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• Memory Usage for Databases on Linux

  - by Kyle Brandt

  So with free output what we care about with application memory usage is generally the amount of free memory in the -/+ buffers/cache line. What about with database applications such as Oracle, is it important to have a good amount of cached and buffers available for a database to run well with all the IO? If that makes any sense, how do you figure out just how much?

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• linux Firewall question

  - by bcrawl

  I have few generic questions about firewalls and I thought the community up here could help me out. 1) So I recently installed Ubuntu server barebones. I checked for open ports, none were open which was great. Is that because there was a firewall installed or was it because there were no applications installed? 2) I installed some applications, (Apache, postgres,ssh, Java app and some few). Between these, I ended up opening a few ports (~10). Now I have a list of all the ports I would need open. So, how do I go about protecting them? [Is this the right question to ask? does the process go like this, Install Firewall - Allow Said needed ports - deny rest using IPtables rules] This is going to be open to the internet. Hosting low traffic ecommerce sites. 3) What do you think is the easiest way for me to quasi-secure the server, [low maintenance overhead/simplicity. Any open source "software" which can make my life easier?] 4) Finally, of the said open ports [2], I have 2 ports I need to close because they are telnet ports. Can I close these ports without installing a "firewall" Thanks all for the help and Merry Christmas!!!!!!!

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• Configuration Deployment to Linux Systems

  - by William

  Hello, I'm looking for a nice way to add / remote ips (and possibly interact with an asset inventory system to track where ips are), start / stop processes, download logs, and all around genearal system admin duties from one place. It's okay if I require more than 1 program. That would still be better than having 50 million terminals open and trying to trace ip assignments etc on whiteboards. I'd also like to know if anyone knows any good asset management programs. Best Regards, William

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• Automating and deploying new linux servers

  - by luckytaxi

  I'm in the process of developing a method to automate new virtual machines into my environment. 90% of our machines are virtual but the process is similar for both physical and vmware based images. What I do now is I use cobbler to install the base OS. The kickstart script has post hooks to modify the yum repo and installs puppet and func. Once the servers are running, I manually add them into nagios and sign the certificate via the puppetmaster. I've since migrated most of the resources to use mysql as the backend. I wanted to see what others are doing and my goal for 2011 is to have puppet inventory the hardware into mysql, and somehow i'll script a python script to have nagios grab the info and automatically add it for monitoring purposes. It's kind of tedious to have to add each new server into nagios, puppet's dashboard, munin, etc...

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• tap interfaces always disabled in linux bridge

  - by Dani Camps

  I have a physical interface eth0, and I want to create two virtual interfaces and bridge them with eth0. For this purpose I do: #Create the virtual interfaces tunctl -t tap0 tunctl -t tap1 ifconfig tap0 up ifconfig tap1 up #Create the bridge brctl addbr br0 brctl stp br0 off brctl addif br0 eth0 brctl addif br0 tap0 brctl addif br0 tap1 #Turning up the bridge ifconfig br0 up However my problem if that the tap interfaces always appear disabled in the bridge, and no traffic flows to them. $brctl show br0 bridge name bridge id STP enabled interfaces br0 8000.080027cabeba no eth2 tap0 tap1 $brctl showstp br0 br0 bridge id 8000.080027cabeba designated root 8000.080027cabeba root port 0 path cost 0 max age 20.00 bridge max age 20.00 hello time 2.00 bridge hello time 2.00 forward delay 15.00 bridge forward delay 15.00 ageing time 300.01 hello timer 0.00 tcn timer 0.00 topology change timer 0.00 gc timer 298.42 flags eth2 (1) port id 8001 state forwarding designated root 8000.080027cabeba path cost 4 designated bridge 8000.080027cabeba message age timer 0.00 designated port 8001 forward delay timer 12.97 designated cost 0 hold timer 1.24 flags tap0 (2) port id 8002 state disabled designated root 8000.080027cabeba path cost 100 designated bridge 8000.080027cabeba message age timer 0.00 designated port 8002 forward delay timer 0.00 designated cost 0 hold timer 0.00 flags tap1 (3) port id 8003 state disabled designated root 8000.080027cabeba path cost 100 designated bridge 8000.080027cabeba message age timer 0.00 designated port 8003 forward delay timer 0.00 designated cost 0 hold timer 0.00 flags Is there any way to set the tap interfaces in forwarding state? I do not understand why they are not because STP is disabled. Cheers Daniel

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• Linux weird problem touch : command not found ?

