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• Looking for advice on using dd to backup a dual boot laptop.

  - by AvatarOfChronos

  My questions boils down to this. If I do "dd if=/dev/sda of=usbdrive" can anybody confirm that this will get everything including mbr/partition information/all four partitions and create a drive that I can swap with the failing internal drive without losing anything? If this is done while the computer is running will it still copy everything? At this point I'm afraid to shutdown the computer for fear of it never starting again. Secondly, how tolerant is dd of failing drives? Has anybody used it to recover a half dead drive before that can share any potential pitfalls? Did it get the data ok or is this going to be a hope for the best kind of situation? And lastly, If the usbdrive is larger than the failing internal drive I'll still be able to expand the partitions later so I'm not losing space? this last part seems silly to ask but with my current streak of bad luck I'll end up overwriting some magic bit and forever turning a 640gb hdd into a 500gb hdd. Also if anybody has a better solution to create a complete clone that gets everything I'm all for hearing about it. PostScript: I had been making periodic backups however when whatever miasma that killed the laptop struck it also got the NAS :( Post PostScript: both devices were on a UPS system.

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• Computer loop restarts on Windows loading

  - by Robinson G.

  My computer restarts, just after or during Windows loading (4 squares getting together), or after some time on the desktop IF I'm idle. In order to start the computer I either have to swap my RAM (24Go) in differents DIMM slots, for example (I have 4 slots) : 1-2-4 or 2-3-4 or 1-3-4, not the same position each boot or it restarts in a loop... I can also change the ram timing from 1.5 to 1.6V and it starts, at the next reboot I have to change it again to 1.5 or it won't boot... And If after all, I succeed to boot, I have to use the computer for about 10 minutes, and it's ok, if I don't, it restarts by itself after some minutes. If I stay on the BIOS, It's all OK, I can stay for a whole year without restarting. I have check my RAM on Memtest (4*8G SDRAM DDR3) : OK I have check without graphic card : Still the same. I tried to reset the bios stack by getting it off and on : Still the same. I tried to reset my BIOS, and many settings about the RAM in the menu : Still the same. CPU temps are just fine (around 35°C) I was thinking ofc about the motherboard but I want to be sure. Motherboard : MSI zh77a-g43 RAM : 4*8G Dual Mode or not (depends on the number I put ofc.) PSU : 600W (enough to run all the config) CPU : i7 3770 non K

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• Is it possible to map static IP to computer name instead of MAC address?

  - by xenon

  I have a number of computers with different hostnames connected to the network. They currently hold a static IP address based on their MAC address. In other words, the static IP address is mapped to their MAC address. This gives rise to a problem and that's when we swap the harddrive from one computer to another, the MAC address becomes different and the application we are running on the harddrive has problem getting the right static IP for it to work. We can't configure the IP address in the application all the time. And changing the static IP addresses to re-map to the computer's new MAC address can be quite a pain. Since all the computers have a unique computer name as their hostname, is it possible to configure such that when these computers grab IP addresses from the DHCP server, DHCP will learn about their hostname and assign the correct IP address? This is to say, the static IP is mapped to the computers' hostname instead of their MAC address. All the computers are running on Windows 7. Would this be possible? If so how should I go about do this?

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• MySQL stops accepting connections over 3306, still working on localhost

  - by Ben Dilts

  I have a MySQL database that stopped accepting connections from my web server altogether. So I SSH'ed into the server and started checking its vitals. The hard disks had plenty of open space, and there was plenty of available memory and swap space. Nothing was eating up the CPU (close to 100% idle). I even connected to MySQL locally and ran a few queries without any issues. But SHOW PROCESSLIST only showed my own connection, no others. Worst of all, in the MySQL log, no errors even remotely coincided with the unavailability of the server. On the web server, I got an error saying "Lost connection to MySQL server during query" at the moment the unavailability started, followed by a bunch of "MySQL server has gone away" errors. There's only one other application on the server that accepts network connections, and I killed that one (in case it was holding too many open connections or something), but it didn't help. Finally I just restarted the MySQL process, and everything is (for now) working again. What else should I check in these circumstances? Any idea what the problem might be? And how might I verify that is in fact the problem?

