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• How to resize / enlarge / grow a non-LVM ext4 partition

  - by Mischa

  I have already searched the forums, but couldnt find a good suitable answer: I have an Ubuntu Server 10.04 as KVM Host and a guest system, that also runs 10.04. The host system uses LVM and there are three logical volumes, which are provided to the guest as virtual block devices - one for /, one for /home and one for swap. The guest had been partitioned without LVM. I have already enlarged the logical volume in the host system - the guest successfully sees the bigger virtual disk. However, this virtual disk contains one "good old" partition, which still has the old small size. The output of fdisk -l is me@produktion:/$ LC_ALL=en_US sudo fdisk -l Disk /dev/vda: 32.2 GB, 32212254720 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 3916 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x000c8ce7 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/vda1 * 1 3917 31455232 83 Linux Disk /dev/vdb: 2147 MB, 2147483648 bytes 244 heads, 47 sectors/track, 365 cylinders Units = cylinders of 11468 * 512 = 5871616 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x000f2bf7 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/vdb1 1 366 2095104 82 Linux swap / Solaris Partition 1 has different physical/logical beginnings (non-Linux?): phys=(0, 32, 33) logical=(0, 43, 28) Partition 1 has different physical/logical endings: phys=(260, 243, 47) logical=(365, 136, 44) Disk /dev/vdc: 225.5 GB, 225485783040 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 27413 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00027f25 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/vdc1 1 9138 73398272 83 Linux The output of parted print all is Model: Virtio Block Device (virtblk) Disk /dev/vda: 32.2GB Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B Partition Table: msdos Number Start End Size Type File system Flags 1 1049kB 32.2GB 32.2GB primary ext4 boot Model: Virtio Block Device (virtblk) Disk /dev/vdb: 2147MB Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B Partition Table: msdos Number Start End Size Type File system Flags 1 1049kB 2146MB 2145MB primary linux-swap(v1) Model: Virtio Block Device (virtblk) Disk /dev/vdc: 225GB Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B Partition Table: msdos Number Start End Size Type File system Flags 1 1049kB 75.2GB 75.2GB primary ext4 What I want to achieve is to simply grow or resize the partition /dev/vdc1 so that it uses the whole space provided by the virtual block device /dev/vdc. The problem is, that when I try to do that with parted, it complains: (parted) select /dev/vdc Using /dev/vdc (parted) print Model: Virtio Block Device (virtblk) Disk /dev/vdc: 225GB Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B Partition Table: msdos Number Start End Size Type File system Flags 1 1049kB 75.2GB 75.2GB primary ext4 (parted) resize 1 WARNING: you are attempting to use parted to operate on (resize) a file system. parted's file system manipulation code is not as robust as what you'll find in dedicated, file-system-specific packages like e2fsprogs. We recommend you use parted only to manipulate partition tables, whenever possible. Support for performing most operations on most types of file systems will be removed in an upcoming release. Start? [1049kB]? End? [75.2GB]? 224GB Error: File system has an incompatible feature enabled. Compatible features are has_journal, dir_index, filetype, sparse_super and large_file. Use tune2fs or debugfs to remove features. So what can I do? This is a headless production system. What is a safe way to grow this partition? I CAN unmount it, though - so this is not the problem.

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• Why Is Hibernation Still Used?

  - by Jason Fitzpatrick

  With the increased prevalence of fast solid-state hard drives, why do we still have system hibernation? Today’s Question & Answer session comes to us courtesy of SuperUser—a subdivision of Stack Exchange, a community-driven grouping of Q&A web sites. The Question SuperUser reader Moses wants to know why he should use hibernate on a desktop machine: I’ve never quite understood the original purpose of the Hibernation power state in Windows. I understand how it works, what processes take place, and what happens when you boot back up from Hibernate, but I’ve never truly understood why it’s used. With today’s technology, most notably with SSDs, RAM and CPUs becoming faster and faster, a cold boot on a clean/efficient Windows installation can be pretty fast (for some people, mere seconds from pushing the power button). Standby is even faster, sometimes instantaneous. Even SATA drives from 5-6 years ago can accomplish these fast boot times. Hibernation seems pointless to me [on desktop computers] when modern technology is considered, but perhaps there are applications that I’m not considering. What was the original purpose behind hibernation, and why do people still use it? Quite a few people use hibernate, so what is Moses missing in the big picture? The Answer SuperUser contributor Vignesh4304 writes: Normally hibernate mode saves your computer’s memory, this includes for example open documents and running applications, to your hard disk and shuts down the computer, it uses zero power. Once the computer is powered back on, it will resume everything where you left off. You can use this mode if you won’t be using the laptop/desktop for an extended period of time, and you don’t want to close your documents. Simple Usage And Purpose: Save electric power and resuming of documents. In simple terms this comment serves nice e.g (i.e. you will sleep but your memories are still present). Why it’s used: Let me describe one sample scenario. Imagine your battery is low on power in your laptop, and you are working on important projects on your machine. You can switch to hibernate mode – it will result your documents being saved, and when you power on, the actual state of application gets restored. Its main usage is like an emergency shutdown with an auto-resume of your documents. MagicAndre1981 highlights the reason we use hibernate everyday: Because it saves the status of all running programs. I leave all my programs open and can resume working the next day very easily. Doing a real boot would require to start all programs again, load all the same files into those programs, get to the same place that I was at before, and put all my windows in exactly the same place. Hibernating saves a lot of work pulling these things back up again. It’s not unusual to find computers around the office here that have been hibernated day in and day out for months without an actual full system shutdown and restart. It’s enormously convenient to freeze your work space at the exact moment you stopped working and to turn right around and resume there the next morning. Have something to add to the explanation? Sound off in the the comments. Want to read more answers from other tech-savvy Stack Exchange users? Check out the full discussion thread here.     

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• Organization &amp; Architecture UNISA Studies &ndash; Chap 6

