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• Using heavyweight ORM implementation for light based games

  - by Holland

  I'm just about to engulf myself in an MVC-based/Component architecture in C#, using MySQL's connector/Net for the data storage, and probably some NHibernate/FluentNHibernate Object-relational-mapping to map out the data structure. The goal is to build a scalable 2D RPG. Then I think about it...and I can't help but think this seems a little "heavy weight" for a 2D RPG, especially one which, while I plan to incorporate a lot of functionality and entertaining gameplay, may be ported to something like Windows Phone or Android in the future. Yet, on the other hand even a 2-Dimensional RPG can become very complicated, and therefore must incorporate a lot of functionality. While this can be accomplished with text/XML/JSON for data storage, is there a better way? Is something such as Object-Relational-Mapping useful in such an application? So, what do you think? Would you say that there is a place for such technologies? I don't know what to think...

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• Question about Target parameter of Matrix.CreateLookAt

  - by manning18

  I have a newbie question that's causing me a little bit of confusion when experimenting with cameras and reading other peoples implementations - does this parameter represent a point or a vector? In some examples I've seen people treat it like a specific point they are looking at (eg a position in the world), other times I see people caching the orientation of the camera in a rotation matrix and simply using the Matrix.Forward property as the "target", and other times it's a vector that's the result of targetPos - camPos and also I saw a camPos + orientation.Forward I was also just playing around with hard-coded target positions with same direction eg 1 to 10000 with no discernible difference in what I saw in the scene. Is the "Target" parameter actually a position or a direction (irrespective of magnitude)? Are there any subtle differences in behaviors, common mistakes or gotchas that are associated with what values you provide, or HOW you provide this paramter? Are all the methods I mentioned above equivalent? (sorry, I've only recently started and my math is still catching up)

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• How do I detect multiple sprite collisions when there are >10 sprites?

  - by yao jiang

  I making a small program to animate the astar algorithm. If you look at the image, there are lots of yellow cars moving around. Those can collide at any moment, could be just one or all of them could just stupidly crash into each other. How do I detect all of those collisions? How do I find out which specific car has crash into which other car? I understand that pygame has collision function, but it only detects one collision at a time and I'd have to specify which sprites. Right now I am just trying to iterate through each sprite to see if there is collision: for car1 in carlist: for car2 in carlist: collide(car1, car2); This can't be the proper way to do it, if the car list goes to a huge number, a double loop will be too slow.

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• Cocos2D 2.0 - masking a sprite

  - by Desperate Developer

  I have read this tutorial about how to mask sprites using Cocos2D 2.0. http://www.raywenderlich.com/4428/how-to-mask-a-sprite-with-cocos2d-2-0 But the author talks about OpenGL ES textures and vertices as they were common knowledge. My knowledge about OpenGl is zero raised to infinity. All I want is to use a rectangle to mask a sprite to it. How I would do in Photoshop using a rectangle as mask (yes, I want to clip a sprite to the rectangle bounds and no, I do not want to use the ClippingNode solution, that do not works for animation/scaling etc.). So, can you guys translate the klingon language used in this tutorial and tell how a solid rectangle can be used to mask a sprite in Cocos2D? I am desperate, as my username states. I am searching this for a week and have tried several solutions without satisfactory results. Please help me. Thanks!

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• How can I find a position between 4 vertices in a fragment shader?

  - by c4sh

  I'm creating a shader with SharpDX (DirectX11 in C#) that takes a segment (2 points) from the output of a Vertex Shader and then passes them to a Geometry Shader, which converts this line into a rectangle (4 points) and assigns the four corners a texture coordinate. After that I want a Fragment Shader (which recieves the interpolated position and the interpolated texture coordinates) that checks the depth at the "spine of the rectangle" (that is, in the line that passes through the middle of the rectangle. The problem is I don't know how to extract the position of the corresponding fragment at the spine of the rectangle. This happens because I have the texture coordinates interpolated, but I don't know how to use them to get the fragment I want, because the coordinate system of a) the texture and b) the position of my fragment in screen space are not the same. Thanks a lot for any help.