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• 100% CPU when doing 4 or more concurrent requests with Magento

  - by pancake

  Currently I'm having trouble with a server running Magento, it's unbelievably slow. It's a VPS with a few Magento installations on it used for development, so I'm the only one using them. When I do 4 request all 2 seconds after each other I'm finished in 10 seconds. Slow, but still within the limits of my patience. When I do 4 "concurrent" requests, however (opening 4 tabs in a row, very quickly) all four cores go to 100% and stay there for like a minute. How is this possible? I know that there are a lot of possibilities here, so any tips on how to make an Apache/PHP server go faster are also welcome. It used to go a lot faster before, and I've also tried APC, but it kept causing problems (PHP errors, something with memory pools) so I've disabled it. By the way, the Magento cache is off and compiling is also off. I know this makes Magento slower than usual, but I don't think a 60 second response time is normal for any Magento installation. Virtual hardware: 4 Cores and 4096MB RAM Swap is never used (checked with htop) 100GB disk space, of which 10% is in use Software: Debian 6 DirectAdmin and apache custombuild PHP 5.2.17 (CLI) If you need more info, please tell me how to get it, because I probably don't know how. I do know how to use the command line in linux and the usage of quite a few commands, but my experience with managing a server is limited.

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• After installing Windows 7, I can no longer get to Debian 6 (dual boot)

  - by Jeremy

  I had Debian 6 on my machine (Dell Vostro 260) and used GParted to shrink the partition. I then tried installing Windows 7 on that partition. After Windows 7 installed, I could not choose which OS to run. It would just boot into Windows. I ran GParted again, and saw that Windows created another partition, labeled "System Reserved". That partition had the boot flag set. I tried moving the boot flag to other partitions, including my Debian partition and one with a file system "linux-swap". No option would actually load an OS or anything except for the Windows partition, which is not what I want. Is it worth it to try to fix this installation, or should I start over. I have all my data backed up, so I can easily install from scratch if I need to. If I do start from scratch, which OS should I install first? And then, how do I set up the partitions to install the other OS? Let me know if you have any questions. Thanks for your help.

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• Install Debian stable linux ISO from USB to dual boot Windows

  - by tgkprog

  I want debian as dual boot with my windows vista, Free'd up 50GB in my d drive. Plan to use 40 for debian install, 6GB for swap space Have a 16GB USB drive Downloaded http://unetbootin.sourceforge.net/ Downloaded DVD files of stable debian-7.0.0-amd64-DVD-1.iso ( debian-7.0.0-amd64-DVD-2.iso and 3) After I choose HD install, unetbootin says place the ISO in the same place. but I have 3. do i need to merge them? if so any freeware to do that? can i do it with 7zip? when I extract with 7 zip there are classes between the 3 ISO files. Just over write? Options to merge (format etc for 7zip) ? Or I must use I tried to keep the 3 files with the other unetbootin files but get an error msg Files I have on my USB 06/30/2013 11:44 PM 2,835,648 ubnkern 06/05/2013 12:14 AM 3,998,007,296 debian-7.0.0-amd64-DVD-1.iso 06/04/2013 03:30 PM 4,696,872,960 debian-7.0.0-amd64-DVD-2.iso 06/05/2013 01:25 AM 4,698,955,776 debian-7.0.0-amd64-DVD-3.iso 06/30/2013 11:45 PM 6,530,278 ubninit 06/30/2013 11:46 PM 155 syslinux.cfg 06/30/2013 11:46 PM 60,928 menu.c32 also i can only copy above files if i format my USB as NTFS On FAT32 says too large to copy .iso How do I get around that? My internet needs a login so cannot do net install

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• Software for RAID Failure Alerts?