  - by MarkPearl

  Learning Outcomes Discuss the physical characteristics of magnetic disks Describe how data is organized and accessed on a magnetic disk Discuss the parameters that play a role in the performance of magnetic disks Describe different optical memory devices Magnetic Disk The way data is stored on and retried from magnetic disks Data is recorded on and later retrieved form the disk via a conducting coil named the head (in many systems there are two heads) The writ mechanism exploits the fact that electricity flowing through a coil produces a magnetic field. Electric pulses are sent to the write head, and the resulting magnetic patterns are recorded on the surface below with different patterns for positive and negative currents The physical characteristics of a magnetic disk   Summarize from book   The factors that play a role in the performance of a disk Seek time – the time it takes to position the head at the track Rotational delay / latency – the time it takes for the beginning of the sector to reach the head Access time – the sum of the seek time and rotational delay Transfer time – the time it takes to transfer data RAID The rate of improvement in secondary storage performance has been considerably less than the rate for processors and main memory. Thus secondary storage has become a bit of a bottleneck. RAID works on the concept that if one disk can be pushed so far, additional gains in performance are to be had by using multiple parallel components. Points to note about RAID… RAID is a set of physical disk drives viewed by the operating system as a single logical drive Data is distributed across the physical drives of an array in a scheme known as striping Redundant disk capacity is used to store parity information, which guarantees data recoverability in case of a disk failure (not supported by RAID 0 or RAID 1) Interesting to note that the increase in the number of drives, increases the probability of failure. To compensate for this decreased reliability RAID makes use of stored parity information that enables the recovery of data lost due to a disk failure.   The RAID scheme consists of 7 levels…   Category Level Description Disks Required Data Availability Large I/O Data Transfer Capacity Small I/O Request Rate Striping 0 Non Redundant N Lower than single disk Very high Very high for both read and write Mirroring 1 Mirrored 2N Higher than RAID 2 – 5 but lower than RAID 6 Higher than single disk Up to twice that of a signle disk for read Parallel Access 2 Redundant via Hamming Code N + m Much higher than single disk Highest of all listed alternatives Approximately twice that of a single disk Parallel Access 3 Bit interleaved parity N + 1 Much higher than single disk Highest of all listed alternatives Approximately twice that of a single disk Independent Access 4 Block interleaved parity N + 1 Much higher than single disk Similar to RAID 0 for read, significantly lower than single disk for write Similar to RAID 0 for read, significantly lower than single disk for write Independent Access 5 Block interleaved parity N + 1 Much higher than single disk Similar to RAID 0 for read, lower than single disk for write Similar to RAID 0 for read, generally  lower than single disk for write Independent Access 6 Block interleaved parity N + 2 Highest of all listed alternatives Similar to RAID 0 for read; lower than RAID 5 for write Similar to RAID 0 for read, significantly lower than RAID 5  for write   Read page 215 – 221 for detailed explanation on RAID levels Optical Memory There are a variety of optical-disk systems available. Read through the table on page 222 – 223 Some of the devices include… CD CD-ROM CD-R CD-RW DVD DVD-R DVD-RW Blue-Ray DVD Magnetic Tape Most modern systems use serial recording – data is lade out as a sequence of bits along each track. The typical recording used in serial is referred to as serpentine recording. In this technique when data is being recorded, the first set of bits is recorded along the whole length of the tape. When the end of the tape is reached the heads are repostioned to record a new track, and the tape is again recorded on its whole length, this time in the opposite direction. That process continued back and forth until the tape is full. To increase speed, the read-write head is capable of reading and writing a number of adjacent tracks simultaneously. Data is still recorded serially along individual tracks, but blocks in sequence are stored on adjacent tracks as suggested. A tape drive is a sequential access device. Magnetic tape was the first kind of secondary memory. It is still widely used as the lowest-cost, slowest speed member of the memory hierarchy.

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• SSIS IsNumeric expression Error

  - by rmdussa

  Hi am using following exression in ssis package !ISNULL((DT_I4)Route) ? (DT_WSTR,50)("SB" + SUBSTRING(RIGHT(Route,2),1,1)) : (DT_WSTR,50)Route when the Route value is Numeric it is sucess, when it is Non-numeric failing with following description. Any help,how to resolve this issue [Derived Column [111]] Error: SSIS Error Code DTS_E_INDUCEDTRANSFORMFAILUREONERROR. The "component "Derived Column" (111)" failed because error code 0xC0049067 occurred, and the error row disposition on "output column "column_New" (679)" specifies failure on error. An error occurred on the specified object of the specified component. There may be error messages posted before this with more information about the failure. [SSIS.Pipeline] Error: SSIS Error Code DTS_E_PROCESSINPUTFAILED. The ProcessInput method on component "Derived Column" (111) failed with error code 0xC0209029 while processing input "Derived Column Input" (112). The identified component returned an error from the ProcessInput method. The error is specific to the component, but the error is fatal and will cause the Data Flow task to stop running. There may be error messages posted before this with more information about the failure.

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• Finding most efficient transmission size in varying network latency scenarios

  - by rwmnau

  I'm building a .NET remoting client/server that will be transmitting thousands of files, of varying sizes (everything from a few bytes to hundreds of MB), and I'm curious about a general method for finding the appropriate transmission size. As I see it, there's the following tradeoff: Serialize entire file into a transmission object and transmit at once, regardless of size. This would be the fastest, but a failure during tranmission requires that the whole file be re-transmitted. If the file size is larger than something small (like 4KB), break it into 4KB chunks and transmit those, re-assembling on the server. In addition to the complexity of this, it's slower because of continued round-trips and acknowledgements, though a failure of any one piece doesn't waste much time. The ideal transmission method (when taking into account negotiation latency vs. failure rate) is somewhere in between, and I'm wondering about how to find out the best size for that particular client. Do I have some dynamic tuning step in my transmission that looks at the current bytes/second average, and then raises the transmission size until the speed starts to drop (failures overwhelm negotiation cost)? Or is there some other method for determining ideal transmission size? The application will be multi-threaded, so number of threads also factors in to the calculation. I'm not looking for a formula (though I'll take one if you've got it), but just what to consider as I create this process.

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• How can I Fail a WebTest?

  - by craigb

  I'm using Microsoft WebTest and want to be able to do something similar to NUnit's Assert.Fail(). The best i have come up with is to throw new webTestException() but this shows in the test results as an Error rather than a Failure. Other than reflecting on the WebTest to set a private member variable to indicate the failure, is there something I've missed? EDIT: I have also used the Assert.Fail() method, but this still shows up as an error rather than a failure when used from within WebTest, and the Outcome property is read-only (has no public setter). EDIT: well now I'm really stumped. I used reflection to set the Outcome property to Failed but the test still passes! Here's the code that sets the Oucome to failed: public static class WebTestExtensions { public static void Fail(this WebTest test) { var method = test.GetType().GetMethod("set_Outcome", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Instance); method.Invoke(test, new object[] {Outcome.Fail}); } } and here's the code that I'm trying to fail: public override IEnumerator<WebTestRequest> GetRequestEnumerator() { this.Fail(); yield return new WebTestRequest("http://google.com"); } Outcome is getting set to Oucome.Fail but apparently the WebTest framework doesn't really use this to determine test pass/fail results.

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• Extjs to call a RESTful webservice

  - by VSC

  Hello, I am trying to make a RESTful webservice call using Extjs. Below is the code i am using: Ext.Ajax.request({ url: incomingURL , method: 'POST', params: {param1:p1, param2:p2}, success: function(responseObject){ var obj = Ext.decode(responseObject.responseText); alert(obj); }, failure: function(responseObject){ var obj = Ext.decode(responseObject.responseText); alert(obj); } }); but it does not work, the request is sent using OPTIONS method instead of POST. I also tried to do the same thing using below code but result is the same: var conn = new Ext.data.Connection(); conn.request({ url: incomingURL, method: 'POST', params: {param1:p1, param2:p2}, success: function(responseObject) { Ext.Msg.alert('Status', 'success'); }, failure: function(responseObject) { Ext.Msg.alert('Status', 'Failure'); } }); But when i tried to do the same thing using basic ajax call ( using the browser objects directly i.e. XMLHttpRequest() or ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP")) it works fine and i get the response as expected. Can anyone please help me, as i am not able to understand what i am doing wrong with extjs ajax call?

