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• Encrypted partitions with redundancy on ubuntu server

  - by Flamewires

  Hey I have to make a file system with an encrypted partition with on ubuntu server. something like Unencrypted: / - 10 GB /home - 10GB /var - 5GB -------------- Encrypted: /opt - 50GB This I can figure out in the setup, just partition as normal, setup /tmp as a encrypted volume with dm-crypt. However im not sure how to mirror this entire drive, so that if either failed i could still boot. and how will that affect the encrypted partition. Any help would be appreciated.

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• Maximise network transfer speed of various applications

  - by Alex

  When using nc, scp, wget to transfer files between 2 machines on a dedicated 2Mbps link, I get speeds between 0.5 and 1 Mbps. However, when I use iperf -c 10.0.1.4 -t 20 -P 12 (for example) I can maximise the speed of the link (getting stable 2Mbps). Is there a way to make single stream transfers (such as those done by scp) to utilise all/most of the link? Some kind of tcp settings, or iptables...?

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• Trying to grok Linux quotas, where is the data stored?

  - by CarpeNoctem

  So all the tutorials and documentation for the Linux quota system has left me confused. For each filesystem with quotas enabled/on where is the actual quota information stored? Is it filesystem metadata or is it in a file? Say user foo creates a new file on /home. How does the kernel determine whether user foo is below their hard limit? Does the kernel have to tally up quota information on that filesystem each time or is it in the superblock or somewhere else? As far as I understand, the kernel consults the aquota.user file for the actual rules, but where is the current quota usage data stored? Can this be viewed with any tools outside repquota and the like? TIA!! Update: Thanks for the help. I had already read that mini-HOWTO. I am pretty clear on the usage of the user space tools. What I was unclear on is whether the usage data was ALSO in the file that stored per-user limits and you answered this with a yes. From what I can tell, rc.sysinit runs quotacheck and quotaon on startup. The quotacheck program analyzes the filesystem, updates the aquota.* files. It then makes use of quota.h and the quotactl() syscall to inform the kernel of quota info. From this point forward the kernel hashes that information and increments/decrements quota stats as changes occur. Upon shutdown, the init.d/halt script runs the quotaoff command RIGHT before the filesystems are unmounted. The quotaoff command does not appear to update the aquota.* files with the information the kernel has in memory. I say this because the {a,c,m}times for the aquota.user file are only updated upon a reboot of the system or by manual running the quotacheck command. It appears - as far as I can tell - that the kernel just drops it's up-to-date usage data on the floor at shutdown. This information is never used to update the aquota.* files. They are updated during startup by quotacheck(rc.sysinit). Seems silly to me since that updated info had already been collected by the kernel. So...in conclusion I am still not entirely clear on the methods. ;)

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• High CPU Steal percentage on Amazon EC2 Instance

  - by Aditya Patawari

  I am experiencing high CPU steal percentage in a Amazon EC2 large instance. I know it means that my virtual CPU is waiting on the real CPU of the machine for time. My question is that what can I do to reduce this percentage and get maximum out of the CPU? Steal percentage is consistently at 20%. System load crosses 10 when this happens. I have checked memory and network and I am sure that they are not the bottleneck. Is that normal for such environment? Also are there any system level optimization techniques for reducing steal percentage form the virtual instance? avg-cpu: %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle 52.38 0.00 8.23 0.00 21.21 18.18

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• What is more important when extracting rars cpu or hdd?

  - by ULTRA_POROV

  When i am extracting big rars it takes forever. However when i look in the task man cpu usage is only about 16%. I am thinking that the hdd is the bottleneck, or maybe not? The hdd is an average 7200 rpm seagate. Some know more about this?

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• How to find out which process is hogging the linux server?