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• Car-like Physics - Basic Maths to Simulate Steering

  - by Reanimation

  As my program stands I have a cube which I can control using keyboard input. I can make it move left, right, up, down, back, fourth along the axis only. I can also rotate the cube either left or right; all the translations and rotations are implemented using glm. if (keys[VK_LEFT]) //move cube along xAxis negative { globalPos.x -= moveCube; keys[VK_RIGHT] = false; } if (keys[VK_RIGHT]) //move cube along xAxis positive { globalPos.x += moveCube; keys[VK_LEFT] = false; } if (keys[VK_UP]) //move cube along yAxis positive { globalPos.y += moveCube; keys[VK_DOWN] = false; } if (keys[VK_DOWN]) //move cube along yAxis negative { globalPos.y -= moveCube; keys[VK_UP] = false; } if (FORWARD) //W - move cube along zAxis positive { globalPos.z += moveCube; BACKWARD = false; } if (BACKWARD) //S- move cube along zAxis negative { globalPos.z -= moveCube; FORWARD = false; } if (ROT_LEFT) //rotate cube left { rotX +=0.01f; ROT_LEFT = false; } if (ROT_RIGHT) //rotate cube right { rotX -=0.01f; ROT_RIGHT = false; } I render the cube using this function which handles the shader and position on screen: void renderMovingCube(){ glUseProgram(myShader.handle()); GLuint matrixLoc4MovingCube = glGetUniformLocation(myShader.handle(), "ProjectionMatrix"); glUniformMatrix4fv(matrixLoc4MovingCube, 1, GL_FALSE, &ProjectionMatrix[0][0]); glm::mat4 viewMatrixMovingCube; viewMatrixMovingCube = glm::lookAt(camOrigin,camLookingAt,camNormalXYZ); ModelViewMatrix = glm::translate(viewMatrixMovingCube,globalPos); ModelViewMatrix = glm::rotate(ModelViewMatrix,rotX, glm::vec3(0,1,0)); //manually rotate glUniformMatrix4fv(glGetUniformLocation(myShader.handle(), "ModelViewMatrix"), 1, GL_FALSE, &ModelViewMatrix[0][0]); movingCube.render(); glUseProgram(0); } The glm::lookAt function always points to the screens centre (0,0,0). The globalPos is a glm::vec3 globalPos(0,0,0); so when the program executes, renders the cube in the centre of the screens viewing matrix; the keyboard inputs above adjust the globalPos of the moving cube. The glm::rotate is the function used to rotate manually. My question is, how can I make the cube go forwards depending on what direction the cube is facing.... ie, once I've rotated the cube a few degrees using glm, the forwards direction, relative to the cube, is no longer on the z-Axis... how can I store the forwards direction and then use that to navigate forwards no matter what way it is facing? (either using vectors that can be applied to my code or some handy maths). Thanks.

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• How to Export Flash Animation Data

  - by charliep

  I'd love for my partner, the artist, to be able to animate using flash movieclips and timelines. Then I, the programmer, would like to read the raw Flash info and re-program it into my engine of choice (which happens to be Torque2D). The data I'd want is the bitmap images that were used in Flash, like the head and body the links between the images, like where the head connects to the body the motion data from the flash animation, like move, rotate (at what speed), shear, etc. for the head or arms or whatever. Is there any way to get this data? Here's what I know so far. There are tools like SWFSheet and Spriteloq that convert the entire flash animation into a frame by frame sprite animation (in a sprite sheet). This would take too much space in my case, so I'd like to avoid that. Re-animating on the fly would take much less texture memory. There is a PDF that describes the SWF file format but NOT the individual components like the movieclips. So anyone know of a library I can use, or how I can learn more about the movieclip components and whatnot? (more better tags: transform, export, convert)

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• Arbitrary Rotation about a Sphere