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• Shell script to emulate warnings-as-errors?

  - by talkaboutquality

  Some compilers let you set warnings as errors, so that you'll never leave any compiler warnings behind, because if you do, the code won't build. This is a Good Thing. Unfortunately, some compilers don't have a flag for warnings-as-errors. I need to write a shell script or wrapper that provides the feature. Presumably it parses the compilation console output and returns failure if there were any compiler warnings (or errors), and success otherwise. "Failure" also means (I think) that object code should not be produced. What's the shortest, simplest UNIX/Linux shell script you can write that meets the explicit requirements above, as well as the following implicit requirements of otherwise behaving just like the compiler: - accepts all flags, options, arguments - supports redirection of stdout and stderr - produces object code and links as directed Key words: elegant, meets all requirements. Extra credit: easy to incorporate into a GNU make file. Thanks for your help. === Clues === This solution to a different problem, using shell functions (?), Append text to stderr redirects in bash, might figure in. Wonder how to invite litb's friend "who knows bash quite well" to address my question? === Answer status === Thanks to Charlie Martin for the short answer, but that, unfortunately, is what I started out with. A while back I used that, released it for office use, and, within a few hours, had its most severe drawback pointed out to me: it will PASS a compilation with no warnings, but only errors. That's really bad because then we're delivering object code that the compiler is sure won't work. The simple solution also doesn't meet the other requirements listed. Thanks to Adam Rosenfield for the shorthand, and Chris Dodd for introducing pipefail to the solution. Chris' answer looks closest, because I think the pipefail should ensure that if compilation actually fails on error, that we'll get failure as we should. Chris, does pipefail work in all shells? And have any ideas on the rest of the implicit requirements listed above?

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• Help with PHP mailer script

  - by Chris

  Hi there, I'm clueless when it comes to PHP and have a script that emails the contents of a form. The trouble is it only sends me the comment when I want it to also send the name and email address that is captured. Anyone know how I can adjust this script to do this? A million thanks in advance! <?php error_reporting(E_NOTICE); function valid_email($str) { return ( ! preg_match("/^([a-z0-9\+_\-]+)(\.[a-z0-9\+_\-]+)*@([a-z0-9\-]+\.)+[a-z]{2,6}$/ix", $str)) ? FALSE : TRUE; } if($_POST['name']!='' && $_POST['email']!='' && valid_email($_POST['email'])==TRUE && strlen($_POST['comment'])>1) { $to = "[email protected]"; $headers = 'From: '.$_POST['email'].''. "\r\n" . 'Reply-To: '.$_POST['email'].'' . "\r\n" . 'X-Mailer: PHP/' . phpversion(); $subject = "Contact Form"; $message = htmlspecialchars($_POST['comment']); if(mail($to, $subject, $message, $headers)) { echo 1; //SUCCESS } else { echo 2; //FAILURE - server failure } } else { echo 3; //FAILURE - not valid email } ?>

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• hudson.util.ProcessTreeTest test error

  - by senzacionale

  error: Tests run: 1, Failures: 0, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0, Time elapsed: 0.011 sec Running hudson.util.ProcessTreeTest Tests run: 1, Failures: 0, Errors: 1, Skipped: 0, Time elapsed: 0.181 sec <<< FAILURE! Running hudson.model.LoadStatisticsTest Tests run: 1, Failures: 0, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0, Time elapsed: 2.089 sec Running hudson.util.ArgumentListBuilderTest Tests run: 5, Failures: 0, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0, Time elapsed: 0.053 sec Running hudson.util.RobustReflectionConverterTest Tests run: 2, Failures: 0, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0, Time elapsed: 0.029 sec Running hudson.util.VersionNumberTest Tests run: 3, Failures: 0, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0, Time elapsed: 0.074 sec Running hudson.util.CyclicGraphDetectorTest Tests run: 3, Failures: 0, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0, Time elapsed: 0.038 sec Results : Tests in error: testRemoting(hudson.util.ProcessTreeTest) Tests run: 102, Failures: 0, Errors: 1, Skipped: 0 [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ERROR] BUILD FAILURE [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [INFO] There are test failures. Please refer to D:\PROJEKTI\Maven\hudson\main\core\target\surefire-reports for the individual test results. [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [INFO] For more information, run Maven with the -e switch [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [INFO] Total time: 17 minutes 58 seconds [INFO] Finished at: Fri Jun 11 21:04:46 CEST 2010 [INFO] Final Memory: 85M/152M [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ error log: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Test set: hudson.util.ProcessTreeTest ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Tests run: 1, Failures: 0, Errors: 1, Skipped: 0, Time elapsed: 0.181 sec <<< FAILURE! testRemoting(hudson.util.ProcessTreeTest) Time elapsed: 0.169 sec <<< ERROR! org.jvnet.winp.WinpException: Failed to read environment variable table error=299 at .\envvar-cmdline.cpp:114 at org.jvnet.winp.Native.getCmdLineAndEnvVars(Native Method) at org.jvnet.winp.WinProcess.parseCmdLineAndEnvVars(WinProcess.java:114) at org.jvnet.winp.WinProcess.getEnvironmentVariables(WinProcess.java:109) at hudson.util.ProcessTree$Windows$1.getEnvironmentVariables(ProcessTree.java:419) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:39) at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:25) at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:597) at hudson.remoting.RemoteInvocationHandler$RPCRequest.perform(RemoteInvocationHandler.java:274) at hudson.remoting.RemoteInvocationHandler$RPCRequest.call(RemoteInvocationHandler.java:255) at hudson.remoting.RemoteInvocationHandler$RPCRequest.call(RemoteInvocationHandler.java:215) at hudson.remoting.UserRequest.perform(UserRequest.java:114) at hudson.remoting.UserRequest.perform(UserRequest.java:48) at hudson.remoting.Request$2.run(Request.java:270) at java.util.concurrent.Executors$RunnableAdapter.call(Executors.java:441) at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask$Sync.innerRun(FutureTask.java:303) at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.run(FutureTask.java:138) at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.runTask(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:886) at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:908) at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:619) does anyone have any idea what can be wrong in test? Regards

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• EC2 SSH access from fedora

