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  • passing pipe to threads

    - by alaamh
    I see it's easy to open pipe between two process using fork, but how we can passing open pipe to threads. Assume we need to pass out of PROGRAM A to PROGRAM B "may by more than one thread", PROGRAM B send his output to PROGRAM C #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <pthread.h> struct targ_s { int fd_reader; }; void *thread1(void *arg) { struct targ_s *targ = (struct targ_s*) arg; int status, fd[2]; pid_t pid; pipe(fd); pid = fork(); if (pid == 0) { dup2(STDIN_FILENO, targ->fd_reader); close(fd[0]); dup2(fd[1], STDOUT_FILENO); close(fd[1]); execvp ("PROGRAM B", NULL); exit(1); } else { close(fd[1]); dup2(fd[0], STDIN_FILENO); close(fd[0]); execl("PROGRAM C", NULL); wait(&status); return NULL; } } int main(void) { FILE *fpipe; char *command = "PROGRAM A"; char buffer[1024]; if (!(fpipe = (FILE*) popen(command, "r"))) { perror("Problems with pipe"); exit(1); } char* outfile = "out.dat"; FILE* f = fopen (outfile, "wb"); int fd = fileno( f ); struct targ_s targ; targ.fd_reader = fd; pthread_t thid; if (pthread_create(&thid, NULL, thread1, &targ) != 0) { perror("pthread_create() error"); exit(1); } int len; while (read(fpipe, buffer, sizeof (buffer)) != 0) { len = strlen(buffer); write(fd, buffer, len); } pclose(fpipe); return (0); }

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  • how to solve nested list programs [closed]

    - by riya
    write a function to get most popular car that accepts a car detail as input and returns the most popular car name along with its average rating .Each element of car details list is a sublist that provides the below information about a car (a)name of a car(b)car price (c) list of ratings obtained by car from various agencies.Incase two cars have the same average rating then the car with the lesser price qualifies as most popular car? here's my solution-: (define-struct cardetails ("name" price list of '(ratings)) (define car1 (make-cardetails "toyota" 123 '( 1 2 3))) (define car2 (make-cardetails "santro" 321 '( 2 2 3))) (define car3 (make-cardetails "toyota" 100 '( 1 2 3))) (define cardetailslist(list(car1) (car2)(car 3))) (let loop ((count 0)) (let (len (length cardetailslist)) (if(< count len) (string-ref (string-ref n)0) now please tell me how to find maximum average and display car name.it's not a homework question tomorrow is my test and we have not been taught this concept in class although it is very important from test point of view

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  • Analyzing Python Code: Modulus Operator

    - by Bhubhu Hbuhdbus
    I was looking at some code in Python (I know nothing about Python) and I came across this portion: def do_req(body): global host, req data = "" s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) s.connect((host, 80)) s.sendall(req % (len(body), body)) tmpdata = s.recv(8192) while len(tmpdata) > 0: data += tmpdata tmpdata = s.recv(8192) s.close() return data This is then called later on with body of huge size, as in over 500,000 bytes. This is sent to an Apache server that has the max request size on the default 8190 bytes. My question is what is happening at the "s.sendall()" part? Obviously the entire body cannot be sent at once and I'm guessing it is reduced by way of the modulus operator. I don't know how it works in Python, though. Can anyone explain? Thanks.

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  • Floating point precision nuances.

    - by user247077
    Hi, I found this code in NVIDIA's cuda SDK samples. void computeGold( float* reference, float* idata, const unsigned int len) { reference[0] = 0; double total_sum = 0; unsigned int i; for( i = 1; i < len; ++i) { total_sum += idata[i-1]; reference[i] = idata[i-1] + reference[i-1]; } // Here it should be okay to use != because we have integer values // in a range where float can be exactly represented if (total_sum != reference[i-1]) printf("Warning: exceeding single-precision accuracy. Scan will be inaccurate.\n"); } (C) Nvidia Corp Can somebody please tell me a case where the warning would be printed, and most importantly, why. Thank you very much.

