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  • strange behavior in python

    - by fsm
    The tags might not be accurate since I am not sure where the problem is. I have a module where I am trying to read some data from a socket, and write the results into a file (append) It looks something like this, (only relevant parts included) if __name__ == "__main__": <some init code> for line in file: t = Thread(target=foo, args=(line,)) t.start() while nThreads > 0: time.sleep(1) Here are the other modules, def foo(text): global countLock, nThreads countLock.acquire() nThreads += 1 countLock.release() """connect to socket, send data, read response""" writeResults(text, result) countLock.acquire() nThreads -= 1 countLock.release() def writeResults(text, result): """acquire file lock""" """append to file""" """release file lock""" Now here's the problem. Initially, I had a typo in the function 'foo', where I was passing the variable 'line' to writeResults instead of 'text'. 'line' is not defined in the function foo, it's defined in the main block, so I should have seen an error, but instead, it worked fine, except that the data was appended to the file multiple times, instead of being written just once, which is the required behavior, which I got when I fixed the typo. My question is, 1) Why didn't I get an error? 2) Why was the writeResults function being called multiple times?

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  • Multiple levels of 'collection.defaultdict' in Python

    - by Morlock
    Thanks to some great folks on SO, I discovered the possibilities offered by collections.defaultdict, notably in readability and speed. I have put them to use with success. Now I would like to implement three levels of dictionaries, the two top ones being defaultdict and the lowest one being int. I don't find the appropriate way to do this. Here is my attempt: from collections import defaultdict d = defaultdict(defaultdict) a = [("key1", {"a1":22, "a2":33}), ("key2", {"a1":32, "a2":55}), ("key3", {"a1":43, "a2":44})] for i in a: d[i[0]] = i[1] Now this works, but the following, which is the desired behavior, doesn't: d["key4"]["a1"] + 1 I suspect that I should have declared somewhere that the second level defaultdict is of type int, but I didn't find where or how to do so. The reason I am using defaultdict in the first place is to avoid having to initialize the dictionary for each new key. Any more elegant suggestion? Thanks pythoneers!

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  • Proper way to assert type of variable in Python

    - by Morlock
    In using a function, I wish to ensure that the type of the variables are as expected. How to do it right? Here is an example fake function trying to do just this before going on with its role: def my_print(text, begin, end): """Print text in UPPER between 'begin' and 'end' in lower """ for i in (text, begin, end): assert type(i) == type("") out = begin.lower() + text.upper() + end.lower() print out Is this approach valid? Should I use something else than type(i) == type("") ? Should I use try/except instead? Thanks pythoneers

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  • Python Post Upload JPEG to Server?

    - by iJames
    It seems like this answer has been provided a bunch of times but in all of it, I'm still getting errors from the server and I'm sure it has to do with my code. I've tried HTTP, and HTTPConnection from httplib and both create quite different terminal outputs in terms of formatting/encoding so I'm not sure where the problem lies. Does anything stand out here? Or is there just a better way? Pieced together from an ancient article because I really needed to understand the basis of creating the post: http://code.activestate.com/recipes/146306-http-client-to-post-using-multipartform-data/ Note, the jpeg is supposed to be "unformatted". The pseudocode: boundary = "somerandomsetofchars" BOUNDARY = '--' + boundary CRLF = '\r\n' fields = [('aspecialkey','thevalueofthekey')] files = [('Image.Data','mypicture.jpg','/users/home/me/mypicture.jpg')] bodylines = [] for (key, value) in fields: bodylines.append(BOUNDARY) bodylines.append('Content-Disposition: form-data; name="%s"' % key) bodylines.append('') bodylines.append(value) for (key, filename, fileloc) in files: bodylines.append(BOUNDARY) bodylines.append('Content-Disposition: form-data; name="%s"; filename="%s"' % (key, filename)) bodylines.append('Content-Type: %s' % self.get_content_type(fileloc)) bodylines.append('') bodylines.append(open(fileloc,'r').read()) bodylines.append(BOUNDARY + '--') bodylines.append('') #print bodylines content_type = 'multipart/form-data; boundary=%s' % BOUNDARY body = CRLF.join(bodylines) #conn = httplib.HTTP("www.ahost.com") # In both this and below, the file part was garbling the rest of the body?!? conn = httplib.HTTPConnection("www.ahost.com") conn.putrequest('POST', "/myuploadlocation/uploadimage") headers = { 'content-length': str(len(body)), 'Content-Type' : content_type, 'User-Agent' : 'myagent' } for headerkey in headers: conn.putheader(headerkey, headers[headerkey]) conn.endheaders() conn.send(body) response = conn.getresponse() result = response.read() responseheaders = response.getheaders() It's interesting in that the real code I've implemented seems to work and is getting back valid responses, but the problem it it's telling me that it can't find the image data. Maybe this is particular to the server, but I'm just trying to rule out that I'm not doing some thing exceptionally stupid here. Or perhaps there's other methodologies for doing this more efficiently. I've not tried poster yet because I want to make sure I'm formatting the POST correctly first. I figure I can upgrade to poster after it's working yes?