  - by QF_Developer

  I have two 256 GB Samsung 840 Pro SSD disks in a RAID 1 array. I would like to receive a notification if one of the disks in the array fails. Can anybody recommend an application I can install on the server to fire an email if such an event occurs? Here are some additional specs: Supermicro X9SCM-IIF motherboard utilising the hardware RAID controller. OS = Windows 2012 Standard Also is it possible to simulate a disk failure by pulling it out of the bay? SSDs appear to fail close together when in a mirrored config so I'd like to know ASAP if one goes down so I can swap them out with minimum delay. UPDATE 26th June 2013 ------------------------ None of the software that ships with the Supermicro X9SCM-* motherboards offer support for RAID monitoring. As has been pointed out here, these boards are built on an Intel chipset for RAID and so I installed Intel Rapid Storage Technology that supports automated email notifications on RAID failure http://www.intel.com/support/chipsets/imsm/sb/cs-020784.htm One small issue, the software only allows you to send email notifications without SMTP authentication. There's a bunch of different workarounds here: http://communities.intel.com/thread/30771

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• Linux: Encryption of a physical LVM volume doesn't imply encryption of its logical subvolumes?

  - by java.is.for.desktop

  Hello, everyone! I installed OpenSuse one year ago on my notebook. I created all partitions except /boot inside an LVM partition. I enabled encryption for it during setup. The system asked me a password on each boot later. Everything seemed fine... But one day I wanted to cancel the boot process and did it with SysRq REISUB. During entering this combination, the system suddenly continued to boot without any password being entered. I had no /home and no swap, but / was mounted! I checked multiple times, it was inside an "encrypted" physical LVM volume. Later I found out that OpenSuse can't encrypt / at all. There is an option to enable encryption for each logical volume, and indeed it fails for /. Later I tried Fedora. The options during partitioning were misleading by same means. I could enable "encryption" of a physical volume and each logical subvolume. With the exception that Fedora actually allowed to encrypt /. Question: What's the point of setting up "encryption" for a physical LVM volume, when it doesn't imply (real) encryption of its logical subvolumes? Did I get something wrong in this whole concept?

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• Website latency and bad tcp packets

  - by Mistero Lupo

  I have multiple websites hosted on a Linode VPS and I'm having an issue with one of them: every page that I try to load has about 10 seconds latency. Apache logs are clean and the other websites on the same machine are running well. At a first glance I tought it was a memory problem since the VPS has got only 512M, but from the linode dashboard CPU and Disk I/O are normal. Anyway here we have the ram status: $ free -m total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 487 463 23 0 2 55 -/+ buffers/cache: 404 82 Swap: 255 155 100 Only 23M free, but if it was a memory problem why other websites are going as usual? I took a live capture with wireshark, and there are some duplicates SYN ACK packets just before the 10 seconds gap. I'm out of ideas, looking for some clues. Wireshark live capture screenshot As you can see from the image, the gap is after the last bad tcp. Thank you in advance. UPDATE I've checked Apache2 logs in debug error level, and this is where something is appening: 151.97.156.191 - - [14/Nov/2012:11:19:40 +0100] [www.fmaisi.it/sid#7f32c625a220][rid#7f32c6801578/subreq] (3) [perdir /home/fmaisi/sites/www.fmaisi.it/public_html/] applying pattern '^index\.php$' to uri 'index.php' 151.97.156.191 - - [14/Nov/2012:11:19:40 +0100] [www.fmaisi.it/sid#7f32c625a220][rid#7f32c6801578/subreq] (1) [perdir /home/fmaisi/sites/www.fmaisi.it/public_html/] pass through /home/fmaisi/sites/www.fmaisi.it/public_html/index.php 151.97.156.191 - - [14/Nov/2012:11:19:54 +0100] [www.fmaisi.it/sid#7f32c625a220][rid#7f32c6537c78/initial] (3) [perdir /home/fmaisi/sites/www.fmaisi.it/public_html/] strip per-dir prefix: /home/fmaisi/sites/www.fmaisi.it/public_html/wp-content/plugins/wp-filebase/wp-filebase_css.php -> wp-content/plugins/wp-filebase/wp-filebase_css.php 151.97.156.191 - - [14/Nov/2012:11:19:54 +0100] [www.fmaisi.it/sid#7f32c625a220][rid#7f32c6537c78/initial] (3) [perdir /home/fmaisi/sites/www.fmaisi.it/public_html/] applying pattern '^index\.php$' to uri 'wp-content/plugins/wp-filebase/wp-filebase_css.php' As you can see there is a gap of 14 seconds after the pass through of index.php. Any suggestions? I'm out of ideas again.