  - by Randika Rathugama

  I'm trying to connect to existing instance of EC2 with a new PEM. But I get this error when I try to connect. Here is what I did so far. I created the PEM on EC2 and saved it to ~/.ssh/my-fedora.pem and ran this command; is there anything else I should do? [randika@localhost ~]$ ssh -v -i ~/.ssh/my-fedora.pem [email protected] OpenSSH_5.3p1, OpenSSL 1.0.0-fips-beta4 10 Nov 2009 debug1: Reading configuration data /etc/ssh/ssh_config debug1: Applying options for * debug1: Connecting to ec2-xx-xxx-xxx-xx.compute-1.amazonaws.com [xx-xx-xx-xx] port 22. debug1: Connection established. debug1: identity file /home/randika/.ssh/saberion-fedora.pem type -1 debug1: Remote protocol version 2.0, remote software version OpenSSH_4.7 debug1: match: OpenSSH_4.7 pat OpenSSH_4* debug1: Enabling compatibility mode for protocol 2.0 debug1: Local version string SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_5.3 debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT sent debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT received debug1: kex: server->client aes128-ctr hmac-md5 none debug1: kex: client->server aes128-ctr hmac-md5 none debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_REQUEST(1024<1024<8192) sent debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_GROUP debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_INIT sent debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_REPLY debug1: Host 'ec2-xx-xxx-xxx-xx.compute-1.amazonaws.com' is known and matches the RSA host key. debug1: Found key in /home/randika/.ssh/known_hosts:5 debug1: ssh_rsa_verify: signature correct debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS sent debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS received debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_REQUEST sent debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_ACCEPT received debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,gssapi-with-mic debug1: Next authentication method: gssapi-with-mic debug1: Unspecified GSS failure. Minor code may provide more information Credentials cache file '/tmp/krb5cc_500' not found debug1: Unspecified GSS failure. Minor code may provide more information Credentials cache file '/tmp/krb5cc_500' not found debug1: Unspecified GSS failure. Minor code may provide more information debug1: Next authentication method: publickey debug1: Offering public key: [email protected] debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,gssapi-with-mic debug1: Offering public key: [email protected] debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,gssapi-with-mic debug1: Trying private key: /home/randika/.ssh/saberion-fedora.pem debug1: read PEM private key done: type RSA debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,gssapi-with-mic debug1: No more authentication methods to try. Permission denied (publickey,gssapi-with-mic).

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• Hudson fails to use unix user/group to do authentication

  - by Kane

  I'm trying to use unix user/group database as security realm of hudson. The linux server is using NIS for user management. My account could login the hudson server via ssh. And the hudson server is running by user 'hudson' that is also a member of group 'shadow', so hudson could read /etc/shadow. And I tested the configuration using 'test' button, hudson tells me it works well. But I can't use my unix account and password to login the hudson sever. And I found below java exception in the log of hudson, Jan 12, 2011 8:23:42 AM hudson.security.AuthenticationProcessingFilter2 onUnsuccessfulAuthentication INFO: Login attempt failed org.acegisecurity.BadCredentialsException: pam_authenticate failed : Authentication failure; nested exception is org.jvnet.libpam.PAMException: pam_authenticate failed : Authentication failure at hudson.security.PAMSecurityRealm$PAMAuthenticationProvider.authenticate(PAMSecurityRealm.java:100) at org.acegisecurity.providers.ProviderManager.doAuthentication(ProviderManager.java:195) at org.acegisecurity.AbstractAuthenticationManager.authenticate(AbstractAuthenticationManager.java:45) at org.acegisecurity.ui.webapp.AuthenticationProcessingFilter.attemptAuthentication(AuthenticationProcessingFilter.java:71) at org.acegisecurity.ui.AbstractProcessingFilter.doFilter(AbstractProcessingFilter.java:252) at hudson.security.ChainedServletFilter$1.doFilter(ChainedServletFilter.java:87) at org.acegisecurity.ui.basicauth.BasicProcessingFilter.doFilter(BasicProcessingFilter.java:173) at hudson.security.ChainedServletFilter$1.doFilter(ChainedServletFilter.java:87) at org.acegisecurity.context.HttpSessionContextIntegrationFilter.doFilter(HttpSessionContextIntegrationFilter.java:249) at hudson.security.HttpSessionContextIntegrationFilter2.doFilter(HttpSessionContextIntegrationFilter2.java:66) at hudson.security.ChainedServletFilter$1.doFilter(ChainedServletFilter.java:87) at hudson.security.ChainedServletFilter.doFilter(ChainedServletFilter.java:76) at hudson.security.HudsonFilter.doFilter(HudsonFilter.java:164) at winstone.FilterConfiguration.execute(FilterConfiguration.java:195) at winstone.RequestDispatcher.doFilter(RequestDispatcher.java:368) at winstone.RequestDispatcher.forward(RequestDispatcher.java:333) at winstone.RequestHandlerThread.processRequest(RequestHandlerThread.java:244) at winstone.RequestHandlerThread.run(RequestHandlerThread.java:150) at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:595) Caused by: org.jvnet.libpam.PAMException: pam_authenticate failed : Authentication failure at org.jvnet.libpam.PAM.check(PAM.java:105) at org.jvnet.libpam.PAM.authenticate(PAM.java:123) at hudson.security.PAMSecurityRealm$PAMAuthenticationProvider.authenticate(PAMSecurityRealm.java:90) ... 18 more

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• Sql Server Maintenance Plan Tasks & Completion

  - by Ben

  Hi All, I have a maintenance plan that looks like this... Client 1 Import Data (Success) -> Process Data (Success) -> Post Process (Completion) -> Next Client Client 2 Import Data (Success) -> Process Data (Success) -> Post Process (Completion) -> Next Client Client N ... Import Data and Process Data are calling jobs and Post Process is an Execute Sql task. If Import Data or Process Data Fail, it goes to the next client Import Data... Both Import Data and Process Data are jobs that contain SSIS packages that are using the built-in SQL logging provider. My expectation with the configuration as it stands is: Client 1 Import Data Runs: Failure - Client 2 Import Data | Success Process Data Process Data Runs: Failure - Client 2 Import Data | Success Post Process Post Process Runs: Completion - Success or Failure - Next Client Import Data This isn't what I'm seeing in my logs though... I see several Client Import Data SSIS log entries, then several Post Process log entries, then back to Client Import Data! Arg!! What am I doing wrong? I didn't think the "success" piece of Client 1 Import Data would kick off until it... well... succeeded aka finished! The logs seem to indicate otherwise though... I really need these tasks to be consecutive not concurrent. Is this possible? Thanks!

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• Using pam_python in a script running with mod_python