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  • Flickr API automated login using Python library flickrapi

    - by Dave Aaron Smith
    I have a web application that I want to sync with Flickr. I don't want the users to have to log into Flickr so I plan to use a single login. I believe I'll need to do something like this: import flickrapi flickr = flickrapi.FlickrAPI(myKey, mySecret) (token, frob) = flickr.get_token_part_one(perms='write', my_auth_callback) flickr.get_token_part_two((token, frob,)) flickr.what_have_you(... I don't know what my_auth_callback should look like though. I suspect it will have to post my login information to flickr. Could I do the get_token_part_one step just once manually perhaps and then re-use it in get_token_part_two?

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  • Write xml file using lxml library in Python

    - by systempuntoout
    I'm using lxml to create an XML file from scratch; having a code like this: from lxml import etree root = etree.Element("root") root.set("interesting", "somewhat") child1 = etree.SubElement(root, "test") How do i write root Element object to an xml file using write() method of ElementTree class?

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  • Extract strings in python

    - by shadyabhi
    Basically, I want to extract the strings "AAA", "BBB", "CCC", "DDD" from a text file.. ...... (other text goes here)..... <TD align="left" class=texttd><font class='textfont'>AAA</font></TD> ..... (useless text here)..... <TD align="left" class=texttd><font class='textfont'>BBB</font></TD> ....(more text)..... <TD align="left" class=texttd><font class='textfont'>CCC</font></TD> <TD align="left" class=texttd><font class='textfont'>DDD</font></TD> ......(more text)..... I want something like if I do:- data = foo("file.txt") i get:- data = ['AAA','BBB','CCC','DDD'] What is the best possible way? My file is not big..

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  • Reading HTTP server push streams with Python

    - by Sam
    I'm playing around trying to write a client for a site which provides data as an HTTP stream (aka HTTP server push). However, urllib2.urlopen() grabs the stream in its current state and then closes the connection. I tried skipping urllib2 and using httplib directly, but this seems to have the same behaviour. Is there a way to get the stream to stay open, so it can be checked each program loop for new contents, rather than waiting for the whole thing to be redownloaded every few seconds, introducing lag?

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  • Python - excel - xlwt: colouring every second row

    - by konjo
    Hi, i just finish some MYSQL to excel script with xlwt and I need to colour every second row for easy reading. I have tried this: row = easyxf('pattern: pattern solid, fore_colour blue') for i in range(0,10,2): ws0.row(i).set_style(row) Alone this colouring is fine, but when when I write my data rows are again white. Can some please show me some example 'cuz I m lost in coding :/ Best Regards.

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  • Windows path in python

    - by Gareth
    Hi all. What is the best way to represent a windows directory, for example "C:\meshes\as"? I have been trying to modify a script but it never works because I can't seem to get the directory right, I assume because of the '\' acting as escape character? Thanks, Gareth

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  • python appengine form-posted utf8 file issue

    - by khany
    hi, i am trying to form-post a sql file that consists on many INSERTS, eg. INSERT INTO `TABLE` VALUES ('abcdé', 2759); then i use re.search to parse it and extract the fields to put into my own datastore. The problem is that, although the file contains accented characters (see the e is a é), once uploaded it loses it and either errors or stores a bytestring representation of it. Heres what i am currently using (and I have tried loads of alternatives): form = cgi.FieldStorage() uFile = form['sql'] uSql = uFile.file.read() lineX = uSql.split("\n") # to get each line and so on. has anyone got a robust way of making this work? remember i am on appengine so access to some libraries is restricted/forbidden

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  • Python - Strange Behavior in re.sub

    - by Greg
    Here's the code I'm running: import re FIND_TERM = r'C:\\Program Files\\Microsoft SQL Server\\90\\DTS\\Binn\\DTExec\.exe' rfind_term = re.compile(FIND_TERM,re.I) REPLACE_TERM = 'C:\\Program Files\\Microsoft SQL Server\\100\\DTS\\Binn\\DTExec.exe' test = r'something C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server\90\DTS\Binn\DTExec.exe something' print rfind_term.sub(REPLACE_TERM,test) And the result I get is: something C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server@\DTS\Binn\DTExec.exe something Why is there an @ sign?

