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  • Memory layout of executable

    - by Ross
    Hi all, When loading an executable then segments like the code, data, bss and so on need to be placed in memory. I am just wondering, if someone could tell me where on a standard x86 for example the libc library is placed. Is that at the top or bottom of memory. My guess is at the bottom, close to the application code, ie., that would look something like this here: --------- 0x1000 Stack | V ^ | Heap ---------- Data + BSS ---------- App Code ---------- libc ---------- 0x0000 Thanks a lot, Ross

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  • Parameterized include in Classic ASP with VBScript

    - by Thom Smith
    I want to write a function that will include an external file, much like Server.Execute, but will pass along parameters. I'm aware that Server.Execute will pass along query parameters, but I'd like to pass data more generally. For instance: ' main.asp MyInclude("external.inc", Array("mykey", "myval")) ' external.inc Response.Write mykey I doubt I can get quite that far without reading the external fine, twiddling it, and executing, but I'd like to get as close as reasonably possible. Also, if possible, I'd prefer avoiding using the query passing option for security reasons.

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  • How to call base abstract or interface from DAL into BLL?

    - by programmerist
    How can i access abstract class in BLL ? i shouldn't see GenAccessor in BLL it must be private class GenAccessor . i should access Save method over _AccessorForSQL. ok? MY BLL cs: public class AccessorForSQL: GenoTip.DAL._AccessorForSQL { public bool Save(string Name, string SurName, string Adress) { ListDictionary ld = new ListDictionary(); ld.Add("@Name", Name); ld.Add("@SurName", SurName); ld.Add("@Adress", Adress); return **base.Save("sp_InsertCustomers", ld, CommandType.StoredProcedure);** } } i can not access base.Save....???????? it is my DAL Layer: namespace GenoTip.DAL { public abstract class _AccessorForSQL { public abstract bool Save(string sp, ListDictionary ld, CommandType cmdType); public abstract bool Update(); public abstract bool Delete(); public abstract DataSet Select(); } private class GenAccessor : _AccessorForSQL { DataSet ds; DataTable dt; public override bool Save(string sp, ListDictionary ld, CommandType cmdType) { SqlConnection con = null; SqlCommand cmd = null; SqlDataReader dr = null; try { con = GetConnection(); cmd = new SqlCommand(sp, con); con.Open(); cmd.CommandType = cmdType; foreach (string ky in ld.Keys) { cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue(ky, ld[ky]); } dr = cmd.ExecuteReader(); ds = new DataSet(); dt = new DataTable(); ds.Tables.Add(dt); ds.Load(dr, LoadOption.OverwriteChanges, dt); } catch (Exception exp) { HttpContext.Current.Trace.Warn("Error in GetCustomerByID()", exp.Message, exp); } finally { if (dr != null) dr.Close(); if (con != null) con.Close(); } return (ds.Tables[0].Rows.Count 0) ? true : false; } public override bool Update() { return true; } public override bool Delete() { return true; } public override DataSet Select() { DataSet dst = new DataSet(); return dst; } private static SqlConnection GetConnection() { string connStr = WebConfigurationManager.ConnectionStrings["ConnectionString"].ConnectionString; SqlConnection conn = new SqlConnection(connStr); return conn; }

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  • How to do a join of 3 files with awk by first Column?

    - by noinflection
    i have three similar files, they are all like this: ID1 Value1a ID2 Value2a . . . IDN Value2n and i want an output like this ID1 Value1a Value1b Value1c ID2 Value2a Value2b Value2c ..... IDN ValueNa ValueNb ValueNc Looking to the first line i want value1A to be the value of id1 in fileA, value1B the value of id1 in fileB, etc, i think of it like a nice sql join. I've tried several things but none of them where even close.

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  • How can Swing dialogs even work?