  - by liuxingruo

  Hey guys, I occurred a really weired problem, which is touch : command not found. I was going to create a blank file, so I type the touch command which didn't work. I'm running centOS 5. Any ideas? BTW: the vi command also not found.

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• Best way to grow Linux software RAID 1 to RAID 10

  - by Hans Malherbe

  mdadm does not seem to support growing an array from level 1 to level 10. I have two disks in RAID 1. I want to add two new disks and convert the array to a four disk RAID 10 array. My current strategy: Make good backup. Create a degraded 4 disk RAID 10 array with two missing disks. rsync the RAID 1 array with the RAID 10 array. fail and remove one disk from the RAID 1 array. Add the available disk to the RAID 10 array and wait for resynch to complete. Destroy the RAID 1 array and add the last disk to the RAID 10 array. The problem is the lack of redundancy at step 5. Is there a better way?

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• How to install Windows (x86/x64) on Linux (Ubuntu)

  - by yorrany

  I installed Ubuntu edition (10.04) on my windows 7, completely eliminating it to the original installation. After I was forced to reverse the process, but could not find tools or explanations of how to do it. To clarify the equipment, it is: a netbook, acer, no optical drive cd / dvd, the process should be fully via USB. I hope I was clear enough, count on the support of you. Thank you. -- Instalei a edição Ubuntu (10.04) sobre meu Windows 7, eliminando completamente a a instalação original. Depois fui forçado à reverter o processo, mas não encontrei ferramentas ou explicações de como fazê-lo. Para esclarecer sobre o equipamento, trata-se de: um netbook, acer, sem leitor óptico de cd/dvd, o processo deverá ser totalmente via USB. Espero ter sido bastante claro, conto com o suporte de vocês. Muito obrigado.

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• Deleting large no of files on linux eats up CPU

  - by Sanjay

  I generate more than 50GB of cache files on my RHEL server (and typical file size is 200kb so no of files is huge). When I try to delete these files it takes 8-10 hours. However, the bigger issue is that the system load goes to critical for these 8-10 hours. Is there anyway where I can keep the system load under control during the deletion. I tried using nice -n19 rm -rf * but that doesn't help in system load. P.S. I asked the same question on superuser.com but didn't get a good enough answer so trying here.

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• Best way to execute a command after Linux system halt

  - by Lukas Loesche

  Problem: The SSDs in our servers require a power cycle (i.e. off/on, not reset/warm reboot) after a firmware update. Thoughts: Using 'ipmitool chassis power cycle' I can cycle the server's power. However this would cut the power while the system is still running, filesystems are mounted, etc. What I basically want is a delayed power cycle so the system has a change to halt. But I guess that would have to be implemented on the server's IPMI board, so it's not really an option. My initial idea was to dynamically create a ramdisk containing the tool and libs and somehow integrate that into the halt process. I saw there's a /etc/init.d/halt, so that would be my starting point. Although I believe the kernel at some point in the shutdown process starts to kill off remaining processes. So I'm not even sure if that's a viable way. Question: What would be the best way to execute ipmitool (or any other command), after the system has halted and all regular filesystems are unmounted?

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• Linux: using find to locate files older than <date>

  - by DrStalker

  find has good support for finding files the more modified less than X days ago, but how can I use find to locate all files modified after a certain date? I can't find anything in the find man page to do this, only to compare against another files time or to check for differences between created time and now. Is making a file with the desired time and comparing against that the only way to do this?

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• Linux server very slow after IP change and synflood attack

  - by Johannes Ruof

  our server experienced a synflood attack and we used the csf firewall synflood settings to block it. Our server administrators also changed the IP of the server to a new one and blackholed the old IP. The attack went over and I changed the synflood settings back. However the server is still very slow, with a very low CPU usage and very low traffic on the website. Does anybody have an idea what might be causing this? The server is a CENTOS 6.4 x86_64 Thanks in advance, J. Ruof

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• Can't run an executable under Linux

  - by Salina Odelva

  I chmod 777'ed an executable and trying to execute it like this: /home/gandalf/./sample but it doesn't work /bin/bash: line 25: ./sample: Permission denied What can be the problem? Thanks.