  - by markys

  Hi ! I would like to develop a web interface to allow users of a Linux system to do certain tasks related to their account. I decided to write the backend of the site using Python and mod_python on Apache. To authenticate the users, I thought I could use python_pam to query the PAM service. I adapted the example bundled with the module and got this: # out is the output stream used to print debug def auth(username, password, out): def pam_conv(aut, query_list, user_data): out.write("Query list: " + str(query_list) + "\n") # List to store the responses to the different queries resp = [] for item in query_list: query, qtype = item # If PAM asks for an input, give the password if qtype == PAM.PAM_PROMPT_ECHO_ON or qtype == PAM.PAM_PROMPT_ECHO_OFF: resp.append((str(password), 0)) elif qtype == PAM.PAM_PROMPT_ERROR_MSG or qtype == PAM.PAM_PROMPT_TEXT_INFO: resp.append(('', 0)) out.write("Our response: " + str(resp) + "\n") return resp # If username of password is undefined, fail if username is None or password is None: return False service = 'login' pam_ = PAM.pam() pam_.start(service) # Set the username pam_.set_item(PAM.PAM_USER, str(username)) # Set the conversation callback pam_.set_item(PAM.PAM_CONV, pam_conv) try: pam_.authenticate() pam_.acct_mgmt() except PAM.error, resp: out.write("Error: " + str(resp) + "\n") return False except: return False # If we get here, the authentication worked return True My problem is that this function does not behave the same wether I use it in a simple script or through mod_python. To illustrate this, I wrote these simple cases: my_username = "markys" my_good_password = "lalala" my_bad_password = "lololo" def handler(req): req.content_type = "text/plain" req.write("1- " + str(auth(my_username,my_good_password,req) + "\n")) req.write("2- " + str(auth(my_username,my_bad_password,req) + "\n")) return apache.OK if __name__ == "__main__": print "1- " + str(auth(my_username,my_good_password,sys.__stdout__)) print "2- " + str(auth(my_username,my_bad_password,sys.__stdout__)) The result from the script is : Query list: [('Password: ', 1)] Our response: [('lalala', 0)] 1- True Query list: [('Password: ', 1)] Our response: [('lololo', 0)] Error: ('Authentication failure', 7) 2- False but the result from mod_python is : Query list: [('Password: ', 1)] Our response: [('lalala', 0)] Error: ('Authentication failure', 7) 1- False Query list: [('Password: ', 1)] Our response: [('lololo', 0)] Error: ('Authentication failure', 7) 2- False I don't understand why the auth function does not return the same value given the same inputs. Any idea where I got this wrong ? Here is the original script, if that could help you. Thanks a lot !

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• Hudson Maven build fails using workspace POM, works when pointing to development copy

  - by Deejay

  I'm developing a series of web applications using Eclipse IDE, Maven, SVN, and Hudson for CI. When I specify the "Root POM" option in my Hudson job to be the copy of pom.xml in its workspace directory, the build fails citing compilation failure due to missing classpath entries. [ERROR] BUILD FAILURE [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [INFO] Compilation failure C:\Users\djones\.hudson\jobs\Store\workspace\trunk\src\main\java\com\app\store\model\User.java:[24,42] package org.hibernate.validator.constraints does not exist C:\Users\djones\.hudson\jobs\Store\workspace\trunk\src\main\java\com\app\store\dao\UserGroupHibernateSupportDao.java:[8,20] package org.hibernate does not exist C:\Users\djones\.hudson\jobs\Store\workspace\trunk\src\main\java\com\app\store\dao\UserGroupHibernateSupportDao.java:[10,49] package org.springframework.orm.hibernate3.support does not exist When I specify the "Root POM" to be the copy of pom.xml in my Eclipse workspace, it builds just fine. It builds fine from Eclipse too. I want to move Hudson over to a separate machine so several developers can use it, so I can't very well point to my own development workspace to give it a POM. If I try putting an SVN URL in the "root pom.xml" option, it says file not found. What should I be entering here for a project worked on by several developers, and hosted in an SVN repository?

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• Error handling in C++, constructors vs. regular methods

  - by Dennis Ritchie

  I have a cheesesales.txt CSV file with all of my recent cheese sales. I want to create a class CheeseSales that can do things like these: CheeseSales sales("cheesesales.txt"); //has no default constructor cout << sales.totalSales() << endl; sales.outputPieChart("piechart.pdf"); The above code assumes that no failures will happen. In reality, failures will take place. In this case, two kinds of failures could occur: Failure in the constructor: The file may not exist, may not have read-permissions, contain invalid/unparsable data, etc. Failure in the regular method: The file may already exist, there may not be write access, too little sales data available to create a pie chart, etc. My question is simply: How would you design this code to handle failures? One idea: Return a bool from the regular method indicating failure. Not sure how to deal with the constructor. How would seasoned C++ coders do these kinds of things?

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• XSLT special characters

  - by Apurv

  In the following XSL transformation how do I output the '<' and '' symbol? Input XML: <TestResult bugnumber="3214" testname="display.methods::close->test_ManyInvoke" errortype="Failure"><ErrorMessage><![CDATA[calling close() method failed - expected:<2>]]></ErrorMessage> XSLT: <xsl:template match="TestResult"> <xsl:variable name="errorMessage"> <xsl:value-of select="ErrorMessage" disable-output-escaping="yes"/> </xsl:variable> <Test name='{@testname}'> <TestResult> <Passed>false</Passed> <State>failure</State> <Metadata> <Entry name='bugnumber' value='{@bugnumber}' /> </Metadata> <TestOutput> <Metadata> <Entry name='ErrorMessage' value='{$errorMessage}' /> </Metadata> </TestOutput> </TestResult> </Test> </xsl:template> Output XML: <Test name="display.methods::close-&gttest_ManyInvoke"> <TestResult> <Passed>false</Passed> <State>failure</State> <Metadata> <Entry name="bugnumber" value="3214"/> </Metadata> <TestOutput> <Metadata> <Entry name="ErrorMessage" value="calling close() method failed - expected:&lt;2&gt;"/> </Metadata> </TestOutput> </TestResult> </Test>

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• Appropriate uses of Monad `fail` vs. MonadPlus `mzero`

  - by jberryman

  This is a question that has come up several times for me in the design code, especially libraries. There seems to be some interest in it so I thought it might make a good community wiki. The fail method in Monad is considered by some to be a wart; a somewhat arbitrary addition to the class that does not come from the original category theory. But of course in the current state of things, many Monad types have logical and useful fail instances. The MonadPlus class is a sub-class of Monad that provides an mzero method which logically encapsulates the idea of failure in a monad. So a library designer who wants to write some monadic code that does some sort of failure handling can choose to make his code use the fail method in Monad or restrict his code to the MonadPlus class, just so that he can feel good about using mzero, even though he doesn't care about the monoidal combining mplus operation at all. Some discussions on this subject are in this wiki page about proposals to reform the MonadPlus class. So I guess I have one specific question: What monad instances, if any, have a natural fail method, but cannot be instances of MonadPlus because they have no logical implementation for mplus? But I'm mostly interested in a discussion about this subject. Thanks! EDIT: One final thought occured to me. I recently learned (even though it's right there in the docs for fail) that monadic "do" notation is desugared in such a way that pattern match failures, as in (x:xs) <- return [] call the monad's fail. It seems like the language designers must have been strongly influenced by the prospect of some automatic failure handling built in to haskell's syntax in their inclusion of fail in Monad.

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• Is there anything on a local network or desktop environment that could effect JScript execution?

  - by uku

  I know this sounds odd. The JS on my project functions perfectly, except when the web site is accessed using computers at one specific company. To make things even more difficult, the JS fails only about 50% of the time when run from that company. The JS failure occurs with FireFox, Chrome, and IE. I have tested this myself using FF and Chrome on a thumb drive. The browsers on my thumb always display my project site perfectly, except when run from a computer on said company's network where they fail at the same rate as the installed browsers. My JS is using jQuery and making some Ajax calls. The Ajax calls are where the failure is occurring. To diagnose the problem I created a logging function for my Ajax calls and recorded success and failure. Over a one month period, there were only a handful of failures (about 1%) from all access points other than this company. Oddly enough, the Ajax calls in the logging function are not failing. There is nothing exotic there - Just Win XP SP3. I have never noticed any other unusual behavior from their network. The company is a division of a mega ISP and is on their corporate network. Any other suggestions for troubleshooting would be welcome.