    - by Bart van Heukelom
    If you open a dialog in Swing, for example a JFileChooser, it goes somewhat like this pseudocode: swing event thread { create dialog add listener to dialog close event { returnValue = somethingFromDialog } show dialog (wait until it is closed) return returnValue } My question is: how can this possibly work? As you can see the thread waits to return until the dialog is closed. This means the Swing event thread is blocked. Yet, one can interact with the dialog, which AFAIK requires this thread to run. So how does that work?

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  • Is there a Grid plugin for jQuery that has similiar capabilities to the Ext-JS Grid?

    - by Ehrann Mehdan
    One of the most appealing features of Ext-JS is the Grid control in my opinion. I was searching for something free that does something close and have set my hopes on jQuery. I haven't found a jQuery (or other LGPL compatible) Table / Grid plugin that allows to: Reorder columns by dragging Resize columns by dragging Add or Remove columns on the fly Have a default good looking UI (subjective, but Ext-JS look I think is a concensus) In addition to the rest most grid controls have (Sort, Paging etc) Is there a free (LGPL) jQuery plugin that does the above?

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  • What is Service Broker ?

    - by Nasser Hajloo
    What is Service Broker in SQL Server and is it meaningful to enableitin a simple Database, Not in a distributed DB. please do not close this question, I saw others similar question and non of them answered me.

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  • .NET C# Filestream writing to file and reading the bfile

    - by pythonrg7
    I have a web service that checks a dictionary to see if a file exists and then if it does exist it reads the file, otherwise it saves to the file. This is from a web app. I wonder what is the best way to do this because I occasionally get a FileNotFoundException exception if the same file is accessed at the same time. Here's the relevant parts of the code: String signature; signature = "FILE," + value1 + "," + value2 + "," + value3 + "," + value4; // this is going to be the filename string result; MultipleRecordset mrSummary = new MultipleRecordset(); // MultipleRecordset is an object that retrieves data from a sql server database if (mrSummary.existsFile(signature)) { result = mrSummary.retrieveFile(signature); } else { result = mrSummary.getMultipleRecordsets(System.Configuration.ConfigurationManager.ConnectionStrings["MyConnectionString"].ConnectionString.ToString(), value1, value2, value3, value4); mrSummary.saveFile(signature, result); } Here's the code to see if the file already exists: private static Dictionary dict = new Dictionary(); public bool existsFile(string signature) { if (dict.ContainsKey(signature)) { return true; } else { return false; } } Here's what I use to retrieve if it already exists: try { byte[] buffer; FileStream fileStream = new FileStream(@System.Configuration.ConfigurationManager.AppSettings["CACHEPATH"] + filename, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read); try { int length = 0x8000; // get file length buffer = new byte[length]; // create buffer int count; // actual number of bytes read JSONstring = ""; while ((count = fileStream.Read(buffer, 0, length)) > 0) { JSONstring += System.Text.ASCIIEncoding.ASCII.GetString(buffer, 0, count); } } finally { fileStream.Close(); } } catch (Exception e) { JSONstring = "{\"error\":\"" + e.ToString() + "\"}"; } If the file doesn't previously exist it saves the JSON to the file: try { if (dict.ContainsKey(filename) == false) { dict.Add(filename, true); } else { this.retrieveFile(filename, ipaddress); } } catch { } try { TextWriter tw = new StreamWriter(@System.Configuration.ConfigurationManager.AppSettings["CACHEPATH"] + filename); tw.WriteLine(JSONstring); tw.Close(); } catch { } Here are the details to the exception I sometimes get from running the above code: System.IO.FileNotFoundException: Could not find file 'E:\inetpub\wwwroot\cache\FILE,36,36.25,14.5,14.75'. File name: 'E:\inetpub\wwwroot\cache\FILE,36,36.25,14.5,14.75' at System.IO.__Error.WinIOError(Int32 errorCode, String maybeFullPath) at System.IO.FileStream.Init(String path, FileMode mode, FileAccess access, Int32 rights, Boolean useRights, FileShare share, Int32 bufferSize, FileOptions options, SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES secAttrs, String msgPath, Boolean bFromProxy) at System.IO.FileStream..ctor(String path, FileMode mode, FileAccess access, FileShare share) at com.myname.business.MultipleRecordset.retrieveFile(String filename, String ipaddress)

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  • WPF: Restyling a window?