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• Which will give more free RAM to linux?

  - by Linda Thomas

  Trying to avoid some issues so I've been trying to learn vm. in kernel tuning but still a little confused even after googling. The lower background_ratio is the sooner the flushes? the lower dirty_ratio is the less dirty ram that is kept, right vm.dirty_ratio = 20 vm.dirty_background_ratio = 1 or vm.dirty_ratio = 60 vm.dirty_background_ratio = 20 or vm.dirty_ratio = 20 vm.dirty_background_ratio = 10 or vm.dirty_ratio = 20 vm.dirty_background_ratio = 5

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• Linux apache developing configuration

  - by Jeffrey Vandenborne

  Recenly reinstalled my system, and came to a point where I need apache and php. I've been searching a long time, but I can't figure out how to configure apache the best way for a developer computer. The plan is simple, I want to install apache 2 + mysql server so I can develop some php website. I don't want to install lamp though, just the apache2, php5 and mysql. The problem that I've been looking an answer for is the permissions on the /var/www/ folder. I've tried making it my folder using the chown command, followed by a chmod -R 755 /var/www. Most things work then, but fwrite for example won't work, because I need to give write permissions to everyone, unless I change my global umask to 000 I'm not sure what I can do. In short: I want to install apache2, php5, mysql-server without using lamp, but configured in a way so I can open up netbeans, start a project with root in /var/www/, and run every single function without permission faults. Does anyone have experiences or workarounds to this? Extra: OS: Ubuntu 10.04 ARCH: x86_64

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• How can I diff two Redhat Linux servers?

  - by Stuart Woodward

  I have two servers that have should have the same setup except for known differences. By running: find / \( -path /proc -o -path /sys -o -path /dev \) -prune -o -print | sort > allfiles.txt I can find a list of all the files on one server and compare it against the list of files on the the other server. This will show me the differences in the names of the files that reside on the servers. What I really want to do is run a checksum on all the files on both of the servers and compare them to also find where the contents are different. e.g find / \( -path /proc -o -path /sys -o -path /dev \) -prune -o -print | xargs /usr/bin/sha1sum Is this a sensible way to do this? I was thinking that rysnc already has most of this functionality but can it be used to provide the list of differences?

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• NVRAM for journals on Linux?

  - by symcbean

  I've been thinking about ways of speeding up disk I/O, and one of the bottlenecks I keep coming back to is the journal. There's an obvious benefit to using an SSD for the journal - over and above just write caching unless of course I just disable the journal with the write cache (after all devicemapper doesn't seem to support barriers). In order to get the benefits from using a BB write cache on the controller, then I'd need to disable journalling - but then the OS should try to fsck the system after an outage. Of course if the OS knows what's in the batter-backed memory then it could use it as the journal - but that means it must be exposed as a block device and only be under the control of the operating system. However I've not been able to find a suitable low-cost device (no, write-levelling for Flash is not adequate for a journal, at least one which uses Smartmedia). While there's no end of flash devices, disk/array controllers with BB write caches, so far I've not found anything which just gives me non-volatile memory addressable as a block storage device.

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• Can't start apache in linux, because of proxy module

  - by Silmaril89

  When I try to start apache or run the command, httpd -M each fail and print the following error: httpd: Syntax error on line 137 of /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf: Syntax error on line 2 of /etc/httpd/conf.d/proxy_ajp.conf: Cannot load /etc/httpd/modules/mod_proxy_ajp.so into server: /etc/httpd/modules/mod_proxy_ajp.so: undefined symbol: proxy_module Any ideas on how to fix this? Thanks.

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• Correct way of bringing network interface down in linux

  - by Karolis T.