  - by Der

  I'm coding a mechanic which allows a user to move around the surface of a sphere. The position on the sphere is currently stored as theta and phi, where theta is the angle between the z-axis and the xz projection of the current position (i.e. rotation about the y axis), and phi is the angle from the y-axis to the position. I explained that poorly, but it is essentially theta = yaw, phi = pitch Vector3 position = new Vector3(0,0,1); position.X = (float)Math.Sin(phi) * (float)Math.Sin(theta); position.Y = (float)Math.Sin(phi) * (float)Math.Cos(theta); position.Z = (float)Math.Cos(phi); position *= r; I believe this is accurate, however I could be wrong. I need to be able to move in an arbitrary pseudo two dimensional direction around the surface of a sphere at the origin of world space with radius r. For example, holding W should move around the sphere in an upwards direction relative to the orientation of the player. I believe I should be using a Quaternion to represent the position/orientation on the sphere, but I can't think of the correct way of doing it. Spherical geometry is not my strong suit. Essentially, I need to fill the following block: public void Move(Direction dir) { switch (dir) { case Direction.Left: // update quaternion to rotate left break; case Direction.Right: // update quaternion to rotate right break; case Direction.Up: // update quaternion to rotate upward break; case Direction.Down: // update quaternion to rotate downward break; } }

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• Why doesn't Unity's OnCollisionEnter give me surface normals, and what's the most reliable way to get them?

  - by michael.bartnett

  Unity's on collision event gives you a Collision object that gives you some information about the collision that happened (including a list of ContactPoints with hit normals). But what you don't get is surface normals for the collider that you hit. Here's a screenshot to illustrate. The red line is from ContactPoint.normal and the blue line is from RaycastHit.normal. Is this an instance of Unity hiding information to provide a simplified API? Or do standard 3D realtime collision detection techniques just not collect this information? And for the second part of the question, what's a surefire and relatively efficient way to get a surface normal for a collision? I know that raycasting gives you surface normals, but it seems I need to do several raycasts to accomplish this for all scenarios (maybe a contact point/normal combination misses the collider on the first cast, or maybe you need to do some average of all the contact points' normals to get the best result). My current method: Back up the Collision.contacts[0].point along its hit normal Raycast down the negated hit normal for float.MaxValue, on Collision.collider If that fails, repeat steps 1 and 2 with the non-negated normal If that fails, try steps 1 to 3 with Collision.contacts[1] Repeat 4 until successful or until all contact points exhausted. Give up, return Vector3.zero. This seems to catch everything, but all those raycasts make me queasy, and I'm not sure how to test that this works for enough cases. Is there a better way?

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• Phone crash when try to use vibration on Android

  - by Diego Unanue

  Im developing an app that when you click a button the phone has to vibrate, the issue is that the phone just chashes. Saing that I need permitions to vibrate. I've already set this permition in the build.setting (android manifiest). Here is the code build.settings: settings = { orientation = { default = "portrait", supported = { "portrait", } }, iphone = { plist= { CoronaUseIOS7LandscapeOnlyWorkaround = true, CoronaUseIOS7IPadPhotoPickerLandscapeOnlyWorkaround = true, CoronaUseIOS6LandscapeOnlyWorkaround = true, CoronaUseIOS6IPadPhotoPickerLandscapeOnlyWorkaround = true, UIApplicationExitsOnSuspend = false, UIPrerenderedIcon = true, UIStatusBarHidden = false, CFBundleIconFile = "Icon.png", CFBundleIconFiles = { "Icon.png", "[email protected]", "Icon-60.png", "[email protected]", "Icon-72.png", "[email protected]", "Icon-76.png", "[email protected]", "Icon-Small.png", "[email protected]", "Icon-Small-40.png", "[email protected]", "Icon-Small-50.png", "[email protected]", }, }, }, android = { permissions = { { name = ".permission.C2D_MESSAGE", protectionLevel = "signature" }, }, usesPermissions = { "android.permission.INTERNET", "android.permission.VIBRATE", }, }, } the file that uses the vibration is: local onButtonEvent = function (event ) system.vibrate() end I read all post in Corona page without success. Can I see the android manifest to see if the permissions are there. I've read that is a Corona issue not sure.

