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• How do you calculate the reflex angle given to vectors in 3D space?

  - by Reimund

  I want to calculate the angle between two vectors a and b. Lets assume these are at the origin. This can be done with theta = arccos(a . b / |a| * |b|) However arccos gives you the angle in [0, pi], i.e. it will never give you an angle greater than 180 degrees, which is what I want. So how do you find out when the vectors have gone past the 180 degree mark? In 2D I would simply let the sign of the y-component on one of the vectors determine what quadrant the vector is in. But what is the easiest way to do it in 3D?

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• How to avoid HTML Canvas auto-stretching

  - by Tom

  I have the following piece of HTML: <style type="text/css"> #c{width:200px;height:500px} </style> <canvas id="c"></canvas> <script type="text/javascript"> var i = new Image(); i.onload = function () { var ctx = document.getElementById('c').getContext('2d'); ctx.drawImage(i, 0, 0); } i.width = i.height = 20; // actual size of square.png i.src = 'square.png'; </script> The issue is that the drawn image is automatically stretched (resized) proportionally with the size of the canvas. I have tried using all available parameters (drawImage(i, 0, 0, 20, 20, 0, 0, 20, 20)) and that didn't help. What is causing my drawing to stretch and how can I prevent that? Thanks, Tom

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• Is there a faster alternative to using textures in XNA?

  - by Matthew Bowen

  I am writing a map editing program for a 2D game using XNA. To create a Texture2D for all of the tiles that a map requires takes too long. Are there any alternatives to using textures for drawing with XNA? I attempted to create just one texture per tile set instead of a texture for every tile in a tile set, but there is a limit to the size of textures and I could not fit all the tiles of a tile set into one texture. Currently the program contains all the would-be textures in memory as Bitmap objects. Is there a way to simply draw a Bitmap object to the screen in XNA? I have searched but I cannot find any information on this. This approach would avoid having to create textures altogether, however any tinting or effects I would have to do to the bitmap directly. Any help would be very much appreciated. Thanks

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• How do I randomly fill an array in Java?

  - by Kat

  I'm writing a program that creates a 2D array from a integer n. I then have to fill the array with values from 1 to the n*n array size and check to see if it is a magic square. The way I am doing it now fills the array in order from 1 to n*n array size. How can I make that random? My code: System.out.print("Enter an whole number: "); int n = scan.nextInt(); int [][] magic = new int [n][n]; for (int row = 0; row < magic.length; row++) { for(int col = 0; col < magic[row].length; col++) magic[row][col] = ((row * n) + 1) + col; }

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• Make character escape from shot

  - by M28

  Hello all math masters, I got a problem for you: I have a 2D game (top down), and I would like to make the character escape from a shot, but not just walk away from the shot (I mean, don't be pushed by the shot), I want it to have a good dodging skills. The variables are: shotX - shot x position shotY - shot y position shotSpeedX - shot x speed shotSpeedY - shot x speed charX - character x position charY - character y position keyLeft - Set to true to make the character press the to left key keyRight - Set to true to make the character press the to right key keyUp - Set to true to make the character press the to up key keyDown - Set to true to make the character press the down key I can understand the following languages: C/C++ Java Actionscript 2/3 Javascript

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• Errors/warnings passing int/char arrays by reference

  - by Ankur Banerjee

  I'm working on a program where I try to pass parameters by reference. I'm trying to pass a 2D int array and a 1D char array by reference. Function prototype: void foo (int* (&a)[2][2], char* (&b)[4]) Function call: foo (a, b); However, when I compile the code with -ansi and -Wall flags on gcc, I get the following errors: foo.c: At top level: error: expected ‘)’ before ‘&’ token error: expected ‘;’, ‘,’ or ‘)’ before ‘char’ foo.c: In function ‘main’: error: too many arguments to function ‘foo’ I've stripped out the rest of the code of my program and concentrated on the bits which throw up the errors. I've searched around on StackOverflow and tried out different ways to pass the parameters, but none of them seem to work. (I took this way of passing parameters from the discussion on StackOverflow here.) Could you please tell me where I'm going wrong?

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• Does C99 guarantee that arrays are contiguous ?