    - by mark smith
    Hi there, does anyone know if its possible to restyle a window in wpf. Or even better any tutorials or samples? Basically i would like to change the minimize and maximize buttons - oh and the close button to be slightly bigger.... I have expression blend.... Is this possible? I saw some samples in infragistics sample apps which have some great looking forms and as far as i can tell it doesn't use any custom wpf controls... Any ideas really appreciated

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  • Provisioning api jpa

    - by user268515
    Hi i tried the following code Appsprovisioning.java public void calluser() throws AppsForYourDomainExceptiion IOException, { for(UserEntry userEntry : retrieveAllUsers().getEntries()) { m[x]= userEntry.getTitle().getPlainText(); x++; } try { for(int i=0;i<x;i++) { String sd=m[i]; stud greeting1 = new stud(sd); em.persist(greeting1); System.out.println("jk"); } } finally { em.close(); } public UserFeed retrieveAllUsers()throws ,ServiceException, IOException{ userService = new UserService("Myapplication"); userService.setUserCredentials("[email protected]","xxxxxxxx"); URL retrieveUrl = new URL("https://www.google.com/a/feeds/montfortperungudi.edu.in/user/2.0/"); UserFeed allUsers = new UserFeed(); UserFeed currentPage; Link nextLink; do { currentPage = userService.getFeed(retrieveUrl, UserFeed.class); allUsers.getEntries().addAll(currentPage.getEntries()); nextLink = currentPage.getLink(Link.Rel.NEXT, Link.Type.ATOM); if (nextLink != null) { retrieveUrl = new URL(nextLink.getHref()); } } while (nextLink != null); return allUsers; } } Servlet.java public class servlet extends HttpServlet { private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L; private static final Logger log = Logger.getLogger(servlet.class.getName()); // EntityManager em=null; AppsProvisioning aa=new AppsProvisioning(); public void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp)throws IOException { //em = EMFService.get().createEntityManager(); try { aa.calluser(); }catch(Exception e){ System.out.println("SEF "+e);} finally { // em.clear(); // em.close(); } } } Table Creation import javax.persistence.Entity; import javax.persistence.Id; @Entity(name="stud") public class stud { @Id private String fathername; public stud(String fathername) {// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub this.fathername=fathername; } public void setFathername(String fathername) { this.fathername = fathername; } public String getFathername() { return fathername; } } I cant able to store all the users in the table.. Its returning Session out error.

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  • Facebook Connect iPhone StreamDialog delegate dialogDidSucceed

    - by JohnPayne
    Hey. I use FBStreamDialog to let users publish on their news feed. [fbStreamDialog show]; makes the dialog view popup, the user can press cancel or submit that message. Now...my problem is that both buttons close the dialog view and call the delegate method dialogDidSucceed. How do I find out which button was pressed? Its very important for me to know, any useful advice would be reaally really nice! Thanks, John

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  • Creating keystore for jarsigner programmatically