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• Need to combine a color, mask, and sprite layer in a shader

  - by Donutz

  My task: to display a sprite using different team colors. I have a sprte graphic, part of which has to be displayed as a team color. The color isn't 'flat', i.e. it shades from brighter to darker. I can't "pre-build" the graphics because there are just too many, so I have to generate them at runtime. I've decided to use a shader, and supply it with a texture consisting of the team color, a texture consisting of a mask (black=no color, white=full color, gray=progressively dimmed color), and the sprite grapic, with the areas where the team color shows being transparent. So here's my shader code: // Effect attempts to merge a color layer, a mask layer, and a sprite layer // to produce a complete sprite sampler UnitSampler : register(s0); // the unit sampler MaskSampler : register(s1); // the mask sampler ColorSampler : register(s2); // the color float4 main(float4 color : COLOR0, float2 texCoord : TEXCOORD0) : COLOR0 { float4 tex1 = tex2D(ColorSampler, texCoord); // get the color float4 tex2 = tex2D(MaskSampler, texCoord); // get the mask float4 tex3 = tex2D(UnitSampler,texCoord); // get the unit float4 tex4 = tex1 * tex2.r * tex3; // color * mask * unit return tex4; } My problem is the calculations involving tex1 through tex4. I don't really understand how the manipulations work, so I'm just thrashing around, producing lots of different incorrect effects. So given tex1 through tex3, what calcs do I do in order to take the color (tex1), mask it (tex2), and apply the result to the unit if it's not zero? And would I be better off to make the mask just on/off (white/black) and put the color shading in the unit graphic?

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• Rotate sprite to face 3D camera

  - by omikun

  I am trying to rotate a sprite so it is always facing a 3D camera. shaders->setUniform("camera", gCamera.matrix()); glm::mat4 scale = glm::scale(glm::mat4(), glm::vec3(5e5, 5e5, 5e5)); glm::vec3 look = gCamera.position(); glm::vec3 right = glm::cross(gCamera.up(), look); glm::vec3 up = glm::cross(look, right); glm::mat4 newTransform = glm::lookAt(glm::vec3(0), gCamera.position(), up) * scale; shaders->setUniform("model", newTransform); In the vertex shader: gl_Position = camera * model * vec4(vert, 1); The object will track the camera if I move the camera up or down, but if I rotate the camera around it, it will rotate in the other direction so I end up seeing its front twice and its back twice as I rotate around it 360. What am I doing wrong?

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• GLSL Bokeh using Quads and Textures

  - by Notoriousaur

  I'm trying to create a depth of field effect with bokeh sprites in GLSL. Specifically, what i would like to do is, for each pixel: See if the pixel is out of the focal range If it is, draw a quad and apply a texture to provide a bokeh sprite. This kind of implementation is seen in the Unreal Engine and by Matt Pettineo, however, both implementations are in DX11 and I'm using OpenGL. I'm a bit stuck on the drawing a quad and applying a texture bit. Does anyone know how I can do this, or provide any relevant links as to how I can do this? Thanks

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• Understanding normal maps on terrain

  - by JohnB

  I'm having trouble understanding some of the math behind normal map textures even though I've got it to work using borrowed code, I want to understand it. I have a terrain based on a heightmap. I'm generating a mesh of triangles at load time and rendering that mesh. Now for each vertex I need to calculate a normal, a tangent, and a bitangent. My understanding is as follows, have I got this right? normal is a unit vector facing outwards from the surface of the triangle. For a vertex I take the average of the normals of the triangles using that vertex. tangent is a unit vector in the direction of the 'u' coordinates of the texture map. As my texture u,v coordinates follow the x and y coordinates of the terrain, then my understanding is that this vector is simply the vector along the surface in the x direction. So should be able to calculate this as simply the difference between vertices in the x direction to get a vector, (and normalize it). bitangent is a unit vector in the direction of the 'v' coordinates of the texture map. As my texture u,v coordinates follow the x and y coordinates of the terrain, then my understanding is that this vector is simply the vector along the surface in the y direction. So should be able to calculate this as simply the difference between vertices in the y direction to get a vector, (and normalize it). However the code I have borrowed seems much more complicated than this and takes into account the actual values of u, and v at each vertex which I don't understand the need for as they increase in exactly the same direction as x, and y. I implemented what I thought from above, and it simply doesn't work, the normals are clearly not working for lighting. Have I misunderstood something? Or can someone explain to me the physical meaning of the tangent and bitangent vectors when applied to a mesh generated from a hightmap like this, when u and v texture coordinates map along the x and y directions. Thanks for any help understanding this.