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  • How should I use random.jumpahead in Python

    - by Peter Smit
    I have a application that does a certain experiment 1000 times (multi-threaded, so that multiple experiments are done at the same time). Every experiment needs appr. 50.000 random.random() calls. What is the best approach to get this really random. I could copy a random object to every experiment and do than a jumpahead of 50.000 * expid. The documentation suggests that jumpahead(1) already scrambles the state, but is that really true? Or is there another way to do this in 'the best way'? (No, the random numbers are not used for security, but for a metropolis hasting algorithm. The only requirement is that the experiments are independent, not whether the random sequence is somehow predictable or so)

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  • Please explain this python behavior

    - by StackUnderflow
    class SomeClass(object): def __init__(self, key_text_pairs = None): ..... for key, text in key_text_pairs: ...... ...... x = SomeClass([1, 2, 3]) The value of key_text_pairs inside the init is None even if I pass a list as in the above statement. Why is it so?? I want to write a generic init which can take all iterator objects... Thanks

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  • what's faster: merging lists or dicts in python?

    - by tipu
    I'm working with an app that is cpu-bound more than memory bound, and I'm trying to merge two things whether they be sets or dicts. Now the thing is i can choose either one, but I'm wondering if merging dicts would be faster since it's all in memory? Or is it always going to be O(n), n being the size of the smaller set. The reason I asked about dicts rather than sets is because I can't convert a set to json, because that results in {key1, key2, key3} and json needs a key/value pair, so I am using a dict so json dumps returns {key1:1, key2:1, key3:1}. Yes this is wasteful, but if it proves to be faster then I'm okay with it.

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  • Python: Figure out local timezone

    - by Adam Matan
    I want to compare UTC timestamps from a log file with local timestamps. When creating the local datetime object, I use something like: >>> local_time=datetime.datetime(2010, 4, 27, 12, 0, 0, 0, tzinfo=pytz.timezone('Israel')) I want to find an automatic tool that would replace thetzinfo=pytz.timezone('Israel') with the current local time zone. Any ideas?

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  • writing header in csv python with DictWriter

    - by user248237
    assume I have a csv.DictReader object and I want to write it out as a csv file. How can I do this? I thought of the following: dr = csv.DictReader(open(f), delimiter='\t') # process my dr object # ... # write out object output = csv.DictWriter(open(f2, 'w'), delimiter='\t') for item in dr: output.writerow(item) Is that the best way? More importantly, how can I make it so a header is written out too, in this case the object "dr"s .fieldnames property? thanks.

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  • Python Threading

    - by anteater7171
    I'm trying to make a simple program that continually displays and updates a label that displays the CPU usage, while having other unrelated things going on. I've done enough research to know that threading is likely going to be involved. However, I'm having trouble applying what I've seen in simple examples of threading to what I'm trying to do. What I currently have going: import Tkinter import psutil,time from PIL import Image, ImageTk class simpleapp_tk(Tkinter.Tk): def __init__(self,parent): Tkinter.Tk.__init__(self,parent) self.parent = parent self.initialize() def initialize(self): self.labelVariable = Tkinter.StringVar() self.label = Tkinter.Label(self,textvariable=self.labelVariable) self.label.pack() self.button = Tkinter.Button(self,text='button',command=self.A) self.button.pack() def A (self): G = str(round(psutil.cpu_percent(), 1)) + '%' print G self.labelVariable.set(G) def B (self): print "hello" if __name__ == "__main__": app = simpleapp_tk(None) app.mainloop() In the above code I'm basically trying to get command A continually running, while allowing command B to be done when the users presses the button.

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  • Calling/selecting variables (float valued) with user input in Python