  - by kriss

  Following an hot comment thread in another question, I came to debate of what is and what is not defined in C99 standard about C arrays. Basically when I define a 2D array like int a[5][5], does the standard C99 garantee or not that it will be a contiguous block of ints, can I cast it to (int *)a and be sure I will have a valid 1D array of 25 ints. As I understand the standard the above property is implicit in the sizeof definition and in pointer arithmetic, but others seems to disagree and says casting to (int*) the above structure give an undefined behavior (even if they agree that all existing implementations actually allocate contiguous values). More specifically, if we think an implementation that would instrument arrays to check array boundaries for all dimensions and return some kind of error when accessing 1D array, or does not give correct access to elements above 1st row. Could such implementation be standard compilant ? And in this case what parts of the C99 standard are relevant.

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• Matrix multiplication in java (RE-POST)

  - by Chapax

  Apologies for the re-post; the earlier time I'd posted I did not have all the details. My colleague, who quit the firm was a C# programmer, was forced to write Java code that involved (large, dense) matrix multiplication. He's coded his own DataTable class in Java, in order to be able to a) create indexes to sort and join with other DataTables b) do matrix multiplication. The code in its current form is NOT maintainable/extensible. I want to clean up the code, and thought using something like R within Java will help me focus on business logic rather than sorting, joining, matrix multiplication, etc. Plus, I'm very new to the concept of DataTable; I just want to replace the DataTable with 2D arrays, and let R handle the rest. (I currently do not know how to join 2 large datasets in java very efficiently Please let me know what you think. Also, are there any simple examples that I can take a look at?

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• NumPy: how to quickly normalize many vectors?

  - by EOL

  How can a list of vectors be elegantly normalized, in NumPy? Here is an example that does not work: from numpy import * vectors = array([arange(10), arange(10)]) # All x's, then all y's norms = apply_along_axis(linalg.norm, 0, vectors) # Now, what I was expecting would work: print vectors.T / norms # vectors.T has 10 elements, as does norms, but this does not work The last operation yields "shape mismatch: objects cannot be broadcast to a single shape". How can the normalization of the 2D vectors in vectors be elegantly done, with NumPy? Edit: Why does the above not work while adding a dimension to norms does work (as per my answer below)?

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• Unkillable console windows

  - by rep_movsd

  I'm developing an OpenGL based 2d simulation with GLUT under Visual C++ 2008, sometimes when I have an assert() or unhandled exception and break into the debugger, the GLUT display window closes, but the console window remains open.They just cant be killed!!! They do not show up with Task manager, Process Explorer or any other tool, I cannot find the window handle using the Spy++ tool either. Worst thing is they prevent my system (Windows XP) from shutting down, I have to manually poweroff (and of course I have to run chkdsk on my drives and invariably it finds and fixes minor errors after bad shutdowns) Has anyone come across such an issue?

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• Some math and animation

  - by Ockonal

  Hello, I have a grass texture: I use it in my 2d-game. I want to animate it by code, without any predefined animations. The grass should interact with wind. So when the wind is stronger, the grass should stoop into need side more. First version of animation I made using sinusoid function, but such animation is a bit ugly, because the base of the grass moves left/right like all another part of picture. And with sinusoid I'm not able to regulate stoop of the image. Any advices?

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• Coordinates in distorted grid

  - by Carsten

  I have a grid in a 2D system like the one in the before image where all points A,B,C,D,A',B',C',D' are given (meaning I know the respective x- and y-coordinates). I need to calculate the x- and y-coordinates of A(new), B(new), C(new) and D(new) when the grid is distorted (so that A' is moved to A'(new), B' is moved to B'(new), C' is moved to C'(new) and D' is moved to D'(new)). The distortion happens in a way in which the lines of the grid are each divided into sub-lines of equal length (meaning for example that AB is divided into 5 parts of the equal length |AB|/5 and A(new)B(new) is divided into 5 parts of the equal length |A(new)B(new)|/5). The distortion is done with the DistortImage class of the Sandy 3D Flash engine. (My practical task is to distort an image using this class where the handles are not positioned at the corners of the image like in this demo but somewhere within it).

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• What kind of icon should I deploy with my Android 1.x and 2.x application?