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• VisualSVN How to roll back the revision number ?

  - by Ita

  The company I work in has suffered a major server failure. During this failure the SVN Repository was lost. But there is still hope ! We have an old backup of the repository which I've managed to successfully restore using VisualSVN. The problem I'm facing now is that I can't update / commit pre-failure checkedout folders. The reason for this problem is that for instance: a local folder has a revision number of 2361, while the repository itself holds a revision number of 2290, which is older. Is there a way to deal with this issue ? Can I some how change the revision numbers on either the local copy or the server copy? A few points: I'm using TortoiseSVN 1.6.6. I can checkout folders from the repo and the connection is active. I've picked one of my folders and used the Relocate option on it. This helped me see that there is something wrong with the revision number I've experimented a bit with the merge option but this lead me now where special. (I'm open for suggestions ) Thank you for your time, Ita

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• Windows Service Start-Up Error 1069

  - by Gavin

  Hello, I am installing a new windows service coded in C# on a server. I installed the service fine on the server, but once i manually start up the service on a server, with the same login credentials that our other services use, i get the fatal error message notification: "Could not start the %service name% on Local Computer. Error 1069: The Service did not start due to a logon failure." I looked in the event log and i got a 7038 and 7000 event id error in that order. 7038 event id message: "The %service name% service was unable to log on as %login% with the currently configured password due to the following error: Logon failure: unknown user name or bad password. To ensure that the service is configured properly, use the Services snap-in in Microsoft Management Console (MMC)." 7000 event id message: "The %service name% service failed to start due to the following error: The service did not start due to a logon failure. " I have other services that are using the same exact login account and they work fine. Is there something simple I could be missing? Thanks

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• C# Possible to have a generic return type?

  - by JL

  Here is a typical function that returns either true/false; private static bool hasValue() { return true; } Now on an error, I would like to return my own custom error object with definition: public class Failure { public string failureDateTime { get; set; } public string failureReason { get; set; } } I would have expected to be able to throw this custom object for example... private static bool hasValue() { throw new Failure(); } This is not possible, and I don't want to derive Failure from System.IO.Exception because of the inability to serialize an exception in C#. What is the best practice / or ideal solution to this problem. Should I just work with private static object? Or is there a cleaner way to return a custom object or bypass the typical return type on an error (not using System.IO.Exception)? Not entirely wild about object either, because then I need to cast the result and validate it by more boolean logic.

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• Running Solaris 11 as a control domain on a T2000