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• Could replacing an old hard drive's circuit board make it work again?

  - by oscilatingcretin

  I have a 12-year-old, 10gb Maxtor drive that died on me around 7 years ago, but I have not had the heart to throw it away. When the computer powers on, it whirrs silently as it tries to spin up and then it stops. So, a few years ago, I sent it off for professional data recovery. They were able to retrieve quite a bit from it, but I know there's a bunch more there. It only cost $700, so I just chalked up the lackluster recovery effort to "you get what you pay for" considering that most companies will charge you several thousands of dollars for this kind of data recovery. When they sent the drive back, I couldn't help but plug it back in just to see if maybe they unjammed something in the process of disassembling/reassembling the drive. To my surprise, the drive had a much healthier spin-up sound and actually stayed spinning for several minutes before winding down to a halt. Windows is even able to detect and interact with the drive, but I get I/O errors after so many minutes of waiting for it to mount. Before I start doing stupid stuff with it like dropping it on the ground, freezing it, crapping on it, etc, I decided to buy the exact same model off Ebay so that I could swap the circuit boards as a last-ditch effort. While it's en route, I thought I'd come here to ask if this is even a worthwhile effort and, if even remotely so, what should I know before ripping off the old board and slapping on the new?

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• What should I encrypt in Debian during install?

  - by ianfuture

  I have seen various guides and recommendations on web about how best to do this but nothing that clearly explains the best way and why. So I understand there is a need for part of Debian during install to be un-encrypted on its own partition to allow it to boot. Most info I have seen is call this /boot and set the boot flag. Next I believe the best approach is to create another partition out of all the rest of the disk space, encrypt this, then on top of that create a LVM and then within the LVM create my various partitions , name them , select size, and file system type. Can I include /swap in the encrypted LVM part ? Is this approach sound? If so what are the partitions I should use (this is going to be a minimal server install with a view to install as and when what I need for a dev server)? Finally how does the installer know what to put in each partition I define ? I appreciate there are more than one question but any help and suggestions would be appreciated. If further clarification is needed please mention in the comments . EDIT : 16/3/2010 After Richard Holloways reply I thought it relevant to add this info: The reasons why I want to do this are to explore maximising security on any server install and set up, due to interest in the area of Computer Security and Forensics. Also I am trying to peform the task as if it being performed in an enterprise situation. On a technical matter, once set up and configured with minimal packages and ssh this server will not physically be easy to access so I will only be entering via ssh. (Yes I know why encrypt something no one will ever be able to get their hands on? Because I can and I want to is the simple answer, but see above too).

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• memory usage setting

  - by user127610

  everybody,the memory usage is too much,what can i do? top - 12:54:37 up 7 days, 4:38, 1 user, load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.00 Tasks: 18 total, 2 running, 16 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie Cpu(s): 0.0%us, 0.0%sy, 0.0%ni,100.0%id, 0.0%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.0%si, 0.0%st Mem: 1048800k total, 917424k used, 131376k free, 0k buffers Swap: 0k total, 0k used, 0k free, 0k cached PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND 1 root 15 0 2840 1364 1204 S 0.0 0.1 0:02.17 init 1161 root 14 -4 2320 600 420 S 0.0 0.1 0:00.00 udevd 1391 root 18 0 35512 1288 948 S 0.0 0.1 0:03.53 rsyslogd 1409 root 15 0 8432 1164 700 S 0.0 0.1 0:03.87 sshd 1416 root 18 0 3156 868 692 S 0.0 0.1 0:00.00 xinetd 1423 root 18 0 8672 716 292 S 0.0 0.1 0:00.00 saslauthd 1424 root 18 0 8672 488 64 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 saslauthd 1431 root 15 0 7020 1168 616 S 0.0 0.1 0:00.99 crond 1450 root 25 0 6236 1444 1228 S 0.0 0.1 0:00.05 sh 3328 mysql 15 0 799m 42m 4892 S 0.0 4.1 0:02.07 mysqld 15479 root 15 0 11304 3332 2688 R 0.0 0.3 0:00.06 sshd 15482 root 15 0 6372 1688 1404 S 0.0 0.2 0:00.00 bash 15497 root 15 0 2536 1044 864 R 0.0 0.1 0:00.00 top 20137 www 15 0 20672 14m 864 S 0.0 1.4 0:00.87 nginx 22351 www 16 0 52324 26m 9244 S 0.0 2.6 0:13.94 php-fpm 24231 www 16 0 51928 25m 9260 S 0.0 2.5 0:13.52 php-fpm 32682 root 15 0 35832 3228 864 S 0.0 0.3 0:02.18 php-fpm 32686 root 18 0 7368 1616 888 S 0.0 0.2 0:00.00 nginx