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• XNA - Error while rendering a texture to a 2D render target via SpriteBatch

  - by Jared B

  I've got this simple code that uses SpriteBatch to draw a texture onto a RenderTarget2D: private void drawScene(GameTime g) { GraphicsDevice.Clear(skyColor); GraphicsDevice.SetRenderTarget(targetScene); drawSunAndMoon(); effect.Fog = true; GraphicsDevice.SetVertexBuffer(line); effect.MainEffect.CurrentTechnique.Passes[0].Apply(); GraphicsDevice.DrawPrimitives(PrimitiveType.TriangleStrip, 0, 2); GraphicsDevice.SetRenderTarget(null); SceneTexture = targetScene; } private void drawPostProcessing(GameTime g) { effect.SceneTexture = SceneTexture; GraphicsDevice.SetRenderTarget(targetBloom); spriteBatch.Begin(SpriteSortMode.Immediate, BlendState.Opaque, null, null, null); { if (Bloom) effect.BlurEffect.CurrentTechnique.Passes[0].Apply(); spriteBatch.Draw( targetScene, new Rectangle(0, 0, Window.ClientBounds.Width, Window.ClientBounds.Height), Color.White); } spriteBatch.End(); BloomTexture = targetBloom; GraphicsDevice.SetRenderTarget(null); } Both methods are called from my Draw(GameTime gameTime) function. First drawScene is called, then drawPostProcessing is called. The thing is, when I run this code I get an error on the spriteBatch.Draw call: The render target must not be set on the device when it is used as a texture. I already found the solution, which is to draw the actual render target (targetScene) to the texture so it doesn't create a reference to the loaded render target. However, to my knowledge, the only way of doing this is to write: GraphicsDevice.SetRenderTarget(outputTarget) SpriteBatch.Draw(inputTarget, ...) GraphicsDevice.SetRenderTarget(null) Which encounters the same exact problem I'm having right now. So, the question I'm asking is: how would I render inputTarget to outputTarget without reference issues?

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• Creating blur with an alpha channel, incorrect inclusion of black

  - by edA-qa mort-ora-y

  I'm trying to do a blur on a texture with an alpha channel. Using a typical approach (two-pass, gaussian weighting) I end up with a very dark blur. The reason is because the blurring does not properly account for the alpha channel. It happily blurs in the invisible part of the image, whcih happens to be black, and thus results in a very dark blur. Is there a technique to blur that properly accounts for the alpha channel?

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• Changing Palette for Day/Light Mode using GIMP

  - by J.C.

  Hello, Suppose I've a picture, which want to achieve day/light mode by changing 8bpp color palette. If I want the pixel index of my picture is always fixed for both day mode and night mode. For example, the 1st pixel index is 100. Which I can look up index 100 in day mode palette and night mode palette. How can I use GIMP to do so? My goal is to not update my pixel index of my picture. Also, as you see in two palette, they are not one one mapping. That is index 1 of the day mode palette and index 1 of the night mode palette may not used in the same pixel of the picture, how can I tackle this problem? Actually, my use case is as follow I want to use one 8bpp picture to achieve day/night mode by update only the color palette (without updating the pixel index). The advantage is I only have to prepare 2 256 byte palette rather than saving 2 big pictures in my limited data ram. Thanks a lot

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• How can I generate a navigation mesh for a tile grid?