  - by licorna

  The thing is this, in Android 1.5 and 1.6 we had the Icon Design Guidelines. In this guide there are specifications for application icons. Every application should conform to this. However, in recent Android versions (2.0 and 2.1) icons have changed from the old to this new flat 2D style. Every icon in Nexus One has this style, so not even Google is conforming to the guideline. To see the differences between high and low density icons see this image and compare Evernote icon with the rest. I've been able to use different icons by using two directories with different icons: drawables-hdpi/icon.png and drawables/icon.png, BUT not every Android 2.x is going to be HDPI and not every 1.x Android device is going to be low pixel density. So the question is: Should I deploy different icons for different Android platform version within my apk file? and if I should, How do I do it?

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• What are some techniques to create scrollable areas?

  - by Omega

  I'm getting started with OpenGL ES on Android and I'd looking to learn some techniques to have a game map larger than the visible area. I'm assuming I've somehow got to ensure that the system isn't rendering the entire scene, including what's outside of the visible area. I'm just not sure how I'd go about designing this! This is for simple 2D top-down tile based rendering. No real 3D except what's inherent in OpenGL ES itself. Would anyone be able to get me started on the right path? Are there options that might scale nicely when I decide to start tilting my perspective and doing 3D?

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• Merge overlapping triangles into a polygon

  - by nornagon

  I've got a bunch of overlapping triangles from a 3D model projected into a 2D plane. I need to merge each island of touching triangles into a closed, non-convex polygon. The resultant polygons shouldn't have any holes in them (since the source data doesn't). Many of the source triangles share (floating point identical) edges with other triangles in the source data. What's the easiest way to do this? Performance isn't particularly important, since this will be done at design time.

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• How do I determine which C/C++ compiler to use?

  - by Adam Siddhi

  Greetings, I am trying to figure out which C/C++ compiler to use. I found this list of C/C++ compilers at Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_compilers#C.2FC.2B.2B_compilers I am fairly certain that I want to go with an open source compiler. I feel that if it is open source then it will be a more complete compiler since many programmer perspectives are used to make it better. Please tell me if you disagree. I should mention that I plan on learning C/C++ mainly to program 2D/3D game applications that will be compatible with Windows, Linux, MAC and iPhone operating systems. I am currently using Windows Vista x64 OS. Thanks, Adam

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• Sum an Array - Objective-C

  - by Graham

  Hi Guys, I'm just starting out and I'm looking for an easy way to sum a simple array. I've read into apple developer site on key value coding and I don't understand how to apply that to my array or if that's the appropriate way to sum this. My stumbling block with the key value coding is the .keypathToProperty - I can sort of understand that you need a further reference in a 2D array but they don't show the array code, only the keypath to the title of the row so I can't figure it out yet. NSMutableArray *numArray = [NSMutableArray arrayWithCapacity:4]; [numArray addObject:num1]; [numArray addObject:num2]; [numArray addObject:num3]; [numArray addObject:num4]; I appreciate the replies! Thanks Graham

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• Variable alpha blending in pylab

  - by Hooked

  How does one control the transparency over a 2D image in pylab? I'd like to give two sets of values (X,Y,Z,T) where X,Y are arrays of positions, Z is the color value, and T is the transparency to a function like imshow but it seems that the function only takes alpha as a scalar. As a concrete example, consider the code below that attempts to display two Gaussians. The closer the value is to zero, the more transparent I'd like the plot to be. from pylab import * side = linspace(-1,1,100) X,Y = meshgrid(side,side) extent = (-1,1,-1,1) Z1 = exp(-((X+.5)**2+Y**2)) Z2 = exp(-((X-.5)**2+(Y+.2)**2)) imshow(Z1, cmap=cm.hsv, alpha=.6, extent=extent) imshow(Z2, cmap=cm.hsv, alpha=.6, extent=extent) show() Note: I am not looking for a plot of Z1+Z2 (that would be trivial) but for a general way to specify the alpha blending across an image.

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• What should a Java/SOA developer be able to do?