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  • more efficient way to pickle a string

    - by gatoatigrado
    The pickle module seems to use string escape characters when pickling; this becomes inefficient e.g. on numpy arrays. Consider the following z = numpy.zeros(1000, numpy.uint8) len(z.dumps()) len(cPickle.dumps(z.dumps())) The lengths are 1133 characters and 4249 characters respectively. z.dumps() reveals something like "\x00\x00" (actual zeros in string), but pickle seems to be using the string's repr() function, yielding "'\x00\x00'" (zeros being ascii zeros). i.e. ("0" in z.dumps() == False) and ("0" in cPickle.dumps(z.dumps()) == True)

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  • L-Soft LISTSERV TCPGUI Interface for PHP Creation

    - by poolnoodl
    I'm trying to use LISTSERV's "API" in PHP. L-Soft calls this TCPGUI, and essentially, you can request data like over Telnet. To do this, I'm using PHP's TCP socket functions. I've seen this done in other languages but can't quite convert it to PHP. I can connect, I can change set ASCII or BINARY mode. But I can never quite craft the header packet the way I need to authenticate, so I'm thinking I'm messing up my conversion. C: http://www.lsoft.com/manuals/16.0/htmlhelp/advanced%20topics/TCPGUI.html#2334328 $origin = '[email protected]'; $pwd = 'password'; $host = "example.com"; $port = 2306; $email = "[email protected]"; $list = "mailinglist"; $command = "Query $list FOR $email"; $fp = stream_socket_client("tcp://$host:$port", $errno, $errstr, 30); $cmd = $command . " PW=" . $pwd; $len = strlen($cmd); $orglen = strlen($origin); $n = $len + $orglen + 1; $headerPacket[0] = "1"; $headerPacket[1] = "B"; $headerPacket[2] = "\r"; $headerPacket[3] = "\n"; $headerPacket[4] = ord($n / 256); $headerPacket[5] = ord($n + 255); $headerPacket[6] = ord($orglen); for ($i = 0; $i < $orglen; $i++) { $headerPacket[$i + 7] = ord($origin[$i]); } for ($i = 0; $i < $len; $i++) { $cmdPacket[$i] = ord($cmd[$i]); } fwrite($fp, implode($headerPacket)); while (!feof($fp)) { echo fgets($fp, 1024); } Any thoughts on where I'm going wrong? I'd much appreciate it if anyone could point me toward some code to do this, days of googling and searching here on SO has only lead me to examples in other languages. Of course, if you know C (or Java or Perl as linked below in my comment to bypass the spam filter), PHP, and socket programming fairly well, you could probably rewrite the whole of the code in an hour, maybe a few minutes. You'd have my eternal thanks for that.

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  • Rails streaming file download

    - by Leonard Teo
    I'm trying to implement a file download with Rails. I want to eventually migrate this code to using S3 to serve the file. I've copied the Rails send_file code almost verbatim and I cannot seem to get it to stream a file to the user. What happens is that it sends 'a' file to the user, but the downloaded file itself simply contains the text.inspect of the Proc: # What am I doing wrong here? options = {} options[:length] = File.size(file.path) options[:filename] = File.basename(file.path) send_file_headers! options render :status => 200, :text => Proc.new { |response, output| len = 4096 File.open(file.path, 'rb') do |fh| while buf = fh.read(len) output.write(buf) end end } Ps: I've read in a number of other posts that it's not advisable to send files through the Rails stack, and if possible serve using the web server, or in the case of S3 use the hashed URL it can provide. Yes, we really do want to serve the file through the Rails stack.

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  • python - from matrix to dictionary in single line

    - by Sanich
    matrix is a list of lists. I've to return a dictionary of the form {i:(l1[i],l2[i],...,lm[i])} Where the key i is matched with a tuple the i'th elements from each list. Say matrix=[[1,2,3,4],[9,8,7,6],[4,8,2,6]] so the line: >>> dict([(i,tuple(matrix[k][i] for k in xrange(len(matrix)))) for i in xrange(len(matrix[0]))]) does the job pretty well and outputs: {0: (1, 9, 4), 1: (2, 8, 8), 2: (3, 7, 2), 3: (4, 6, 6)} but fails if the matrix is empty: matrix=[]. The output should be: {} How can i deal with this?