    - by skayred
    I'm trying to generate keystore with certificate to use it with JarSigner. Here is my code: System.out.println("Keystore generation..."); Security.addProvider(new BouncyCastleProvider()); String domainName = "example.org"; KeyPairGenerator keyGen = KeyPairGenerator.getInstance("RSA"); SecureRandom random = SecureRandom.getInstance("SHA1PRNG", "SUN"); keyGen.initialize(1024, random); KeyPair pair = keyGen.generateKeyPair(); X509V3CertificateGenerator v3CertGen = new X509V3CertificateGenerator(); int serial = new SecureRandom().nextInt(); v3CertGen.setSerialNumber(BigInteger.valueOf(serial < 0 ? -1 * serial : serial)); v3CertGen.setIssuerDN(new X509Principal("CN=" + domainName + ", OU=None, O=None L=None, C=None")); v3CertGen.setNotBefore(new Date(System.currentTimeMillis() - 1000L * 60 * 60 * 24 * 30)); v3CertGen.setNotAfter(new Date(System.currentTimeMillis() + (1000L * 60 * 60 * 24 * 365*10))); v3CertGen.setSubjectDN(new X509Principal("CN=" + domainName + ", OU=None, O=None L=None, C=None")); v3CertGen.setPublicKey(pair.getPublic()); v3CertGen.setSignatureAlgorithm("MD5WithRSAEncryption"); X509Certificate PKCertificate = v3CertGen.generateX509Certificate(pair.getPrivate()); FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream("/Users/dmitrysavchenko/testCert.cert"); fos.write(PKCertificate.getEncoded()); fos.close(); KeyStore ks = KeyStore.getInstance(KeyStore.getDefaultType()); char[] password = "123".toCharArray(); ks.load(null, password); ks.setCertificateEntry("hive", PKCertificate); fos = new FileOutputStream("/Users/dmitrysavchenko/hive-keystore.pkcs12"); ks.store(fos, password); fos.close(); It works, but when I'm trying to sign my JAR with this keystore, I get the following error: jarsigner: Certificate chain not found for: hive. hive must reference a valid KeyStore key entry containing a private key and corresponding public key certificate chain. I've discovered that there must be a private key, but I don't know how to add it to certificate. Can you help me?

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  • Simulate Photoshop's saturation changes in Imagemagick

    - by Ambirex
    In Photoshop you can adjust the hue, saturation and lightness of an image with three sliders. ImageMagick you can modulate the brightness, saturation, and hue. Minimizing the saturation correctly produces a black and white image in both programs. Maxing out the saturation appears close, but ImageMagick appears to soften some of the blown out edges while Photoshop will expose more the the compression artifacts. How can I accurately reproduce Photoshop's saturation changes from within ImageMagick, or other command line tool.

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  • Create multiple modal windows with javascript (+jQuery), what is the best practice to indentify wind

    - by Kirzilla
    Hello, When creating every instance of Window object I should bind close button of each window to closing this window. But how should I identify windows? Should I create unique id for each Window instance or maybe another way? What is the best way to create such identifiers, maybe some kind of singleton object with id parameter which should be incremented each time when window is created? Thank you.

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  • Quick Jquery slideUp/Down question

    - by Scarface
    Hey guys quick question, I have a function and it works when you click close, it slides up. However I want it to slide down by default when you first go to the page and it is just appearing right now, not sliding down. $(document).ready(function(){ $("#related2").slideDown(); $(".close2").click(function(event) { event.preventDefault(); $("#related2").slideUp(); }); });

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  • Weblogic 10.0: SAMLSignedObject.verify() failed to validate signature value