  - by user1149518

  We have a RHEL server. Today it suddenly became slow. Symptoms - It was responding slow to ping queries from other server. When I try to login using ssh, it was taking about 10 seconds to login. I was able to resolve the problem by doing some guess work. I killed one process which I thought was culprit. Which resolved the problem. Though I would like to know what's proper approach to detect the culprit in such kind of "slow server" situations. Le me know proper way to resolving such slowness issues and decting the process causing the slowness. These were the conditions when the server was slow - # vmstat 3 3 procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- --system-- -----cpu------ r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa st 1 1 176 6730868 285052 4899676 0 0 3 4 0 0 1 1 97 1 0 0 0 176 6751576 285064 4899704 0 0 0 115 15307 37171 1 1 96 3 0 0 0 176 6751948 285068 4899700 0 0 0 23 14813 39559 1 1 98 1 0 # top top - 16:38:18 up 150 days, 19:36, 64 users, load average: 1.68, 1.46, 1.44 Tasks: 1287 total, 2 running, 1284 sleeping, 1 stopped, 0 zombie Cpu(s): 1.3%us, 1.7%sy, 0.1%ni, 95.9%id, 0.7%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.2%si, 0.0%st Mem: 16620824k total, 9867124k used, 6753700k free, 287424k buffers Swap: 8193140k total, 176k used, 8192964k free, 4898996k cached PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND 26258 khk 34 19 130m 47m 7088 S 11.2 0.3 385:32.42 edm Though I would like to know what's proper approach to detect the culprit in such kind of "slow server" situations. Le me know proper way to resolving such slowness issues and decting the process causing the slowness.

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• Decrypting a TrueCrypt drive pulled from another machine

  - by Blakeg08

  I work in a corporate environment and we are now required to encrypt laptops. I have already encrypted about 5 or 6 out of 40. I still have a few questions before we go all out with TrueCrypt. Can I decrypt a hard drive by plugging it into my desktop using a data transfer kit? I tried this and the hard drive showed up asking me to format before using the volume. If I have the TRD from each laptop backed up do I still need to backup the volume headers? What else do I need to back up? Thanks.

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• TrueCrypt - "Warning! Password locked: Fixed disk0" error message on boot

  - by Tibi

  TrueCrypt - "Warning! Password locked: Fixed disk0" error message on boot. When i start my laptop (Acer TravelMate 2410). after the starting memory check, the screen goes full black, and a message appears for about 3 seconds: Warning! Password locked: Fixed disk0 and after that, disappears, and next message comes out: Operating System Not Found and all stops here. Windows Xp was installed on it, before this came. TrueCrypt cd (witch was made during the process of full encryption) is not working, not in restoring MBR, no even in decrypting my drive - completely useless. Note: I detected some short of boot sector errors (i dont know the amount) on my drive before this happened. Please, i would greatfully thank every comment, or suggestion, because my computer is unusable now. The HDD is a Samsung HDD, 160Gb. Other preferences: Acer TravelMate 2410 Notebook, 2 Gb RAM, 1500 Mhz Intel Celeron M processor. Regards

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• Removing 'bundled' software to make a slow laptop faster?

  - by spdegabrielle

  My brother-in-law has a cheap HP laptop used by his kids for schoolwork. It had got into a bit of a state and was running slowly with some dubious software. I removed a bunch of stuff that had been installed, that was obviously not required (three different driver scanners!), had been downloaded in error or looked like malware. I also disabled as many 'start on login' apps as I could and removed AVG replacing it with MSE. (AVG is uninstalled and replaced with MSE after failing to detect malware) What remains is a significant quantity of bundled HP and 'nero backup' software, including a HP restore utility (apparently something like the osx hidden partition restore), the trackpad driver. is there anything else I can do to breath a little more life into the old 'celeron' laptop? Should I bit the bullet and just put win8 on it? Will the trackpad still work?

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• How many megabytes per second may I expect from a gigabit USB 2.0 network card under linux?

  - by Nakedible

  I'm interested in the actual real-word throughput attainable with an external 1000BaseT USB 2.0 network card under Linux. I have been able to attain 90 megabytes per second on a PCI-E interface, but the USB 2.0 bus has a theoretical limit of 480Mbit/s, and in practice less than 40 megabytes per second. Is the actual throughput attainable with such a card under linux 40, 30, 20, or even as low as 10 megabytes per second, eg. no better than a normal 100BaseT network card?