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  • wxpython PyGridTableBase

    - by nozkan
    Hi, I want to use editable choice editor with PyGridTableBase. When I edit a cell it is crashing What is error in my code? My python code: import wx import wx.grid as gridlib class MyTableBase(gridlib.PyGridTableBase): def __init__(self): gridlib.PyGridTableBase.__init__(self) self.data = {0:["value 1", "value 2"], 1:["value 3", "value 4", "value 5"]} self.column_labels = [unicode(u"Label 1"), unicode(u"Label 2"), unicode(u"Label 3")] self._rows = self.GetNumberRows() self._cols = self.GetNumberCols() def GetColLabelValue(self, col): return self.column_labels[col] def GetNumberRows(self): return len(self.data.keys()) def GetNumberCols(self): return len(self.column_labels) def GetValue(self, row, col): try: if col > self.GetNumberCols(): raise IndexError return self.data[row][col] except IndexError: return None def IsEmptyCell(self, row, col): if self.data[row][col] is not None: return True else: return False def GetAttr(self, row, col, kind): attr = gridlib.GridCellAttr() editor = gridlib.GridCellChoiceEditor(["xxx", "yyy", "zzz"], allowOthers = True) attr.SetEditor(editor) attr.IncRef() return attr class MyDataGrid(gridlib.Grid): def __init__(self, parent): gridlib.Grid.__init__(self, parent, wx.NewId()) self.base_table = MyTableBase() self.SetTable(self.base_table) if __name__ == '__main__': app = wx.App(redirect = False) frame = wx.Frame(None, wx.NewId(), title = u"Test") grid_ = MyDataGrid(frame) frame.Show() app.MainLoop()

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  • improve my python program to fetch the desire rows by using if condition

    - by user2560507
    unique.txt file contains: 2 columns with columns separated by tab. total.txt file contains: 3 columns each column separated by tab. I take each row from unique.txt file and find that in total.txt file. If present then extract entire row from total.txt and save it in new output file. ###Total.txt column a column b column c interaction1 mitochondria_205000_225000 mitochondria_195000_215000 interaction2 mitochondria_345000_365000 mitochondria_335000_355000 interaction3 mitochondria_345000_365000 mitochondria_5000_25000 interaction4 chloroplast_115000_128207 chloroplast_35000_55000 interaction5 chloroplast_115000_128207 chloroplast_15000_35000 interaction15 2_10515000_10535000 2_10505000_10525000 ###Unique.txt column a column b mitochondria_205000_225000 mitochondria_195000_215000 mitochondria_345000_365000 mitochondria_335000_355000 mitochondria_345000_365000 mitochondria_5000_25000 chloroplast_115000_128207 chloroplast_35000_55000 chloroplast_115000_128207 chloroplast_15000_35000 mitochondria_185000_205000 mitochondria_25000_45000 2_16595000_16615000 2_16585000_16605000 4_2785000_2805000 4_2775000_2795000 4_11395000_11415000 4_11385000_11405000 4_2875000_2895000 4_2865000_2885000 4_13745000_13765000 4_13735000_13755000 My program: file=open('total.txt') file2 = open('unique.txt') all_content=file.readlines() all_content2=file2.readlines() store_id_lines = [] ff = open('match.dat', 'w') for i in range(len(all_content)): line=all_content[i].split('\t') seq=line[1]+'\t'+line[2] for j in range(len(all_content2)): if all_content2[j]==seq: ff.write(seq) break Problem: but istide of giving desire output (values of those 1st column that fulfile the if condition). i nead somthing like if jth of unique.txt == ith of total.txt then write ith row of total.txt into new file.

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  • How do I generate a random string of up to a certain length?

    - by slavy13
    I would like to generate a random string (or a series of random strings, repetitions allowed) of length between 1 and n characters from some (finite) alphabet. Each string should be equally likely (in other words, the strings should be uniformly distributed). The uniformity requirement means that an algorithm like this doesn't work: alphabet = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz" len = rand(1, n) s = "" for(i = 0; i < len; ++i) s = s + alphabet[rand(0, 25)] (pseudo code, rand(a, b) returns a integer between a and b, inclusively, each integer equally likely) It doesn't work because shorter lengths are as likely as longer ones, meaning it's more likely to generate a shorter string than a longer one, so the result is not uniform.

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  • what is a fast way to output h5py dataset to text?

    - by user362761
    I am using the h5py python package to read files in HDF5 format. (e.g. somefile.h5) I would like to write the contents of a dataset to a text file. For example, I would like to create a text file with the following contents: 1,20,31,75,142,324,78,12,3,90,8,21,1 I am able to access the dataset in python using this code: import h5py f = h5py.File('/Users/Me/Desktop/thefile.h5', 'r') group = f['/level1/level2/level3'] dset = group['dsetname'] My naive approach is too slow, because my dataset has over 20000 entries: # write all values to file for index in range(len(dset)): # do not add comma after last value if index == len(dset)-1: txtfile.write(repr(dset[index])) else: txtfile.write(repr(dset[index])+',') txtfile.close() return None Is there a faster way to write this to a file? Perhaps I could convert the dataset into a NumPy array or even a Python list, and then use some file-writing tool? (I could experiment with concatenating the values into a larger string before writing to file, but I'm hoping there's something entirely more elegant)