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• Advice on cloning disk

  - by hks

  I'm going to buy a second disk for backup, the same size as my laptops. I want to mount it in a casing via usb and backup an entire hdd every soemtime. That's because I want the posibility to just switch drives in case of something goes wrong. I'm using Linux and obviously the right tool seems to be dd. The thing is that my laptop drive has a speed of around 50-70 MB/s and usb 2.0 is 57 MB/s. So to copy my 250GB disk should take me more than 1 hour if I'm lucky. I can't wait this much. I want some differential backup. I read one of JWZ articles. In it he gives more details for using rsync on Mac. He writes that there is possibility of making rsync'ed disk bootable. So my question is: how to make rsync'ed hdd bootable under Linux or are there other 'quick backup' tools for Linux that would allow me to just swap drives? Or should I just stick to dd :( ?

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• Calculating memory footprints using /proc/sysvipc/shm

  - by MarkTeehan

  This is for a SLES 10 database server. One of my servers runs three databases and three app servers; I am analyzing how their shared memory segments grow and shrink to avoid intermittent out-of-memory scenarios. "Top" is hot helpful for this since its calculations for RES and VIRT are inconsistent. I am doing this by matching up the contents of /proc/sysvipc/shm with memory usage reported by the database admin console. I do this by totaling up saving the contents of /proc/sysvipc/shm and then total up "bytes" for all of the segments for the offending userid. This is a large server with hundreds of segments and tens (or hundreds) of GB of allocated memory per userid. However it doesn't match up - the database management software claims to be using around 25% more memory than the total I calculate. Negligible swap space is in use, so I am ignoring that. I am running it as root so I am sure I see all shared memory segments. My question is : is all (significant) allocated memory recorded in /proc/sysvipc/shm, or is this only shared memory (*and not "un-shared" memory?). If this is incorrect, what is the correct way to calculate out the total allocated memory for each userid? Also: I believe doing a 'cat' on this file locks server IPC. I check it every 5 seconds - is it likely that this frequency could be problematic? Thanks! Mark Teehan Singapore

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• Wipe free space on LVM-LUKS (dm-crypt) Volume

  - by peter4887

  My three partitions for my system are created with LVM on a LUKS partition (dm-crypt). These are /home, / and swap. The filesystem is ext4. They are encrypted, because they are on my laptop and I don't want that some laptop thieves get my data. But I often share my laptop with other people so they can access my encrypted partitions. I don't want that these people can recover my cache and all the data I deleted. So I'm now trying to wipe all my free space on /home to prevent against recovering with tools like photorec. (one overwrite should do, the need of multiple overwriting is just a rumor) But still I haven't found any solution to wipe this free space successfully. I tried dd if=/dev/zero of=/home/fillitup bs=512 count=[count of free sectiors] so my partition was complete full of data. df /dev/mapper/home said 100% is used and there are 0 sectors available. But I could still recover gigs of data with photorec, although I selected to recover just form the free space. photorec displays: /dev/mapper/home - 340 GB / 317 GiB (RO) , but df displays that the size of /home is just 313G, why are there these differences and what did the 340GB means? It looks like there is a place on my /dev/mapper/home partition, that I can't access to overwrite, but I can access it to recover. I also checked for corrupted sectors, but there aren't any. Maybe this is the space between my existing files? Did anyone knows why I can't wipe my free space with dd, and how I can find the location of the loads of recoverable files, to securely delete them?