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• Sendmail slow to accept emails

  - by Rich

  I have a PHP web app which is using SMTP to sendmail on localhost to send email. I would like sendmail to accept the mail request immediately and queue it for later sending, as I don't want to have user-facing request threads blocked on emails. Sendmail is installed with the default settings on RHEL web servers. Sometimes sendmail is blocking for a long time after the MAIL command is sent -- sometimes taking 60 or 90 seconds to accept the mail. The time take is usually very close to 60 or 90 sec, which makes me think this is some kind of timeout. I have looked in the sendmail logs, and there are plenty of "deferred" emails, but nothing which looks responsible for this delay. How can I diagnose what is slowing down sendmail? How can I configure sendmail to always accept the mail immediately and to queue the mail for later sending? Update: I'm not sure, but it looks like this might be linked to aol.com addresses. I strongly suspect that sendmail is doing some kind of blocking receipient address verification at the accept-email-for-sending stage. How can I disable that, so that sendmail doesn't block my UI threads? Update 2: This only seems to happen at busy times. Perhaps I am running out of sendmail threads or something? How can I check that?

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• iTunes and Hulu Playback Choppy and Slow?

  - by Bart Silverstrim

  Specs: Windows XP, latest updates 1.7 ghz Pentium 4 1 gig ram DirectX 9.0c NVIDIA GeForce FX 5200 with 256 meg RAM OpenGL 2.1 The story: Okay, I had an older system laying around that I figured I would try turning into a mini-media system to connect to our TV. I put together a lot of older parts, got it into working order, etc. and hooked it up and voila'...slower, but usable system that displayed to the TV. It could run some things decently. I put in iTunes, it played video okay. Not great, but okay. Played Hulu and since we have a 1Mb download rate, the minimum for their site, there were some choppy moments when watching their shows, but I found that (sadly) changing resolution to 800x600 seemed to help with the issue when running full screen. I downloaded the application called Boxee and installed it. It wouldn't run; apparently the video card in the system supported OpenGL 1.2, and needed at least 1.4. I bought a cheap card, the 5200, with four times the memory in it and support for OpenGL 2.1. Installed, everything seemed fine. iTunes seemed to run fine, the video driver (PNY video card) came with OpenGL 2.1, and Boxee finally ran. I then upgraded to the latest drivers for the video card and ran the DirectX updater from MS. After that, the OpenGL Extension Viewer wouldn't run. It just stayed as an icon in the task bar. Also, any and all videos in iTunes stuttered and went out of sync horribly. Unwatchable. I tried watching Hulu video in Boxee, and it displayed video like it was a series of stills in a very bad powerpoint. Playing straightforward audio-only came through fine, no stutters no hiccups. I tried system restore to roll back updates to pre-directX updates (I thought that seemed to be the time that triggered the weird behavior), no joy. I tried uninstalling and reinstalling the video drivers. I installed updated audio drivers (ensoniq audiopci), nothing helped. I finally wiped the drive last night and tried reinstalling everything and restoring my iTunes content via an import from a backup. Fresh install, no updater on the video card or directx. the problem was still there although I haven't tested Hulu, the iTunes player is still stuttering like crazy if I play video, fine if I play audio. I know the processor isn't high in heft, but with one gig of RAM and the fact that it seemed to do okay before I thought that the problem must be software related. Has anyone else run into this sort of issue and have a solution other than "buy a new computer"? What specs seem to work with video at the low end for you? Right now the system is of little use other than keeping my music library and iTunes apps synced with my iPod.

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• How dow I remove 1.000.000 directories?

  - by harper

  I found that in a directory more than 1.000.000 subdirectories has been created due to a bug. I want to remove all these directories, let's say in the directory WebsiteCache. My first approach was to use the command line tool: cd WebsiteCache rmdir /Q /S . This will remove all subdirectories except the directory WebsiteCache itself, since it is the current working directory. I noticed after two hours that the directoriws starting with A-H have been removed. Why does rmdir removes the directories in alphabetical order? It must take additional effort to do this ordered. What is the fastest way to delete such an amount of directories?