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  • Problem with SQLite executemany

    - by Strider1066
    I can't find my error in the following code. When it is run a type error is given for line: cur.executemany(sql % itr.next()) = 'function takes exactly 2 arguments (1 given), import sqlite3 con = sqlite3.connect('test.sqlite') cur = con.cursor() cur.execute("create table IF NOT EXISTS fred (dat)") def newSave(className, fields, objData): sets = [] itr = iter(objData) if len(fields) == 1: sets.append( ':' + fields[0]) else: for name in fields: sets.append( ':' + name) if len(sets)== 1: colNames = sets[0] else: colNames = ', '.join(sets) sql = " '''insert into %s (%s) values(%%s)'''," % (className, colNames) print itr.next() cur.executemany(sql % itr.next()) con.commit() if __name__=='__main__': newSave('fred', ['dat'], [{'dat':1}, {'dat':2}, { 'dat':3}, {'dat':4}]) I would appreciate your thoughts.

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  • What is an efficient way to erase substrings?

    - by Legend
    I have a long string and a set of <end-index, string> list like the following: long_sentence = "This is a long long long long sentence" indices = [[6, "is"], [8, "is a"], [18, "long"], [23, "long"]] An element 6, "is" indicates that 6 is the end index of the word "is" in the string. I want to get the following string in the end: >> print long_sentence This .... long ......... long sentence" I tried an approach like this: temp = long_sentence for i in indices: temp = temp[:int(i[0]) - len(i[1])] + '.'*(len(i[1])+1) + temp[i[0]+1:] While this seems to be working, it is taking exceptionally long time (more than 6 hours on 5000 strings inside a 300 MB file). Is there a way to speed this up?

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  • Check if key exists in $_SESSION by building index string

    - by Kim
    I need to check if a key exists and return its value if it does. Key can be an array with subkeys or endkey with a value. $_SESSION['mainKey']['testkey'] = 'value'; var_dump(doesKeyExist('testkey')); function doesKeyExist($where) { $parts = explode('/',$where); $str = ''; for($i = 0,$len = count($parts);$i<$len;$i++) { $str .= '[\''. $parts[$i] .'\']'; } $keycheck = '$_SESSION[\'mainKey\']' . $str; if (isset(${$keycheck})) { return ${$keycheck}; } // isset($keycheck) = true, as its non-empty. actual content is not checked // isset(${$keycheck}) = false, but should be true. ${$var} forces a evaluate content // isset($_SESSION['mainKey']['testkey']) = true } What am I doing wrong ? Using PHP 5.3.3.

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  • Help with shopping cart in javascript

    - by user228390
    Hey guys, I'm having problems with my shopping cart. What I am trying to do is make a function that will add an item the cart and then and function that will view the cart and show the details. But what I have got so far does not do that, it just simply adds and goes straight to view cart. Also I wanted to store the name of each items in different global arrays (name, price and sum) but I can't get it work that way. Can any help me overcome this problem? Edit: I've tried to get it to work by adding some more items and attaching it to another html page, but now the code does not seem to work at all , before it showed the price and total and now I get nothing . javascript code function round_total (c) { var pennies = c * 100; pennies = Math.round(pennies); var strPennies = "" + pennies; var len = strPennies.length; return parseFloat(strPennies.substring(0, len - 2) + "." + strPennies.substring(len - 2, len)); } // End of round_total function. /* Start of generate_page function. */ function generate_page (form) { tax = 0.08; delivery_p = 2.99; var odate = new Date(); var qty = form.quantity.value; var product_v = new String(form.product.value); var total_price = product_v.substr(product_v.indexOf("$") + 1, product_v.length - product_v.indexOf("$")); var price_without_tax = round_total(qty * total_price); var ttax = round_total(price_without_tax * tax); var delivery = round_total(qty * delivery_p); var total_p = round_total(price_without_tax + ttax + delivery); document.writeln("Quantity: " + qty + "<br>"); document.writeln("Price: $" + total_price + "<br>"); document.writeln("Delivery: $" + delivery + "<br>"); document.writeln("Total: $" + total_p + "<br>"); document.writeln("Order placed on: " + odate.toGMTString()); } function calculate() { round_total (c)(); generate_page (form)(); } HTML code: Shopping cart Welcome, Guest Login Sign Up Stay Updated: Subscribe via RSS Email Updates <div id="header"> <div id="branding" class="container"> <h1>The Finest Toy<br /> Store Online</h1> <p class="desc">If you're looking for a toy shop then look no further.<br/> Go on, treat the kids with our huge selection of<br/>online toy shops selling toys for all ages.</p> </div><!-- end branding --> <div id="navigation"> <ul id="menu" class="container"> <li><a href="#">HOME</a></li> <li><a href="#">ABOUT</a></li> <li><a href="#">Online Store</a></li> <li><a href="#">CONTACT</a></li> </ul> </div><!-- end navigation --> </div><!-- end header --> Shopping Cart Nintendo DS Xbox Product: Console £149.99 Console + Games £169.99 Quantity: Product: Console £149.99 Console + Games £169.99 Quantity:     Playstation 3 Wii Product: Console £149.99 Console + Games £169.99 Quantity:   Product: Console £149.99 Console + Games £169.99 Quantity:        <input type="submit" value="Add to cart" name="submit" onClick="cart()";/><input , type="reset" value="Reset" name="reset" Copyright © 2010 shopping cart. Content and Header © |Back to top Do I need to show my CSS as well? (Sorry about the coding its not working properly for me, its not showing up the way it should be)