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• Moving from 1 Linux Partition to Many over USB Mount

  - by Mistiry

  We have devices which use Compact Flash for storage. They work OK, but we recently got industrial-grade CF cards to start using. One of the major problems we get is corruption on the flash card. As it is now, these flash cards run Debian with everything in a single partition. We want to have multiple partitions on the new industrial CF cards to help avoid some of the corruption problems. I booted up the device, and attached a USB CF reader. I then used fdisk to partition the CF card in the USB reader. How can I move the data to these partitions so that it works? I have a partition for each of these directories: /lib /var /root /boot /tmp /home /etc / swap space I imagine I can't just use rsync - do I need to attach a second CF reader with a copy of the CF card, so that it's not active and in-use - and then copy from the first reader to the second? How will the system know where to find its files? I know I'd have to change fstab, but that resides in /etc, which will be on a separate partition...how will it find the fstab file if it can't find /etc? And what about grub? I'm at a loss, perhaps its just because I'm under the weather, or I'm just missing a piece of logic here... Any help is greatly appreciated, this is somewhat urgent as our existing stock is nearing its end and we don't want to purchase anything but these industrial cards, but need to get it working with partitions.

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• Linux 2.6.24-gentoo-r3-comtrance on x86_64 high Useage for unknown reasons

  - by Dorjan

  Hello everyone, I'm a complete rookie when it comes to all things Linux related so please treat me as such and assume I know nothing. That being said my Top says this: top - 12:08:03 up 11 days, 15:36, 0 users, load average: 5.47, 5.53, 5.46 Tasks: 296 total, 2 running, 294 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie Cpu(s): 6.3%us, 1.4%sy, 0.0%ni, 71.3%id, 20.6%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.3%si, 0.0%st Mem: 8176880k total, 8118236k used, 58644k free, 89312k buffers Swap: 1004052k total, 0k used, 1004052k free, 7235652k cached PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND 1229 root 15 -5 0 0 0 D 1 0.0 199:28.63 kjournald 2946 root 20 0 1716 676 552 D 1 0.0 145:02.94 syslogd 14553 root 20 0 2644 1268 876 R 1 0.0 0:00.34 top 14609 postfix 20 0 7896 1884 1460 D 1 0.0 0:00.02 bounce 14630 postfix 20 0 7896 1876 1452 R 0 0.0 0:00.00 bounce And my hard drives says: > df -k Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on /dev/sda3 4925556 4474836 200508 96% / /dev/sda5 489992 36090 428602 8% /tmp /dev/sda6 377951852 236171160 122581816 66% /var none 4088440 0 4088440 0% /dev/shm It has been like it for a few days now... I know not what is causing the high server load (Normally around 1.3) can anyone give any tips on how to track down the culprit? Many thanks,

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• Giving the root user priority to maintain Debian (while server collapsing under heavy load)

  - by Saix

  Is there any way to setup Debian to prioritize any or specific root's activity before every other? For instance, several times per year something gets wrong (usually man's fault by overstressing apache/mysql) and system gets unresponsive under heavy load like 200 (8-core cpu). I know there are limits for php scripts to run then kill, but that's not the way because this limit has to be at least 45 minutes long. The problem is, until I'm able to login via SSH and let apache/mysql restart under this server stress, it nearly hits these 45 minutes anyway. Also hardware restart causing usually to run fsck at boot time on all harddrives since it's usually pretty long the box haven't been restarted. I was told it's really not good idea disabling fsck but then again, it takes more then hour to complete. What is the fastest way to restart apache/mysql? Is there any way to give ssh users or root user higher priority so the logging in and completing these restarts (rather stops though) commands wouldn't take so long? One comes to my mind.. use NICE for apache/mysql but no way. I can't risk limiting those two vital apps 24/7 or could I? I'm a little bit scared if any other system process wouldn't slow the pages down too much. Any backup process, swap (if any) etc. There is pretty heavy PHP framework with 20k visits a day, so it needs every hw/sw resource available. I can't throttle it the whole time, just in certain points when system gets unresponsive, so I could maintain it.