  For example: $ ifconfig dummy0 up $ ifconfig dummy0 "192.168.1.190 netmask 255.255.255.0" Calling ifconfig with no parameters shows the interface dummy0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr b6:1f:f3:92:6d:20 inet addr:192.168.1.190 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::b41f:f3ff:fe92:6d20/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING NOARP MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:15 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:0 (0.0 B) TX bytes:1050 (1.0 KiB) How can I bring the interface down so that it doesn't show up in ifconfig ifconfig -a ifconfig dummy0 without rmmod dummy because dummy is used just for example purposes. If there is no way to do that, what "throw-away" IP could I set to it and be safe from any trouble? like $ ifconfig dummy0 down $ ifconfig dummy0 0.0.0.0

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• Best way to grow Linux software RAID 1 to RAID 10

  - by Hans Malherbe

  mdadm does not seem to support growing an array from level 1 to level 10. I have two disks in RAID 1. I want to add two new disks and convert the array to a four disk RAID 10 array. My current strategy: Make good backup. Create a degraded 4 disk RAID 10 array with two missing disks. rsync the RAID 1 array with the RAID 10 array. fail and remove one disk from the RAID 1 array. Add the available disk to the RAID 10 array and wait for resynch to complete. Destroy the RAID 1 array and add the last disk to the RAID 10 array. The problem is the lack of redundancy at step 5. Is there a better way?

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• Shell script to control user initiated processes

  - by Gnanam

  Hi, I'm not a shell script expert. I'm looking for a shell script which checks for maximum number of Java processes (MyJavaStandalone) running in the system before starting/executing the current Java process. Example: Script: /home/myfolder/script.sh script.sh contains /usr/java/jdk1.6.0/bin/java MyJavaStandalone >> $DATE.log & Here, before executing "MyJavaStandalone", if there are already 10 processes running, then this current process should not be started.

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• Unexplained cache RAM drops on Linux machine

  - by FunkyChicken

  I run a CentOS 5.7 64 machine with 24gb ram and running kernel 2.6.18-274.12.1.el5. This machine runs only Nginx, php-fpm and Xcache as extra applications. Since about 3 weeks my memory behavior on this machine has changed and I cannot explain why. There are no crons running which flush anything like this. There are also no large numbers of files being deleted/changed during these drops. The 'cached' memory gets dropped about every few hours, but it's never a set gap between flushes, this indicates to me that some bottleneck gets reached instead. It also always seems to be when total memory usages gets to about 18GB, but again, not always exactly 18GB. This is a graph of my memory usage: As you can see in the graph the 'buffers' always stay more or less the same, it is mainly the 'cache' that gets dropped. Running vmstat -m I have outputted the memory usage just before and just after a memory drop. The output is here: http://pastebin.com/diff.php?i=hJqZqztm 'old version' being before, 'new version' being after a drop. About 3 weeks ago my server crashed during a heavy DDOS attack, after I rebooted the machine this odd behavior started. I have checked a bunch of logs, restarted the machine again, and cannot find any indication what changed. During these 'cache' memory drops, my iNode usage drops at the same time. Does anyone have any idea what might be causing this behavior? Clearly my RAM isn't full, so I am curious why this could be happening.

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• free memory in Linux

  - by user32425

  Hi, I did free -tm on my system, and I got the output below. Is the free buffers/cache part of the used memory? And therefore we can consider it as free memory? total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 5721 5689 32 0 137 4664 -/+ buffers/cache: 887 4834 Swap: 6000 13 5987 Total: 11722 5703 6019 Thanks

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• Linux LVM snapshot commit or revert?

  - by Shewfig

  Hi, I'm about to perform an experimental upgrade on my CentOS 5 server. If the upgrade fails, I want to be able to back out the changes to the filesystem. This scenario seems similar to the example in Section 3.8 of the LVM HOWTO for LVM2 read-write snapshots - but the example is rather lacking in actual how-to. 1) How would I commit the changes, merging them back into the original partition? 2) How would I revert the changes, restoring the filesystem back to its original state? Should I assume that I'll need to restart several services, if not outright reboot? 3) Is it possible to snapshot only certain directories on a partition, or is it a partition-wide operation? Thanks...

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• Blocking ports on the public IP assigned to lo interface in GNU/Linux

  - by nixnotwin

  I have setup my Ubuntu server as a router and webserver by following the answer given here. My ISP facing interface eth0 has a private 172.16.x.x/30 ip and my lo interface has a public IP as mentioned in the answer to the question linked above. The setup is working well. The only snag I have experienced is that I could not find a way to block the ports exposed by the public IP on the lo interface. I tried doing iptables -A INPUT -i eth0 -j DROP, and my server lost connectivity to the public network (internet). I could not ping any public ips. What I want is a way to block ports that are exposed by the public ip on the lo interface. And also I require iptables rules that can expose ports like 80 or openvpn port to the public network.

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