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  • parsing through html with php

    - by salmane
    while working on facebook connect I have to retrieve an access token from a url ( it is not in the url itself but in the file lined to that url) so this is what I do $url = "https://graph.facebook.com/oauth/access_token?client_id=".$facebook_app_id."&redirect_uri=http://www.example.com/facebook/oauth/&client_secret=".$facebook_secret."&code=".$code;" function get_string_between($string, $start, $end){ $string = " ".$string; $ini = strpos($string,$start); if ($ini == 0) return ""; $ini += strlen($start); $len = strpos($string,$end,$ini) - $ini; return substr($string,$ini,$len); } $access_token = get_string_between(file_get_contents($url), "access_token=", "&expires="); it looks ugly and clumsy is there a better way to do it ? thank you .

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  • Override tablesorter CSS

    - by user1712810
    I am using jquery tablesorter. When the page loads, I have a code to highlight the background color of certain rows in the table. Since tablesorter is used I guess it overrides the css and not allowing to change the background color of the rows. This is the code. This function automatically loads when the page gets loaded. I removed table-sorter to the table and tried this. It works. I have to get it to work with the table-sorter applied. $(document).ready(function() { var row, len, results; row = 0; results = []; while (row < len) { if ($("#tab1 #example_"+row+"chkbx").is(":checked")) { $("#tab1 #example_" + row).css("background-color", "#c6b79f"); } row++; } return results; });

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  • subplot matplotlib wrong syntax

    - by madptr
    I am using matplotlib to subplot in a loop. For instance, i would like to subplot 49 data sets, and from the doc, i implemented it this way; import numpy as np import matplotlib.pyplot as plt X1=list(range(0,10000,1)) X1 = [ x/float(10) for x in X1 ] nb_mix = 2 parameters = [] for i in range(49): param = [] Y = [0] * len(X1) for j in range(nb_mix): mean = 5* (1 + (np.random.rand() * 2 - 1 ) * 0.5 ) var = 10* (1 + np.random.rand() * 2 - 1 ) scale = 5* ( 1 + (np.random.rand() * 2 - 1) * 0.5 ) Y = [ Y[k] + scale * np.exp(-((X1[k] - mean)/float(var))**2) for k in range(len(X1)) ] param = param + [[mean, var, scale]] ax = plt.subplot(7, 7, i + 1) ax.plot(X1, Y) parameters = parameters + [param] ax.show() However, i have an index out of range error from i=0 onwards. Where can i do better to have it works ? Thanks

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  • Diagonal Output of Assembly programe

    - by Yousuf Umar
    i have this assembly programe and i want to diagonal ouptut of this programe but i dont know how to put tabspace in assembly section .text global _start ;must be declared for using gcc _start: ;tell linker entry point mov edx, len ;message length mov ecx, msg ;message to write mov ebx, 1 ;file descriptor (stdout) mov eax, 4 ;system call number (sys_write) int 0x80 ;call kernel mov eax, 1 ;system call number (sys_exit) int 0x80 ;call kernel section .data msg db 'Y',10,'O',10,'U',10,'S',10,'U',10,'F' ;our dear string len equ $ - msg ;length of our dear string output of my programe is Y O U S U F output shoud like this Y O U S U F or is there any other way to write this programe and get this output

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  • Is there any data missing?