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• How to verify that a physical volume is encrypted? (Ubuntu 10.04 w/ LUKS)

  - by Bob B.

  I am very new to LUKS. During installation, I tried to set up an encrypted physical volume so that everything underneath it would be encrypted. I chose "Use as: physical volume for encryption," the installation completed and I have a working environment. How can I verify that the PV is indeed encrypted? I was never prompted to provide a passphrase, so I most likely missed a step somewhere. At the end of the day, I'd like whole disk encryption if that's possible, so I don't have to worry about which parts of the file system are encrypted and which aren't. If I did miss something, do I have to start over and try again, or can it be done (relatively easily?) after the fact? I would prefer not to introduce more complexity by using TrueCrypt, etc. Environment details: The drives are md raid1. One volume group. A standard boot lv. An encrypted swap lv using a random key (which seems to be working fine). Thank you in advance for your help. This is very much a learn-as-I-go experience.

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• Debian: Unable to mount a second drive as a subdirectory inside of another partition.

  - by jkndrkn

  Hello. I have the following /etc/fstab: # /etc/fstab: static file system information. # # <file system> <mount point> <type> <options> <dump> <pass> proc /proc proc defaults 0 0 /dev/md1 / ext3 defaults,errors=remount-ro 0 1 /dev/md0 /boot ext3 defaults 0 2 /dev/md5 /home ext3 defaults 0 2 /dev/md3 /opt ext3 defaults 0 2 /dev/md6 /tmp ext3 defaults 0 2 /dev/md2 /usr ext3 defaults 0 2 /dev/md4 /var ext3 defaults 0 2 /dev/md7 none swap sw 0 0 /dev/sdc /home/httpd ext3 defaults 0 2 /dev/hda /media/cdrom0 udf,iso9660 user,noauto 0 0 /dev/sdc1 /mnt/usb/backup-1 auto defaults 0 0 I am unable to get /dev/sdc/ to mount at /home/httpd/ on reboot. The /home/httpd/ directory exists. Mounting via mount -t ext3 /dev/sdc /home/httpd works just fine. Mounting via mount -a generates the following error message: mount: you must specify the filesystem type This is, incidentally, the same message that I see while booting. The error message goes away if I comment out the line in fstab starting with /dev/sdc.

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• Oracle Linux screen freezes during installation

  - by Fearless

  I was installing Oracle Linux 6.4 on a server, and the screen suddenly froze. Here were the previous steps: I put in the disk, clicked install, checked the disk (no errors), did pre-install setup (clock, root password, host+domain name, etc.), configured two 40GB hard drives in a RAID1 array (no swap, 3100mb encrypted raid partitions, ~100mb ext4 partition mounting to /boot, encrypted ext4 RAID device with mounting to /), selected packages, hit continue. The system did its short preinstall processes, then when to the main installation screen with the long status bar. The installer proceeded like always, but around package 250 out of ~1000, the screen suddenly went black with a text cursor in the upper left corner of the screen and the mouse cursor in its previous place. Neither cursor moved and the only thing that triggered a response was a ctrl-alt-delete that rebooted it. I have run this in VMs before without this issue. Memtest hasn't reported anything, and the media check went smoothly. The machine has supported Ubuntu server without issues before. Any ideas? I have tried booting after that, but the grub bootloader tries to find fd0 for some reason (I have no idea why it would search for the floppy disk). UPDATE My server successfully installed, but won't boot up. I think that, for some reason, it is still using the old bootloader from the previous installation. Any ideas on how to fix that?