  - by Roflha

  I haven't actually started programming for this one yet, but I wanted to see how I would go about doing this anyway. Say I have a grid of tiles, all of the same size, some traversable and some not. How would I go about creating a navigation mesh of polygons from this grid? My idea was to take the non-traversable tiles out and extend lines from there edges to make polygons... that's all I have got so far. Any advice?

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• Car engine sound simulation

  - by Petteri Hietavirta

  I have been thinking how to create realistic sound for a car. The main sound is the engine, then all kind of wind, road and suspension sounds. Are there any open source projects for the engine sound simulation? Simply pitching up the sample does not sound too great. The ideal would be to something that allows me to pick type of the engine (i.e. inline-4 vs v-8), add extras like turbo/supercharger whine and finally set the load and rpm. Edit: Something like http://www.sonory.org/examples.html

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• Loading a new instance of a class through XML not working quite right

  - by Thegluestickman

  I'm having trouble with XML and XNA. I want to be able to load weapon settings through XML to make my weapons easier to make and to have less code in the actual project file. So I started out making a basic XML document, something to just assign variables with. But no matter what I changed it gave me a new error every time. The code below gives me a "XML element 'Tag' not found", I added and it started to say the variables weren't found. What I wanted to do in the XML file as well, was load a texture for the file too. So I created a static class to hold my texture values, then in the Texture tag of my XML document I would set it to that instance too. I think that's were the problems are occuring because that's where the "XML element 'Tag' not found" error is pointing me too. My XML document: <XnaContent> <Asset Type="ConversationEngine.Weapon"> <weaponStrength>0</weaponStrength> <damageModifiers>0</damageModifiers> <speed>0</speed> <magicDefense>0</magicDefense> <description>0</description> <identifier>0</identifier> <weaponTexture>LoadWeaponTextures.ironSword</weaponTexture> </Asset> </XnaContent> My Class to load the weapon XML: public static class LoadWeaponXML { static Weapon Weapons; public static Weapon WeaponLoad(ContentManager content, int id) { Weapons = content.Load<Weapon>(@"Weapons/" + id); return Weapons; } } public static class LoadWeaponTextures { public static Texture2D ironSword; public static void TextureLoad(ContentManager content) { ironSword = content.Load<Texture2D>("Sword"); } } I'm not entirely sure if you can load textures through XML, but any help would be greatly appreciated.

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• Running an a single action on multiple sprites at the same time

  - by Stephen

  Ok so I have created a spiraling animation for a football and I want to be able to run it on 2 sprites at the same time. This is what I have done. CCAnimation* footballAnim = [CCAnimation animationWithFrame:@"Football" frameCount:60 delay:0.005f]; spiral = [CCAnimate actionWithAnimation:footballAnim]; CCRepeatForever* repeat = [CCRepeatForever actionWithAction:spiral]; [Sprite1 runAction: repeat]; [Sprite2 runAction: repeat]; but it only runs the action on the first sprite. What am I doing wrong?

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• Cannot convert parameter 1 from 'short *' to 'int *' [closed]

  - by Torben Carrington

  I'm trying to learn pointers and since I recently learned that short int takes up less memory [2 bytes as apposed to the long int's memory usage of 4 which is the default for int] I wanted to create a pointer that uses the memory address of a short integer. I'm following a tutorial in my book about Pointers and it's using the Swap function. The problem is I receive this error the moment I change everything from int to short int: error C2664: 'Swap' : cannot convert parameter 1 from 'short *' to 'int *' 1 Types pointed to are unrelated; conversion requires reinterpret_cast, C-style cast or function-style cast Since my code is so small here is the whole thing: void Swap(short int *sipX, short int *sipY) { short int siTemp = *sipX; *sipX = *sipY; *sipY = siTemp; } int main() { short int siBig = 100; short int siSmall = 1; std::cout << "Pre-Swap: " << siBig << " " << siSmall << std::endl; Swap(&siBig, &siSmall); std::cout << "Post-Swap: " << siBig << " " << siSmall << std::endl; return 0; }

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• Unity: Spin wheels to move vehicle

  - by Paul Manta

  I am just getting started with Unity and I'd like to ask a question. If I have a "Vehicle" object that has two children: "FrontWheel" and "BackWheel" (both 'wheels' are cylinders), how should I set everything up such that I can move the entire vehicle by turning its wheels? When I apply a torque to "FrontWheel", the vehicle starts to move, but instead of the whole thing the moving together, the chassis is rolling on the cylinders and eventually falls off. How can I prevent it from doing that?