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• How can I pin point a USB file transfer bottleneck in Unix?

  - by HankHendrix

  I'm experiencing very slow data transfer speeds over USB 2.0 on my nix box and was wondering how I can pin-point the cause of the problem. I've looked into iotop and top but the cpu and mem figures look normal (compared to guides I have checked). The box which is affected is Ubuntu 12.04 32bit Server running on an Asus EEE 701 2G model and I am transferring from the OS over USB 2.0 to an external HDD (which transfers at 30MB/s+ on Windows 7 on other machine). I get rsync write speeds of 1MB/s from OS to USB HDD which seems ridiculously slow. These speeds are consistent with other USB HDDs and sticks.

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• Find largest directories/files recursively

  - by Robert Munteanu

  I'm looking for a script/program which will display the top x largest directories/files and then descend into those folders and display the x largest directories/files for a configurable depth. 231MB bin - 220MB ls - 190MB dir - 15MB def - 3MB lpr - 10MB asd - 1MB link How can I do that?

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• What does the 'Burst Rate' stat mean in HDTune?

  - by UpTheCreek

  I recently upgraded my laptop's v slow hard drive to a seagate momentus 7200. Everything is working fine, but I'm a bit confused by these benchmark results: The burst rate is significantly less than the Maximim transfer rate, and not much higher than the normal minimum (if you ignore the spikes). What's going on here? On the HDtune website it defines Burst Rate as: ...the highest speed (in megabytes per second) at which data can be transferred from the drive interface (IDE or SCSI for example) to the operating system. Which begs some questions... e.g. if this is the highest, then how did the bechmarking tool record the 103MB/sec maximum? And if this really is the true maximum, then where is the bottleneck? The laptops SATA interface is on an Intel 82801GBM southbridge controller. When I check in hardware manager, I see that it's driver is iaStor.sys from 2005. Maybe that's the issue? I'll look for a newever version, but any insights would be appreciated. Thanks

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• Difference between all servers in one cluster and more than one cluster with servers?

  - by silla

  Not sure I understand what´s the difference or how it works when servers a running in one cluster or if there are more than one clusters with servers in it - regard High availability & Load Balancing. For me they are somehow the same, there is not really a big difference. Let´s make a simple example: 2 Servers in 1 Cluster 2 Clusters with each 1 Server - 1. If one Server failure, the other one is able to continue the work. The same for Load Balancing, these two Servers are able to balance the work together. - 2. The same thing! If one Server failure... The only thing that could be a problem with point 1. is if the Cluster fails (then both of the Server are dead). But is this even possible? I was reading stuff about clustering and high availability but I think I do not get this really. Probably I did not really understand how a cluster is working. Are these 2 points with 1 Cluster and 2 Clusters somehow the same or are there really some big differences? What should I know about it? Thank you

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• What's the best way to be able to reimage windows computers?

  - by mos

  I've got a low-end machine for testing our software. It needs to be tested under various versions of Windows, so I was planning installing each one on its own partition. Then I realized that after testing our software, I'd want to roll back to the previous, clean state. I don't want to use any virtualization software because it tends to interfere with the workings of our app. That said, what's the best way to achieve my goal? Norton Ghost? Edit: I work for a pretty monstrously huge organization. Money is no object here (and sometimes, if the wrong people get wind of it, "open source" software is bad).

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• How would I recognize the "spoon-feeding problem" on a dynamic webapp server?

  - by Don Spaulding

  The "spoon-feeding problem", as it was recently explained to me, happens when connections to your application server are tied up feeding data across slow network connections to your clients. This makes sense to me and now I understand the importance of putting a highly-concurrent proxy in front of my app servers. My question is, how did the first person to recognize this problem figure it out? What *nix tools and troubleshooting techniques would help me to recognize this problem if I hadn't had it explained to me?