  - by jsavit

  There is increased adoption of Oracle Solaris 11, and many customers are deploying it on systems that previously ran Solaris 10. That includes older T1-processor based systems like T1000 and T2000. Even though they are old (from 2005) and don't have the performance of current SPARC servers, they are still functional, stable servers that customers continue to operate. One reason to install Solaris 11 on them is that older machines are attractive for testing OS upgrades before updating current, production systems. Normally this does not present a challenge, because Solaris 11 runs on any T-series or M-series SPARC server. One scenario adds a complication: running Solaris 11 in a control domain on a T1000 or T2000 hosting logical domains. Solaris 11 pre-installed Oracle VM Server for SPARC incompatible with T1 Unlike Solaris 10, Solaris 11 comes with Oracle VM Server for SPARC preinstalled. The ldomsmanager package contains the logical domains manager for Oracle VM Server for SPARC 2.2, which requires a SPARC T2, T2+, T3, or T4 server. It does not work with T1-processor systems, which are only supported by LDoms Manager 1.2 and earlier. The following screenshot shows what happens (bold font) if you try to use Oracle VM Server for SPARC 2.x commands in a Solaris 11 control domain. The commands were issued in a control domain on a T2000 that previously ran Solaris 10. We also display the version of the logical domains manager installed in Solaris 11: root@t2000 psrinfo -vp The physical processor has 4 virtual processors (0-3) UltraSPARC-T1 (chipid 0, clock 1200 MHz) # prtconf|grep T SUNW,Sun-Fire-T200 # ldm -V Failed to connect to logical domain manager: Connection refused # pkg info ldomsmanager Name: system/ldoms/ldomsmanager Summary: Logical Domains Manager Description: LDoms Manager - Virtualization for SPARC T-Series Category: System/Virtualization State: Installed Publisher: solaris Version: 2.2.0.0 Build Release: 5.11 Branch: 0.175.0.8.0.3.0 Packaging Date: May 25, 2012 10:20:48 PM Size: 2.86 MB FMRI: pkg://solaris/system/ldoms/[email protected],5.11-0.175.0.8.0.3.0:20120525T222048Z The 2.2 version of the logical domains manager will have to be removed, and 1.2 installed, in order to use this as a control domain. Preparing to change - create a new boot environment Before doing anything else, lets create a new boot environment: # beadm list BE Active Mountpoint Space Policy Created -- ------ ---------- ----- ------ ------- solaris NR / 2.14G static 2012-09-25 10:32 # beadm create solaris-1 # beadm activate solaris-1 # beadm list BE Active Mountpoint Space Policy Created -- ------ ---------- ----- ------ ------- solaris N / 4.82M static 2012-09-25 10:32 solaris-1 R - 2.14G static 2012-09-29 11:40 # init 0 Normally an init 6 to reboot would have been sufficient, but in the next step I reset the system anyway in order to put the system in factory default mode for a "clean" domain configuration. Preparing to change - reset to factory default There was a leftover domain configuration on the T2000, so I reset it to the factory install state. Since the ldm command is't working yet, it can't be done from the control domain, so I did it by logging onto to the service processor: $ ssh -X admin@t2000-sc Copyright (c) 2010, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Oracle Advanced Lights Out Manager CMT v1.7.9 Please login: admin Please Enter password: ******** sc> showhost Sun-Fire-T2000 System Firmware 6.7.10 2010/07/14 16:35 Host flash versions: OBP 4.30.4.b 2010/07/09 13:48 Hypervisor 1.7.3.c 2010/07/09 15:14 POST 4.30.4.b 2010/07/09 14:24 sc> bootmode config="factory-default" sc> poweroff Are you sure you want to power off the system [y/n]? y SC Alert: SC Request to Power Off Host. SC Alert: Host system has shut down. sc> poweron SC Alert: Host System has Reset At this point I rebooted into the new Solaris 11 boot environment, and Solaris commands showed it was running on the factory default configuration of a single domain owning all 32 CPUs and 32GB of RAM (that's what it looked like in 2005.) # psrinfo -vp The physical processor has 8 cores and 32 virtual processors (0-31) The core has 4 virtual processors (0-3) The core has 4 virtual processors (4-7) The core has 4 virtual processors (8-11) The core has 4 virtual processors (12-15) The core has 4 virtual processors (16-19) The core has 4 virtual processors (20-23) The core has 4 virtual processors (24-27) The core has 4 virtual processors (28-31) UltraSPARC-T1 (chipid 0, clock 1200 MHz) # prtconf|grep Mem Memory size: 32640 Megabytes Note that the older processor has 4 virtual CPUs per core, while current processors have 8 per core. Remove ldomsmanager 2.2 and install the 1.2 version The Solaris 11 pkg command is now used to remove the 2.2 version that shipped with Solaris 11: # pkg uninstall ldomsmanager Packages to remove: 1 Create boot environment: No Create backup boot environment: No Services to change: 2 PHASE ACTIONS Removal Phase 130/130 PHASE ITEMS Package State Update Phase 1/1 Package Cache Update Phase 1/1 Image State Update Phase 2/2 Finally, LDoms 1.2 installed via its install script, the same way it was done years ago: # unzip LDoms-1_2-Integration-10.zip # cd LDoms-1_2-Integration-10/Install/ # ./install-ldm Welcome to the LDoms installer. You are about to install the Logical Domains Manager package that will enable you to create, destroy and control other domains on your system. Given the capabilities of the LDoms domain manager, you can now change the security configuration of this Solaris instance using the Solaris Security Toolkit. ... ... normal install messages omitted ... The Solaris Security Toolkit applies to Solaris 10, and cannot be used in Solaris 11 (in which several things hardened by the Toolkit are already hardened by default), so answer b in the choice below: You are about to install the Logical Domains Manager package that will enable you to create, destroy and control other domains on your system. Given the capabilities of the LDoms domain manager, you can now change the security configuration of this Solaris instance using the Solaris Security Toolkit. Select a security profile from this list: a) Hardened Solaris configuration for LDoms (recommended) b) Standard Solaris configuration c) Your custom-defined Solaris security configuration profile Enter a, b, or c [a]: b ... other install messages omitted for brevity... After install I ensure that the necessary services are enabled, and verify the version of the installed LDoms Manager: # svcs ldmd STATE STIME FMRI online 22:00:36 svc:/ldoms/ldmd:default # svcs vntsd STATE STIME FMRI disabled Aug_19 svc:/ldoms/vntsd:default # ldm -V Logical Domain Manager (v 1.2-debug) Hypervisor control protocol v 1.3 Using Hypervisor MD v 1.1 System PROM: Hypervisor v. 1.7.3. @(#)Hypervisor 1.7.3.c 2010/07/09 15:14\015 OpenBoot v. 4.30.4. @(#)OBP 4.30.4.b 2010/07/09 13:48 Set up control domain and domain services At this point we have a functioning LDoms 1.2 environment that can be configured in the usual fashion. One difference is that LDoms 1.2 behavior had 'delayed configuration mode (as expected) during initial configuration before rebooting the control domain. Another minor difference with a Solaris 11 control domain is that you define virtual switches using the 'vanity name' of the network interface, rather than the hardware driver name as in Solaris 10. # ldm list ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Notice: the LDom Manager is running in configuration mode. Configuration and resource information is displayed for the configuration under construction; not the current active configuration. The configuration being constructed will only take effect after it is downloaded to the system controller and the host is reset. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ NAME STATE FLAGS CONS VCPU MEMORY UTIL UPTIME primary active -n-c-- SP 32 32640M 3.2% 4d 2h 50m # ldm add-vdiskserver primary-vds0 primary # ldm add-vconscon port-range=5000-5100 primary-vcc0 primary # ldm add-vswitch net-dev=net0 primary-vsw0 primary # ldm set-mau 2 primary # ldm set-vcpu 8 primary # ldm set-memory 4g primary # ldm add-config initial # ldm list-spconfig factory-default initial [current] That's it, really. After reboot, we are ready to install guest domains. Summary - new wine in old bottles This example shows that (new) Solaris 11 can be installed on (old) T2000 servers and used as a control domain. The main activity is to remove the preinstalled Oracle VM Server for 2.2 and install Logical Domains 1.2 - the last version of LDoms to support T1-processor systems. I tested Solaris 10 and Solaris 11 guest domains running on this server and they worked without any surprises. This is a viable way to get further into Solaris 11 adoption, even on older T-series equipment.

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• How to Tell a Hardware Problem From a Software Problem

  - by Chris Hoffman

  Your computer seems to be malfunctioning — it’s slow, programs are crashing or Windows may be blue-screening. Is your computer’s hardware failing, or does it have a software problem that you can fix on your own? This can actually be a bit tricky to figure out. Hardware problems and software problems can lead to the same symptoms — for example, frequent blue screens of death may be caused by either software or hardware problems. Computer is Slow We’ve all heard the stories — someone’s computer slows down over time because they install too much software that runs at startup or it becomes infected with malware. The person concludes that their computer is slowing down because it’s old, so they replace it. But they’re wrong. If a computer is slowing down, it has a software problem that can be fixed. Hardware problems shouldn’t cause your computer to slow down. There are some rare exceptions to this — perhaps your CPU is overheating and it’s downclocking itself, running slower to stay cooler — but most slowness is caused by software issues. Blue Screens Modern versions of Windows are much more stable than older versions of Windows. When used with reliable hardware with well-programmed drivers, a typical Windows computer shouldn’t blue-screen at all. If you are encountering frequent blue screens of death, there’s a good chance your computer’s hardware is failing. Blue screens could also be caused by badly programmed hardware drivers, however. If you just installed or upgraded hardware drivers and blue screens start, try uninstalling the drivers or using system restore — there may be something wrong with the drivers. If you haven’t done anything with your drivers recently and blue screens start, there’s a very good chance you have a hardware problem. Computer Won’t Boot If your computer won’t boot, you could have either a software problem or a hardware problem. Is Windows attempting to boot and failing part-way through the boot process, or does the computer no longer recognize its hard drive or not power on at all? Consult our guide to troubleshooting boot problems for more information. When Hardware Starts to Fail… Here are some common components that can fail and the problems their failures may cause: Hard Drive: If your hard drive starts failing, files on your hard drive may become corrupted. You may see long delays when you attempt to access files or save to the hard drive. Windows may stop booting entirely. CPU: A failing CPU may result in your computer not booting at all. If the CPU is overheating, your computer may blue-screen when it’s under load — for example, when you’re playing a demanding game or encoding video. RAM: Applications write data to your RAM and use it for short-term storage. If your RAM starts failing, an application may write data to part of the RAM, then later read it back and get an incorrect value. This can result in application crashes, blue screens, and file corruption. Graphics Card: Graphics card problems may result in graphical errors while rendering 3D content or even just while displaying your desktop. If the graphics card is overheating, it may crash your graphics driver or cause your computer to freeze while under load — for example, when playing demanding 3D games. Fans: If any of the fans fail in your computer, components may overheat and you may see the above CPU or graphics card problems. Your computer may also shut itself down abruptly so it doesn’t overheat any further and damage itself. Motherboard: Motherboard problems can be extremely tough to diagnose. You may see occasional blue screens or similar problems. Power Supply: A malfunctioning power supply is also tough to diagnose — it may deliver too much power to a component, damaging it and causing it to malfunction. If the power supply dies completely, your computer won’t power on and nothing will happen when you press the power button. Other common problems — for example, a computer slowing down — are likely to be software problems. It’s also possible that software problems can cause many of the above symptoms — malware that hooks deep into the Windows kernel can cause your computer to blue-screen, for example. The Only Way to Know For Sure We’ve tried to give you some idea of the difference between common software problems and hardware problems with the above examples. But it’s often tough to know for sure, and troubleshooting is usually a trial-and-error process. This is especially true if you have an intermittent problem, such as your computer blue-screening a few times a week. You can try scanning your computer for malware and running System Restore to restore your computer’s system software back to its previous working state, but these aren’t  guaranteed ways to fix software problems. The best way to determine whether the problem you have is a software or hardware one is to bite the bullet and restore your computer’s software back to its default state. That means reinstalling Windows or using the Refresh or reset feature on Windows 8. See whether the problem still persists after you restore its operating system to its default state. If you still see the same problem – for example, if your computer is blue-screening and continues to blue-screen after reinstalling Windows — you know you have a hardware problem and need to have your computer fixed or replaced. If the computer crashes or freezes while reinstalling Windows, you definitely have a hardware problem. Even this isn’t a completely perfect method — for example, you may reinstall Windows and install the same hardware drivers afterwards. If the hardware drivers are badly programmed, the blue-screens may continue. Blue screens of death aren’t as common on Windows these days — if you’re encountering them frequently, you likely have a hardware problem. Most blue screens you encounter will likely be caused by hardware issues. On the other hand, other common complaints like “my computer has slowed down” are easily fixable software problems. When in doubt, back up your files and reinstall Windows. Image Credit: Anders Sandberg on Flickr, comedy_nose on Flickr     