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• Why isn't my lighting working properly? Are my normals messed up?

  - by Radek Slupik

  I'm relatively new to OpenGL and I am trying to draw a 3D model (loaded from a 3ds file using lib3ds) using OpenGL with lighting, but about half of it is drawn in black. I set up the light as such: glEnable(GL_LIGHTING); glShadeModel(GL_SMOOTH); GLfloat ambientColor[] = {0.2f, 0.2f, 0.2f, 1.0f}; glLightModelfv(GL_LIGHT_MODEL_AMBIENT, ambientColor); glEnable(GL_LIGHT0); GLfloat lightColor0[] = {1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f}; GLfloat lightPos0[] = {4.0f, 0.0f, 8.0f, 0.0f}; glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_DIFFUSE, lightColor0); glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_POSITION, lightPos0); The model is in a VBO and drawn using glDrawArrays. The normals are in a separate VBO, and the normals are calculated using lib3ds_mesh_calculate_vertex_normals: std::vector<std::array<float, 3>> normals; for (std::size_t i = 0; i < model->nmeshes; ++i) { auto& mesh = *model->meshes[i]; std::vector<float[3]> vertex_normals(mesh.nfaces * 3); lib3ds_mesh_calculate_vertex_normals(&mesh, vertex_normals.data()); for (std::size_t j = 0; j < mesh.nfaces; ++j) { auto& face = mesh.faces[j]; normals.push_back(make_array(vertex_normals[j])); } } glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, normal_vbo_); glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, normals.size() * sizeof(decltype(normals)::value_type), normals.data(), GL_STATIC_DRAW); The problem isn't the vertices; the model is drawn correctly when drawing it as a wireframe. I also fixed the normals in Blender using controlN. What could be the problem? Should I store the normals in a different order?

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• My raycaster is putting out strange results, how do I fix it?