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• Windows 7: moved system partition, need to update boot partition

  - by Actorclavilis

  So, I have a decently standard Windows7/Ubuntu dual-boot setup, and (since Ubuntu is my usual operating system) I found I needed to grow my Ubuntu partition and shrink my W7 partition. Originally, my system (500G) looked like this: W7 Boot Partition (1.5G) Ubuntu (around 240G) W7 (same as Ubuntu) (on an extended partition, all by itself) Swap (rest of disk, around 16G) Now I'm no stranger to partitioning and filesystem tools, especially GParted, which I used on a Linux boot disk. After my partition editing, the partitions are laid out the same, except the Ubuntu partition is now 407G and the W7 partition is smaller to compensate. I had supposed, based on http://www.gparted.org/faq.php, that I would be able to run the W7 install disk in recovery mode and have it deal with the rearrangement, then possibly reinstall GRUB or something. Well, now the W7 install disk doesn't even see my W7 installation. All my files are there, the NTFS is perfectly clean, no problems there, but the install disk won't notice it. (Of course, the GRUB entry works fine but the W7 boot partition (which I didn't change) refuses to boot it.) So, basically, any ideas on how to fix this? I don't especially want to rerun the entire install procedure because I'll have a bunch of programs to reinstall (never mind redoing GRUB), but I fear that might be the only option. Thanks.

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• Amazon EC2 - Free memory

  - by Damo

  We have an amazon ec2 small instance running and over the past few days we noticed that the memory is going down and down. On the small instance, we are running apache and tomcat6 Tomcat is started with the following JVM parameters -Xms32m -Xmx128m -XX:PermSize=128m -XX:MaxPermSize=256m We use nagios to monitor stuff like updates to apply, free disk space and memory. Everything else is behaving as expected but our memory is going down all the time. Our app receives approx half a million hits a day When I shutdown apache and tomcat, and ran free -m, we had only 594mb of memory free out out of the 1.7gb of memory. Not much else is running on the small instance and when running the top command I cannot see where the memory is going. The app we run on tomcat is a grails webapp. Could there be a possibility that there is a memory leak within our application? I read online and folks say that a small amazon instance is perfect for running apach and tomcat. I found a few posts online that showed how to setup apache and tomcat to limit the memory usage and I have already performed those steps. The memory is not being used up as quick but the memory is still decreasing over time. We have other amazone ec2 small instances running grails apps and the memory is fairly standard on those nodes. But they would not be receiving as much traffic Just to add, when I run the top command on the problem server, I cannot see where all the memory is being used Any help with this is greatly appreciated The output of free -m when run on my server is as follows total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 1657 1380 277 0 158 773 -/+ buffers/cache: 447 1209 Swap: 895 0 895 In your opinion, does this look ok? At what stage would the OS give back memory, would it wait to the memory reaches 0% or is this OS dependent?

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• Grub Installation Failed: Fatal Error ... now what I do?

  - by eklavya

  I know there are some threads that touch this but I feel I have done something uniquely stupid. hence the post and plea for help. I am a beginner @ Linux. So I have a PC with a HDD (hard disk drive) and SSD (solid state drive) It was running Linux Mint /dev/sda1 - HDD Partition 1 - 2 TB (mounted this is /home /dev/sda2 - HDD Partition 2 - 1 TB (separate back up drive, i was backing up files to this) /dev/sdb1 - SSD Partition 1 - 100 GB (OS) /dev/sdb2 - SSD Partition 2 - 20 GB (Swap) The operating system was Linux Mint and was installed on the /dev/sdb1 i.e the solid state drive. I had partitioned off the sda into 2 TB and 1TB and presented the 2 TB as the /home to the OS. Anyway last night I decided to make a return to Ubuntu via the path of Elementary OS. Everything went fine with the install until it stated that GRUB installed failed and this was a Fatal error (no kidding I said). No I am stuck. I have definitely done something wrong and don't know what it is... My biggest pain is the files on the /dev/sda2. I want to save these before I try something drastic like wiping off the /dev/sda completely. So I have the following questions... Can I use a liveCD USB to save these files ? I can see the /dev/sda2 but was unable to access the files in the liveCD last not least ... how do I fix the main issue here. Why could the OS not install GRUB 2b... why is my SSD the /dev/sdb ... and not /dev/sda. Does that have something to do with it that my master boot record sits on the HDD /dev/sda and not /dev/sdb

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