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• How do you disable the magnifier in Windows Vista?

  - by PhantomDrummer

  Every so often while I'm working, if I accidentally jolt the mouse, the magnifier starts. I'm fairly sure the cause is that some comination of mouse keys is supposed to start the magnifier, and I occasionally hit the right keys accidentally. However, I've never been able to reproduce the behaviour deliberately so I don't know which combination. This is very annoying since switching the magnifier off is non-trivial (control panel, or run dialog, which are hard to use when the magnifier keeps - ummm - windowing and magnifying the bit of screen you're about to click on :-) ). So I'm wondering if there's any way to disable the magnifier completely, so that it doesn't start when you do whatever it is you'd normally do to the mouse to start it? Anyone know?

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• Have I created the recovery disk from recovery partition correctly?

  - by Tim

  I was creating recovery disk from recovery partition on my Lenovo T400 with Windows 7. 6.5 GB of the recovery partition has been occupied. But in the process, I created three DVDs. I might remember wrong, but the first two DVDs were called by the wizard as disk 1, and the third one was called disk 2. The first one has been written 0.22 GB only. Following is the content of the DVD (right click the image and select view the image in a bigger size): The second one has been written 3.97 GB as follows: The third one has been written 2.44 GB as follows: I am allowed only one time to create recovery disk. So I cannot try again. So I was wondering if I missed something? How is the creation process supposed to be like? Thanks and regards!

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• What are your tricks for optimizing your Subversion configuration?

  - by Scott Markwell

  For a Linux or Windows system, what tricks do you do to optimize your Subversion server? The following are my current tricks for a Linux system serving over Apache with HTTPS and backed by Active Directory using LDAP authentication. Enabling KeepAlive on Apache Disable SVNPathAuthz Increase LDAP Cache Using the FSFS storage method instead of BDB Feel free to call this into question. I don't have hard proof that FSFS out performs BDB, only lots of tribal knowledge and hearsay.

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• Windows 7 system CPU bogged by windows services, no explanation

  - by Alex

  I'm looking at a laptop for a colleague which is running terribly slow. A quick look showed that the CPU was 100% used by 2-3 SVCHost processes, which off course doesn't tell much since those are just 'cover' processes with services running underneath them. So I fired up process explorer in hopes of finding a shady rogue service which was bogging the system, but to my suprise I found genuine MS Windows processes (or at least damn-good disguised ones) are bogging down the system: dnscache (DNS Client) IKEEXT (IKE and AuthIP IPSec Keyring modules) iphlpsvc (IP Helper) Seen separately, these processes might seem odd to be using a lot of CPU, but taking a step back one can conclude that all three services are quite closely related to networking. I've tried running: netsh int ip reset log.txt which has helped me save bizarre network-related problems in the past, but this didn't help Off course I though about a virus, but both MS Security Essentials as well as malwarebytes (let both run a full scan).

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• Windows 2008 R2 on ESXi 4.1 cpu utilization kernel high

  - by MK.

  I have a Win2k8 guest running on ESXi 4.1. The host has 12 cores and the problem happens even if the guest is the only VM on the host. We have 4 cores dedicated to the guest. We noticed that network starts chocking when the CPU load goes up. After some testing we noticed that when running a simple CPU hogging tool set up to run 3 threads at 100% the regular CPU load goes to 75% like it should and the "kernel times" graph in task manager goes up to 25%. My intuition tells me that the network problem and kernel times problem are the same. This is confirmed by another similar VM we created on the same host which doesn't have either of the problems. VMWare tools are obviously installed. The nic is e1000. What else can we do to troubleshoot this?

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• How to verify /boot partition on encrypted LVM setup

  - by ml43

  Isn't unencrypted /boot partition a weakness for encrypted LVM setup? Attacker may install a malware to /boot partition so that it may sniff encryption password next time system boots. It may also be done by a malware installed to Windows on dual-boot system without any physical access. Am I missing some protection scheme or at least I may verify that /boot contents didn't change since last system shutdown?

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