  - by JamesK89

  I'm working on a raycaster in ActionScript 3.0 for the fun of it, and as a learning experience. I've got it up and running and its displaying me output as expected however I'm getting this strange bug where rays go through corners of blocks and the edges of blocks appear through walls. Maybe somebody with more experience can point out what I'm doing wrong or maybe a fresh pair of eyes can spot a tiny bug I haven't noticed. Thank you so much for your help! Screenshots: http://i55.tinypic.com/25koebm.jpg http://i51.tinypic.com/zx5jq9.jpg Relevant code: function drawScene() { rays.graphics.clear(); rays.graphics.lineStyle(1, rgba(0x00,0x66,0x00)); var halfFov = (player.fov/2); var numRays:int = ( stage.stageWidth / COLUMN_SIZE ); var prjDist = ( stage.stageWidth / 2 ) / Math.tan(toRad( halfFov )); var angStep = ( player.fov / numRays ); for( var i:int = 0; i < numRays; i++ ) { var rAng = ( ( player.angle - halfFov ) + ( angStep * i ) ) % 360; if( rAng < 0 ) rAng += 360; var ray:Object = castRay(player.position, rAng); drawRaySlice(i*COLUMN_SIZE, prjDist, player.angle, ray); } } function drawRaySlice(sx:int, prjDist, angle, ray:Object) { if( ray.distance >= MAX_DIST ) return; var height:int = int(( TILE_SIZE / (ray.distance * Math.cos(toRad(angle-ray.angle))) ) * prjDist); if( !height ) return; var yTop = int(( stage.stageHeight / 2 ) - ( height / 2 )); if( yTop < 0 ) yTop = 0; var yBot = int(( stage.stageHeight / 2 ) + ( height / 2 )); if( yBot > stage.stageHeight ) yBot = stage.stageHeight; rays.graphics.moveTo( (ray.origin.x / TILE_SIZE) * MINI_SIZE, (ray.origin.y / TILE_SIZE) * MINI_SIZE ); rays.graphics.lineTo( (ray.hit.x / TILE_SIZE) * MINI_SIZE, (ray.hit.y / TILE_SIZE) * MINI_SIZE ); for( var x:int = 0; x < COLUMN_SIZE; x++ ) { for( var y:int = yTop; y < yBot; y++ ) { buffer.setPixel(sx+x, y, clrTable[ray.tile-1] >> ( ray.horz ? 1 : 0 )); } } } function castRay(origin:Point, angle):Object { // Return values var rTexel = 0; var rHorz = false; var rTile = 0; var rDist = MAX_DIST + 1; var rMap:Point = new Point(); var rHit:Point = new Point(); // Ray angle and slope var ra = toRad(angle) % ANGLE_360; if( ra < ANGLE_0 ) ra += ANGLE_360; var rs = Math.tan(ra); var rUp = ( ra > ANGLE_0 && ra < ANGLE_180 ); var rRight = ( ra < ANGLE_90 || ra > ANGLE_270 ); // Ray position var rx = 0; var ry = 0; // Ray step values var xa = 0; var ya = 0; // Ray position, in map coordinates var mx:int = 0; var my:int = 0; var mt:int = 0; // Distance var dx = 0; var dy = 0; var ds = MAX_DIST + 1; // Horizontal intersection if( ra != ANGLE_180 && ra != ANGLE_0 && ra != ANGLE_360 ) { ya = ( rUp ? TILE_SIZE : -TILE_SIZE ); xa = ya / rs; ry = int( origin.y / TILE_SIZE ) * ( TILE_SIZE ) + ( rUp ? TILE_SIZE : -1 ); rx = origin.x + ( ry - origin.y ) / rs; mx = 0; my = 0; while( mx >= 0 && my >= 0 && mx < world.size.x && my < world.size.y ) { mx = int( rx / TILE_SIZE ); my = int( ry / TILE_SIZE ); mt = getMapTile(mx,my); if( mt > 0 && mt < 9 ) { dx = rx - origin.x; dy = ry - origin.y; ds = ( dx * dx ) + ( dy * dy ); if( rDist >= MAX_DIST || ds < rDist ) { rDist = ds; rTile = mt; rMap.x = mx; rMap.y = my; rHit.x = rx; rHit.y = ry; rHorz = true; rTexel = int(rx % TILE_SIZE) } break; } rx += xa; ry += ya; } } // Vertical intersection if( ra != ANGLE_90 && ra != ANGLE_270 ) { xa = ( rRight ? TILE_SIZE : -TILE_SIZE ); ya = xa * rs; rx = int( origin.x / TILE_SIZE ) * ( TILE_SIZE ) + ( rRight ? TILE_SIZE : -1 ); ry = origin.y + ( rx - origin.x ) * rs; mx = 0; my = 0; while( mx >= 0 && my >= 0 && mx < world.size.x && my < world.size.y ) { mx = int( rx / TILE_SIZE ); my = int( ry / TILE_SIZE ); mt = getMapTile(mx,my); if( mt > 0 && mt < 9 ) { dx = rx - origin.x; dy = ry - origin.y; ds = ( dx * dx ) + ( dy * dy ); if( rDist >= MAX_DIST || ds < rDist ) { rDist = ds; rTile = mt; rMap.x = mx; rMap.y = my; rHit.x = rx; rHit.y = ry; rHorz = false; rTexel = int(ry % TILE_SIZE); } break; } rx += xa; ry += ya; } } return { angle: angle, distance: Math.sqrt(rDist), hit: rHit, map: rMap, tile: rTile, horz: rHorz, origin: origin, texel: rTexel }; }

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