    - by smwikipedia
    Hi experts, Here is some code quoted from Douglas.E.Comer's < Computer Networks and Internets 4th edition. This program will send back any data it received. ... while((len = recv(conn, buff, BUFFERSIZE,0)) >0) // receive data send(conn, buff, len, 0); // send it back ... I am wondering, what if some data arrived when the code is executing in send(..) function, will it miss that data? Because the recv() function is not being executed. If no data is missed, where is the data kept? And by whom? Thanks...

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  • Convert Military time to string representation

    - by RRUZ
    I have an column declarated as int (called HourMil) wich store the time in military format. i need convert this values to an formated string (HH:MM) example HourMil = 710 -> must be 07:10 HourMil = 1305 -> must be 13:05 Actually i am using this code (and works ok) for convert the column HourMil to the string representation. SELECT SUBSTRING(LEFT('0',4-LEN(CAST(HourMil AS VARCHAR)))+CAST(HourMil AS VARCHAR),1,2)+':'+SUBSTRING(LEFT('0',4-LEN(CAST(HourMil AS VARCHAR)))+CAST(HourMil AS VARCHAR),3,2) FROM MYTABLE but I think this code can be improved.

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  • Thread feeding other MultiThreading

    - by alaamh
    I see it's easy to open pipe between two process using fork, but how we can passing open pipe to threads. Assume we need to pass out of PROGRAM A to PROGRAM B "may by more than one thread", PROGRAM B send his output to PROGRAM C #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <pthread.h> struct targ_s { char* reader; }; void *thread1(void *arg) { struct targ_s *targ = (struct targ_s*) arg; int status, fd[2]; pid_t pid; pipe(fd); pid = fork(); if (pid == 0) { int fd = fileno( targ->fd_reader ); dup2(STDIN_FILENO, fd); close(fd[0]); dup2(fd[1], STDOUT_FILENO); close(fd[1]); execvp ("PROGRAM B", NULL); exit(1); } else { close(fd[1]); dup2(fd[0], STDIN_FILENO); close(fd[0]); execl("PROGRAM C", NULL); wait(&status); return NULL; } } int main(void) { FILE *fpipe; char *command = "PROGRAM A"; char buffer[1024]; if (!(fpipe = (FILE*) popen(command, "r"))) { perror("Problems with pipe"); exit(1); } char* outfile = "out.dat"; FILE* f = fopen (outfile, "wb"); int fd = fileno( f ); struct targ_s targ; targ.fd_reader = outfile; pthread_t thid; if (pthread_create(&thid, NULL, thread1, &targ) != 0) { perror("pthread_create() error"); exit(1); } int len; while (read(fpipe, buffer, sizeof (buffer)) != 0) { len = strlen(buffer); write(fd, buffer, len); } pclose(fpipe); return (0); }

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  • better for-loop syntax for detecting empty sequences?

    - by Dmitry Beransky
    Hi, Is there a better way to write the following: row_counter = 0 for item in iterable_sequence: # do stuff with the item counter += 1 if not row_counter: # handle the empty-sequence-case Please keep in mind that I can't use len(iterable_sequence) because 1) not all sequences have known lengths; 2) in some cases calling len() may trigger loading of the sequence's items into memory (as the case would be with sql query results). The reason I ask is that I'm simply curious if there is a way to make above more concise and idiomatic. What I'm looking for is along the lines of: for item in sequence: #process item *else*: #handle the empty sequence case (assuming "else" here worked only on empty sequences, which I know it doesn't)

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  • How can CopyOnWriteArrayList be thread-safe?

    - by Shooshpanchick
    I've taken a look into OpenJDK's sources of CopyOnWriteArrayList and it seems that all write operations are protected by the same lock and read operations are not protected at all. As I understand, under JMM all accesses to a variable (both read and write) should be protected by lock or reordering effects may occur. For example, set(int, E) method contains these lines (under lock): /* 1 */ int len = elements.length; /* 2 */ Object[] newElements = Arrays.copyOf(elements, len); /* 3 */ newElements[index] = element; /* 4 */ setArray(newElements); The get(int) method, on the other hand, only does return get(getArray(), index);. In my understanding of JMM, this means that get may observe the array in an inconsistent state if statements 1-4 are reordered like 1-2(new)-4-2(copyOf)-3. Do I understand JMM incorrectly or is there any other explanations on why CopyOnWriteArrayList is thread-safe?

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