    - by joshea
    I've been having this problem for a while and it's driving me nuts. I'm trying to create a client (in C# .NET 2.0) that will use SAML 1.1 to sign on to a WebLogic 10.0 server (i.e., a Single Sign-On scenario, using browser/post profile). The client is on a WinXP machine and the WebLogic server is on a RHEL 5 box. I based my client largely on code in the example here: http://www.codeproject.com/KB/aspnet/DotNetSamlPost.aspx (the source has a section for SAML 1.1). I set up WebLogic based on instructions for SAML Destination Site from here:http://www.oracle.com/technology/pub/articles/dev2arch/2006/12/sso-with-saml4.html I created a certificate using makecert that came with VS 2005. makecert -r -pe -n "CN=whatever" -b 01/01/2010 -e 01/01/2011 -sky exchange whatever.cer -sv whatever.pvk pvk2pfx.exe -pvk whatever.pvk -spc whatever.cer -pfx whatever.pfx Then I installed the .pfx to my personal certificate directory, and installed the .cer into the WebLogic SAML Identity Asserter V2. I read on another site that formatting the response to be readable (ie, adding whitespace) to the response after signing would cause this problem, so I tried various combinations of turning on/off .Indent XMLWriterSettings and turning on/off .PreserveWhiteSpace when loading the XML document, and none of it made any difference. I've printed the SignatureValue both before the message is is encoded/sent and after it arrives/gets decoded, and they are the same. So, to be clear: the Response appears to be formed, encoded, sent, and decoded fine (I see the full Response in the WebLogic logs). WebLogic finds the certificate I want it to use, verifies that a key was supplied, gets the signed info, and then fails to validate the signature. Code: public string createResponse(Dictionary<string, string> attributes){ ResponseType response = new ResponseType(); // Create Response response.ResponseID = "_" + Guid.NewGuid().ToString(); response.MajorVersion = "1"; response.MinorVersion = "1"; response.IssueInstant = System.DateTime.UtcNow; response.Recipient = "http://theWLServer/samlacs/acs"; StatusType status = new StatusType(); status.StatusCode = new StatusCodeType(); status.StatusCode.Value = new XmlQualifiedName("Success", "urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:1.0:protocol"); response.Status = status; // Create Assertion AssertionType assertionType = CreateSaml11Assertion(attributes); response.Assertion = new AssertionType[] {assertionType}; //Serialize XmlSerializerNamespaces ns = new XmlSerializerNamespaces(); ns.Add("samlp", "urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:1.0:protocol"); ns.Add("saml", "urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:1.0:assertion"); XmlSerializer responseSerializer = new XmlSerializer(response.GetType()); StringWriter stringWriter = new StringWriter(); XmlWriterSettings settings = new XmlWriterSettings(); settings.OmitXmlDeclaration = true; settings.Indent = false;//I've tried both ways, for the fun of it settings.Encoding = Encoding.UTF8; XmlWriter responseWriter = XmlTextWriter.Create(stringWriter, settings); responseSerializer.Serialize(responseWriter, response, ns); responseWriter.Close(); string samlString = stringWriter.ToString(); stringWriter.Close(); // Sign the document XmlDocument doc = new XmlDocument(); doc.PreserveWhiteSpace = true; //also tried this both ways to no avail doc.LoadXml(samlString); X509Certificate2 cert = null; X509Store store = new X509Store(StoreName.My, StoreLocation.CurrentUser); store.Open(OpenFlags.ReadOnly); X509Certificate2Collection coll = store.Certificates.Find(X509FindType.FindBySubjectDistinguishedName, "distName", true); if (coll.Count < 1) { throw new ArgumentException("Unable to locate certificate"); } cert = coll[0]; store.Close(); //this special SignDoc just overrides a function in SignedXml so //it knows to look for ResponseID rather than ID XmlElement signature = SamlHelper.SignDoc( doc, cert, "ResponseID", response.ResponseID); doc.DocumentElement.InsertBefore(signature, doc.DocumentElement.ChildNodes[0]); // Base64Encode