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• I Clobbered a Leopard with a Window Last Night

  - by D'Arcy Lussier

  I’ve had my 15” Mac Book Pro for a little over a year now, and its hands-down the best laptop I’ve ever owned…hardware wise. And I tried, I really really tried, to like OSX. I even bought Parallels so I could run Windows 7 and all my development tools while still trying to live in an OSX world. But in the end, I missed Windows too much. There were just too many shortcomings with OSX that kept me from being productive. For one thing, Office for Mac is *not* Office for Windows. The applications are written by different teams, and Excel on the Mac is just different enough to be painful. The VM experience was adequate, but my MBP would heat up like crazy when running it and the experience trying to get Windows apps to interact with an OSX file system was awkward. And I found I was in the VM more than I thought I’d be. iMovie is not as easy to use for doing simple movie editing as Windows Movie Maker. There’s no free blog editing software for OSX that’s on par with Windows Live Writer. And really, all I was using OSX for was Twitter (which I can use a Windows client for) and web browsing (also something Windows can provide obviously). So I had to ask myself – why am I forcing myself to use an operating system I don’t like, on a laptop that can support Windows 7? And so I paved my MBP and am happily running Windows 7 on it…and its fantastic! All the good stuff with the hardware is still there with the goodness of Win 7. Happy happy. I did run into some snags doing this though, and that’s really what this blog post is about – things to be aware of if you want to install Win 7 directly on your MBP metal. First, Ensure You Have Your Original Mac Install Disk This was a warning my buddy Dylan, who’s been running Win 7 on his MBP for a while now, gave me early on. The reason you need that original disk is that the hardware drivers you need are all located there. Apparently you can’t easily download them, so make sure you have them ahead of time. Second, Forget BootCamp The only reason you need BootCamp is if you still want the option to boot into OSX. If you don’t, then you don’t need BootCamp. In fact, you don’t even need BootCamp to install Win 7. What you *will* need though is a DVD with Win 7 burnt on it. Apple doesn’t support bootable USB drives. Well, actually they do for Mac Book Airs which don’t come with optical drives…but to get it working you’ll need to edit a system file of BootCamp so your make of MBP is included in an XML document, and even then you *still* are using BootCamp meaning you’ll be making an OSX partition. So don’t worry about BootCamp, just burn a Windows 7 disc, put it into the DVD drive, and restart your MBP. Third, Know The Secret Commands So after putting in the Windows 7 DVD and restarting your MBP, you’ll want to hold down the ‘C’ key during boot up. This tells the MBP that it should boot from the DVD drive instead of the hard drive. Interestingly, it appears you don’t have to do this if its the Mac OSX install disc (more on that in a second), but regardless – hold down C and Windows will start the install process. Next up is the partition process. You’ll notice that there’s a partition called ETI or something like that. This has to do with the drive format that Apple uses and how they partition their system drives. What I did – I blew it away! At first I didn’t, but I was told I couldn’t install Windows on the remaining space due to the different drive format. Blowing away the ETI partition (and all other partitions) allowed me to continue the Windows install. *REMEMBER –  No warranty is provided or implied, just telling you what I did and how I got it to work. Ok, so now Windows is installed and I’m rebooting. Everything looks good, but I need drivers! So I put in the OSX install DVD and run the BootCamp assistant which installs all the Windows drivers I need. Fantastic! Oh, I need to restart – no problem. OH NO, PROBLEM! I left the OSX install DVD in the drive and now the MBP wants to boot from the drive and install OSX! I’m not holding down the C key, what the heck?! Ok, well there must be a way to eject this disk…hmm…no physical button on the side…the eject button doesn’t seem to work on the keyboard…no little pin hole to insert something to force the disc out…well what the…?! It turns out, if you want to eject a disc at boot up, you need (and I kid you not) to plug a mouse into the laptop and hold down the right-click button while its booting. This ejected the disc for me. Seriously. Finally, Things You Should Be Aware Of Once you have Windows up and running there’s a few things you need to be aware of, mainly new keyboard shortcuts. For instance, on the Mac keyboard there is no Home, End, PageUp or PageDown. There’s also no obvious way to do something like select large amounts of text (like you would by holding Shift-Home at the end of a line of text for instance). So here’s some shortcuts you need to know: Home – fn + left arrow End – fn + right arrow Select a line of text as you would with the Home key – Shift + fn + left arrow Select a line of text as you would with the End key – Shift + fn + right arrow Page Up – fn + up arrow Page Down – fn + down arrow Also, you’ll notice that the awesome Mac track pad doesn’t respond to taps as clicks. No fear, this is just a setting that needs to be altered in the BootCamp control panel (that controls the Mac Hardware-specific settings within Windows, you can access it easily from the system tray icon) One other thing, battery life seems a bit lower than with OSX, but then again I’m also doing more than Twitter or web browsing on this thing now. Conclusion My laptop runs awesome now that I have Windows 7 on there. It’s obviously up to individual taste, but for me I just didn’t see benefits to living in an OSX world when everything I needed lived in Windows. And also, I finally am back to an operating system that doesn’t require me to eject a USB drive before physically removing it! It’s 2012 folks, how has this not been fixed?! D

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