    - by Jonathan Straus
    I've been working on a computational physics project (plotting related rates of chemical reactants with respect to eachother to show oscillatory behavior) with a fair amount of success. However, one of my simulations involves more than two active oscillating agents (five, in fact) which would obviously be unsuitable for any single visual plot... My scheme was hence to have the user select which two reactants they wanted plotted on the x-axis and y-axis respectively. I tried (foolishly) to convert string input values into the respective variable names, but I guess I need a radically different approach if any exist? If it helps clarify any, here is part of my code: def coupledBrusselator(A, B, t_trial,display_x,display_y): t = 0 t_step = .01 X = 0 Y = 0 E = 0 U = 0 V = 0 dX = (A) - (B+1)*(X) + (X**2)*(Y) dY = (B)*(X) - (X**2)*(Y) dE = -(E)*(U) - (X) dU = (U**2)*(V) -(E+1)*(U) - (B)*(X) dV = (E)*(U) - (U**2)*(V) array_t = [0] array_X = [0] array_Y = [0] array_U = [0] array_V = [0] while t <= t_trial: X_1 = X + (dX)*(t_step/2) Y_1 = Y + (dY)*(t_step/2) E_1 = E + (dE)*(t_step/2) U_1 = U + (dU)*(t_step/2) V_1 = V + (dV)*(t_step/2) dX_1 = (A) - (B+1)*(X_1) + (X_1**2)*(Y_1) dY_1 = (B)*(X_1) - (X_1**2)*(Y_1) dE_1 = -(E_1)*(U_1) - (X_1) dU_1 = (U_1**2)*(V_1) -(E_1+1)*(U_1) - (B)*(X_1) dV_1 = (E_1)*(U_1) - (U_1**2)*(V_1) X_2 = X + (dX_1)*(t_step/2) Y_2 = Y + (dY_1)*(t_step/2) E_2 = E + (dE_1)*(t_step/2) U_2 = U + (dU_1)*(t_step/2) V_2 = V + (dV_1)*(t_step/2) dX_2 = (A) - (B+1)*(X_2) + (X_2**2)*(Y_2) dY_2 = (B)*(X_2) - (X_2**2)*(Y_2) dE_2 = -(E_2)*(U_2) - (X_2) dU_2 = (U_2**2)*(V_2) -(E_2+1)*(U_2) - (B)*(X_2) dV_2 = (E_2)*(U_2) - (U_2**2)*(V_2) X_3 = X + (dX_2)*(t_step) Y_3 = Y + (dY_2)*(t_step) E_3 = E + (dE_2)*(t_step) U_3 = U + (dU_2)*(t_step) V_3 = V + (dV_2)*(t_step) dX_3 = (A) - (B+1)*(X_3) + (X_3**2)*(Y_3) dY_3 = (B)*(X_3) - (X_3**2)*(Y_3) dE_3 = -(E_3)*(U_3) - (X_3) dU_3 = (U_3**2)*(V_3) -(E_3+1)*(U_3) - (B)*(X_3) dV_3 = (E_3)*(U_3) - (U_3**2)*(V_3) X = X + ((dX + 2*dX_1 + 2*dX_2 + dX_3)/6) * t_step Y = Y + ((dX + 2*dY_1 + 2*dY_2 + dY_3)/6) * t_step E = E + ((dE + 2*dE_1 + 2*dE_2 + dE_3)/6) * t_step U = U + ((dU + 2*dU_1 + 2*dY_2 + dE_3)/6) * t_step V = V + ((dV + 2*dV_1 + 2*dV_2 + dE_3)/6) * t_step dX = (A) - (B+1)*(X) + (X**2)*(Y) dY = (B)*(X) - (X**2)*(Y) t_step = .01 / (1 + dX**2 + dY**2) ** .5 t = t + t_step array_X.append(X) array_Y.append(Y) array_E.append(E) array_U.append(U) array_V.append(V) array_t.append(t) where previously display_x = raw_input("Choose catalyst you wish to analyze in the phase/field diagrams (X, Y, E, U, or V) ") display_y = raw_input("Choose one other catalyst from list you wish to include in phase/field diagrams ") coupledBrusselator(A, B, t_trial, display_x, display_y) Thanks!

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  • wx Python is not properly drawing customtree items

    - by uberjumper
    Hi, I am currently using wx.CustomTree, to use to display a series of configuration settings. I generally fill them with wx.TextCtrl / wx.Combobox, to allow the user to edit / enter stuff. Here is my code: class ConfigTree(CT.CustomTreeCtrl): """ Holds all non gui drawing panel stuff """ def __init__(self, parent): CT.CustomTreeCtrl.__init__(self, parent, id = common.ID_CONTROL_SETTINGS, style = wx.TR_DEFAULT_STYLE | wx.TR_HAS_BUTTONS | wx.TR_HAS_VARIABLE_ROW_HEIGHT | wx.TR_SINGLE) #self.HideWindows() #self.RefreshSubtree(self.root) self.population_size_ctrl = None self.SetSizeHints(350, common.FRAME_SIZE[1]) self.root = self.AddRoot("Configuration Settings") child = self.AppendItem(self.root, "Foo", wnd=wx.TextCtrl(self, wx.ID_ANY, "Lots Of Muffins")) The problem is, any children nodes, the data for these nodes is not filled in. When i basically expand the configuration settings tree node. I see the "Foo" node, however the textbox is empty. This is the same for both text node, Until i actually click on the child node. I've looked tried every form of update / etc. Does anyone have any ideas?

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  • [Python] - Getting data from external program

    - by Kenny M.
    Hey, I need a method to get the data from an external editor. def _get_content(): from subprocess import call file = open(file, "w").write(some_name) call(editor + " " + file, shell=True) file.close() file = open(file) x = file.readlines() [snip] I personally think this is a very ugly way. You see I need to interact with an external editor and get the data. Do you know any better approaches/have better ideas?

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