and URL Encode byte[] base64EncodedBytes = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(doc.OuterXml); string returnValue = System.Convert.ToBase64String( base64EncodedBytes); return returnValue; } private AssertionType CreateSaml11Assertion(Dictionary<string, string> attributes){ AssertionType assertion = new AssertionType(); assertion.AssertionID = "_" + Guid.NewGuid().ToString(); assertion.Issuer = "madeUpValue"; assertion.MajorVersion = "1"; assertion.MinorVersion = "1"; assertion.IssueInstant = System.DateTime.UtcNow; //Not before, not after conditions ConditionsType conditions = new ConditionsType(); conditions.NotBefore = DateTime.UtcNow; conditions.NotBeforeSpecified = true; conditions.NotOnOrAfter = DateTime.UtcNow.AddMinutes(10); conditions.NotOnOrAfterSpecified = true; //Name Identifier to be used in Saml Subject NameIdentifierType nameIdentifier = new NameIdentifierType(); nameIdentifier.NameQualifier = domain.Trim(); nameIdentifier.Value = subject.Trim(); SubjectConfirmationType subjectConfirmation = new SubjectConfirmationType(); subjectConfirmation.ConfirmationMethod = new string[] { "urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:1.0:cm:bearer" }; // // Create some SAML subject. SubjectType samlSubject = new SubjectType(); AttributeStatementType attrStatement = new AttributeStatementType(); AuthenticationStatementType authStatement = new AuthenticationStatementType(); authStatement.AuthenticationMethod = "urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:1.0:am:password"; authStatement.AuthenticationInstant = System.DateTime.UtcNow; samlSubject.Items = new object[] { nameIdentifier, subjectConfirmation}; attrStatement.Subject = samlSubject; authStatement.Subject = samlSubject; IPHostEntry ipEntry = Dns.GetHostEntry(System.Environment.MachineName); SubjectLocalityType subjectLocality = new SubjectLocalityType(); subjectLocality.IPAddress = ipEntry.AddressList[0].ToString(); authStatement.SubjectLocality = subjectLocality; attrStatement.Attribute = new AttributeType[attributes.Count]; int i=0; // Create SAML attributes. foreach (KeyValuePair<string, string> attribute in attributes) { AttributeType attr = new AttributeType(); attr.AttributeName = attribute.Key; attr.AttributeNamespace= domain; attr.AttributeValue = new object[] {attribute.Value}; attrStatement.Attribute[i] = attr; i++; } assertion.Conditions = conditions; assertion.Items = new StatementAbstractType[] {authStatement, attrStatement}; return assertion; } private static XmlElement SignDoc(XmlDocument doc, X509Certificate2 cert2, string referenceId, string referenceValue) { // Use our own implementation of SignedXml SamlSignedXml sig = new SamlSignedXml(doc, referenceId); // Add the key to the SignedXml xmlDocument. sig.SigningKey = cert2.PrivateKey; // Create a reference to be signed. Reference reference = new Reference(); reference.Uri= String.Empty; reference.Uri = "#" + referenceValue; // Add an enveloped transformation to the reference. XmlDsigEnvelopedSignatureTransform env = new XmlDsigEnvelopedSignatureTransform(); reference.AddTransform(env); // Add the reference to the SignedXml object. sig.AddReference(reference); // Add an RSAKeyValue KeyInfo (optional; helps recipient find key to validate). KeyInfo keyInfo = new KeyInfo(); keyInfo.AddClause(new KeyInfoX509Data(cert2)); sig.KeyInfo = keyInfo; // Compute the signature. sig.ComputeSignature(); // Get the XML representation of the signature and save // it to an XmlElement object. XmlElement xmlDigitalSignature = sig.GetXml(); return xmlDigitalSignature; } To open the page in my client app, string postData = String.Format("SAMLResponse={0}&APID=ap_00001&TARGET={1}", System.Web.HttpUtility.UrlEncode(builder.buildResponse("http://theWLServer/samlacs/acs",attributes)), "http://desiredURL"); webBrowser.Navigate("http://theWLServer/samlacs/acs", "_self", Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(postData), "Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded");