  - by Regular Joe

  I got assigned the task to list the activities a Java Developer should be able to perform and create an estimate about the time it would take. I've came up with the following: Create JDBC CRUD backend ( S=1d, M=5d, H=10d ) Create JSP/Servlet frontend for a CRUD app ( S=1d, M=10d, H=20d ) Create Swing desktop frontend ( S=1d, M=15d, H=30d) Create ORM based CRUD etc. Create Webapp fronend with webframework etc Where.. S = Small complexity M = Medium complexity H = High complexity 1d = 1 day This is thought for a Java "enterprise" developer. The other profile I have is SOA Developer, but I could not pass beyond: Create webservice ( S=.5d, M=2d, H=7d ) Q.- What other activities should a Java Developer be able to do? Q.- What activities should a SOA Developer be able to do? Please, help me with this, I know this is in the limit of the kind of questions that could be asked here, but I really need a little push on this, and I don't want to go to Yahoo Answers for this.

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• How do I make lines scale when using GLOrtho?

  - by Mason Wheeler

  I'm using GLOrtho to set up a 2D view that I can render textures onto. It works really well, up until I try to zoom in on the image. If I pass half the width and half the height of the viewport to GLOrtho, I end up with all my textures displayed twice as big as normal, which is exactly what I expect. But then I try to draw a box around part of the image and it all falls apart. I call glBegin(GL_LINE_LOOP), place the four vertices, and call glEnd, and I expect to see the same thing I would see if I drew it at normal zoom level, doubled. Instead, I get lines that are all the right length, but they all come out one pixel wide, instead of two, and it looks really bad. What am I missing?

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• Compiling Allegro source code (C#)

  - by 7331

  I am trying to build a C# project (downloaded code) in Visual Studio Express 2008. I get the error (my translation): The type or namespace name "Allegro" couldn't be found. for the line using Allegro; I know the 2D graphics library Allegro, of course, but I can't find much information on how to use it in C#. It is being used for visualization in the project I am trying to compile. I also get the warning This reference couldn't be resolved. The Universal assembly couldn't be found. I haven't been working with C# before and and I barely know Visual Studio Express. These are newbie mistakes - but I just need a fast solution for this problem. Could someone provide me with a short step-by-step solution?

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• Simple Android OpenGL App Lag

  - by Eugene

  Hi, I have an Android OpenGL application which simply draws 2D squares (using 2 triangles) and animates them moving down the screen. I essentially do this by running: glLoadIdentity(), then glTranslatef, and finally glDrawElements all in a for loop. (The for loop is to draw all 10 blocks on the screen for every frame). In every drawFrame, the y-position of the blocks increments for the animation. The problem I'm having is strange. I run the application and the animation is laggy and not smooth. Then I re-run the application and I get a smooth animation. If I run again, I may get a smooth animation, or possibly not. Is my method correct, or is there a better way of doing this animation? Thanks for the help!

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• calculate intersection between two segments in a symmetric way

  - by Elazar Leibovich

  When using the usual formulas to calculate intersection between two 2D segments, ie here, if you round the result to an integer, you get non-symmetric results. That is, sometimes, due to rounding errors, I get that intersection(A,B)!=intersection(B,A). The best solution is to keep working with floats, and compare the results up to a certain precision. However, I must round the results to integers after calculating the intersection, I cannot keep working with floats. My best solution so far was to use some full order on the segments in the plane, and have intersection to always compare the smaller segment to the larger segment. Is there a better method? Am I missing something?

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• Android: Deciding between SurfaceView and OpenGL (GLSurfaceView)

  - by Rich

  Is there a way to decide up front based on the expected complexity of a game/app in the planning phase whether to use regular Canvas drawing in a SurfaceView or to go with OpenGL? I've been playing around with a Canvas and only need 2D movement, and on a fairly new phone I'm getting pretty decent performance with a bunch of primitive objects and a few bitmaps running around the screen on a solid background. Is it fair to say that if I'm going to be drawing background images and increasing the number of objects being moved and drawn on top of them that I should go straight to OpenGL?

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• Beagleboard: How do I send/receive data to/from the DSP?

  - by snakile

  I have a beagleboard with TMS320C64x+ DSP. I'm working on an image processing beagleboard application. Here's how it's going to work: The ARM reads an image from a file and put the image in a 2D array. The arm sends the matrix to the DSP. The DSP receives the matrix. The DSP performs the image processing algorithm on the received matrix (the algorithm code uses about 5MB of dynamically allocated memory). The DSP sends the processed image (matrix) to the ARM. The arm received the matrix. The arm saved the processed image to a file. I'v already written the code for steps 1,3,5. What is the easiest way to do steps 3+4 (sending the data)? Code examples are welcome.

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