' ==> File on system created by you or by a script. ==> File also in package provided by package maintainer. What would you like to do about it ? Your options are: Y or I : install the package maintainer's version N or O : keep your currently-installed version D : show the differences between the versions Z : start a shell to examine the situation The default action is to keep your current version. *** postfix (Y/I/N/O/D/Z) [default=N] ? Y Installing new version of config file /etc/init.d/postfix ... Adding group `postfix' (GID 109) ... Done. Adding system user `postfix' (UID 106) ... Adding new user `postfix' (UID 106) with group `postfix' ... Not creating home directory `/var/spool/postfix'. Creating /etc/postfix/dynamicmaps.cf Adding tcp map entry to /etc/postfix/dynamicmaps.cf Adding group `postdrop' (GID 115) ... Done. setting myhostname: ***.net setting alias maps setting alias database setting myorigin setting destinations: ***.net, localhost.***.net, , localhost setting relayhost: setting mynetworks: 127.0.0.0/8 [::ffff:127.0.0.0]/104 [::1]/128 setting mailbox_size_limit: 0 setting recipient_delimiter: + setting inet_interfaces: all Postfix is now set up with a default configuration. If you need to make changes, edit /etc/postfix/main.cf (and others) as needed. To view Postfix configuration values, see postconf(1). After modifying main.cf, be sure to run '/etc/init.d/postfix reload'. Running newaliases postalias: fatal: /etc/mailname: cannot open file: Permission denied dpkg: error processing postfix (--configure): subprocess installed post-installation script returned error exit status 1 Processing triggers for libc-bin ... ldconfig deferred processing now taking place Errors were encountered while processing: postfix E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1) I tried aptitude purge, remove, autoclean and all of dpkg options (configure, remove, purge) but nothing did the trick. /etc/mailname exists (0644 root:root) with as content *.net (fetched from hostname). What am I doing wrong?

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• Minimizing windows to tray in xfce

  - by Gryllida

  For XFCE (v. 4.8), I'm searching for possible options to minimize windows to tray (iconify). This means that 1) they're not in the window listing and 2) they're not in the alt+TAB menu and 3) when closed, the window hides (it disappears from window listing but still stays running). "alltray" has some weird GTK-related bug (https://bugs.launchpad.net/alltray/+bug/589831; windows hide but unhiding doesn't do anything; they stay in the tray icon until the user undocks them). "trayer" complains that "another systray is already running" and there's no obvious workaround. This question here is to ask about possible minimalistic (as everything in XFCE is) solutions which don't involve manual compiling, and aren't an overkill like cairo-dock is (a rather bloated gnome-style application which creates a new large 'tray' instead of using the existing one). Thanks!

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• kill SIGABRT does not generate core file from daemon started from crontab.

  - by Guma

  I am running CentOS 5.5 and working on server application that sometimes I need to force core dump so I can see what is going on. If I start my server from shell and send kill SIGABRT, a core file is created. If I start same program from crontab and then I send the same signal to it the server is "killed" but no core file is generated. Does any one know why is that and what need to be added to my code or changed in system settings to allow core file generation? Just a side note I have ulimit set to unlimited in /etc/profile I have set kernel.core_uses_pid = 1 kernel.core_pattern=/var/cores/%h-%e-%p.core in /etc/sysctl.conf Also my server app was added to crontab under same login id as I am running it from shell. Any help greatly appreciated

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• Is one type of options to ps preferred?

  - by Jim

  GNU ps supports BSD-style options, UNIX-style options, and GNU long options. Is using one of these types (in scripts and at the command line) preferred over the others? I get the impression from the manpage that the functionality of the option styles does not overlap completely.

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