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  • Paypal and Cocoa

    - by happyCoding25
    Hello, I want to have a donation box via paypal in a sheet. When the sheet comes down a webview within the sheet loads the donation box website. I want to close the sheet when the user has completed the donation. Any ideas? Thanks in advance

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  • How can i use a duration setting on .animate if it is inside the callback from a .fadeOut effect?

    - by Jannis
    I am trying to just fade the content of section#secondary out and once the content has been faded out, the parent (section#secondary) should animate 'shut' in a slider animation. All this is working however the durations are not and I cannot figure out why. Here is my code: HTML <section id="secondary"> <a href="#" class="slide_button">&laquo;</a> <!-- slide in/back button --> <article> <h1>photos</h1> <div class="album_nav"><a href="#">photo 1 of 6</a> | <a href="#">create an album</a></div> <div class="bar"> <p class="section_title">current image title</p> </div> <section class="image"> <div class="links"> <a class="_back album_link" href="#">« from the album: james new toy</a> <nav> <a href="#" class="_back small_button">back</a> <a href="#" class="_next small_button">next</a> </nav> </div> <img src="http://localhost/~jannis/3781_doggie_wonderland/www/preview/static/images/sample-image-enlarged.jpg" width="418" height="280" alt="" /> </section> </article> <footer> <embed src="http://localhost/~jannis/3781_doggie_wonderland/www/preview/static/flash/secondary-footer.swf" wmode="transparent" width="495" height="115" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" /> </footer> </section> <!-- close secondary --> jQuery // ============================= // = Close button (slide away) = // ============================= $('a.slide_button').click(function() { $(this).closest('section#secondary').children('*').fadeOut('slow', function() { $('section#secondary').animate({'width':'0'}, 3000); }); }); Because the content of section#secondary is variable I use the * selector. What happens is that the fadeOut uses the appropriate slow speed but as soon as the callback fires (once the content is faded out) the section#secondary animates to width: 0 within a couple of milliseconds and not the 3000 ms ( 3 sec ) I set the animation duration to. Any ideas would be appreciated. PS: I cannot post an example at this point but since this is more a matter of theory of jQuery I don't think an example is necessary here. Correct me if I am wrong..

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  • Optimizing Haskell code

    - by Masse
    I'm trying to learn Haskell and after an article in reddit about Markov text chains, I decided to implement Markov text generation first in Python and now in Haskell. However I noticed that my python implementation is way faster than the Haskell version, even Haskell is compiled to native code. I am wondering what I should do to make the Haskell code run faster and for now I believe it's so much slower because of using Data.Map instead of hashmaps, but I'm not sure I'll post the Python code and Haskell as well. With the same data, Python takes around 3 seconds and Haskell is closer to 16 seconds. It comes without saying that I'll take any constructive criticism :). import random import re import cPickle class Markov: def __init__(self, filenames): self.filenames = filenames self.cache = self.train(self.readfiles()) picklefd = open("dump", "w") cPickle.dump(self.cache, picklefd) picklefd.close() def train(self, text): splitted = re.findall(r"(\w+|[.!?',])", text) print "Total of %d splitted words" % (len(splitted)) cache = {} for i in xrange(len(splitted)-2): pair = (splitted[i], splitted[i+1]) followup = splitted[i+2] if pair in cache: if followup not in cache[pair]: cache[pair][followup] = 1 else: cache[pair][followup] += 1 else: cache[pair] = {followup: 1} return cache def readfiles(self): data = "" for filename in self.filenames: fd = open(filename) data += fd.read() fd.close() return data def concat(self, words): sentence = "" for word in words: if word in "'\",?!:;.": sentence = sentence[0:-1] + word + " " else: sentence += word + " " return sentence def pickword(self, words): temp = [(k, words[k]) for k in words] results = [] for (word, n) in temp: results.append(word) if n > 1: for i in xrange(n-1): results.append(word) return random.choice(results) def gentext(self, words): allwords = [k for k in self.cache] (first, second) = random.choice(filter(lambda (a,b): a.istitle(), [k for k in self.cache])) sentence = [first, second] while len(sentence) < words or sentence[-1] is not ".": current = (sentence[-2], sentence[-1]) if current in self.cache: followup = self.pickword(self.cache[current]) sentence.append(followup) else: print "Wasn't able to. Breaking" break print self.concat(sentence) Markov(["76.txt"]) -- module Markov ( train , fox ) where import Debug.Trace import qualified Data.Map as M import qualified System.Random as R import qualified Data.ByteString.Char8 as B type Database = M.Map (B.ByteString, B.ByteString) (M.Map B.ByteString Int) train :: [B.ByteString] -> Database train (x:y:[]) = M.empty train (x:y:z:xs) = let l = train (y:z:xs) in M.insertWith' (\new old -> M.insertWith' (+) z 1 old) (x, y) (M.singleton z 1) `seq` l main = do contents <- B.readFile "76.txt" print $ train $ B.words contents fox="The quick brown fox jumps over the brown fox who is slow jumps over the brown fox who is dead."

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