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• Keyboard layout for international programmers?

  - by splattne

  I think everybody who had to program using a standard German (or any other international) keyboard layout on Windows (or Mac) will complain about the conundrum of either having all special characters ( [ ] | { } / etc. ) needed for most programming languages "at the fingertip" and "losing" the language specific characters (umlauts ä ö ü etc.) on the keyboard or viceversa: having simple access to umlauts, but not to brackets etc. If you are programming in C / C++ / C# / Java / Javascript for example, it is very exhausting if you have to press Alt-Gr + 7 for every opening curly bracket. It is an ergonomic nightmare and reduces your typing efficiency. What is the best way to cope with this problem? Is there a satisfying solution? Maybe there are special layouts or keyboards which address this issue?

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• Trouble binding WPF Menu to ItemsSource

  - by chaiguy

  I would like to avoid having to build a menu manually in XAML or code, by binding to a list of ICommand-derived objects. However, I'm experiencing a bit of a problem where the resulting menu has two levels of menu-items (i.e. each MenuItem is contained in a MenuItem): My guess is that this is happening because WPF is automatically generating a MenuItem for my binding, but the "viewer" I'm using actually already is a MenuItem (it's derived from MenuItem): <ContextMenu x:Name="selectionContextMenu" ItemsSource="{Binding Source={x:Static OrangeNote:Note.MultiCommands}}" ItemContainerStyleSelector="{StaticResource separatorStyleSelector}"> <ContextMenu.ItemTemplate> <DataTemplate> <Viewers:NoteCommandMenuItemViewer CommandParameter="{Binding Source={x:Static OrangeNote:App.Screen}, Path=SelectedNotes}" /> </DataTemplate> </ContextMenu.ItemTemplate> </ContextMenu> (The ItemContainerStyleSelector is from http://bea.stollnitz.com/blog/?p=23, which allows me to have Separator elements inside my bound source.) So, the menu is bound to a collection of ICommands, and each item's CommandParameter is set to the same global target (which happens to be a collection, but that's not important). My question is, is there any way I can bind this such that WPF doesn't automatically wrap each item in a MenuItem?

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• This property cannot be set after writing has started! on a C# WebRequest Object

  - by EBAGHAKI

  I want to reuse a WebRequest object so that cookies and session would be saved for later request to the server. Below is my code. If i use Post function twice on the second time at request.ContentLength = byteArray.Length; it will throw an exception This property cannot be set after writing has started! But as you can see dataStream.Close(); Should close the writing process! Anybody knows what's going on? static WebRequest request; public MainForm() { request = WebRequest.Create("http://localhost/admin/admin.php"); } static string Post(string url, string data) { request.Method = "POST"; byte[] byteArray = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(data); request.ContentType = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"; request.ContentLength = byteArray.Length; Stream dataStream = request.GetRequestStream(); dataStream.Write(byteArray, 0, byteArray.Length); dataStream.Close(); WebResponse response = request.GetResponse(); Console.WriteLine(((HttpWebResponse)response).StatusDescription); dataStream = response.GetResponseStream(); StreamReader reader = new StreamReader(dataStream); string responseFromServer = reader.ReadToEnd(); Console.WriteLine(responseFromServer); reader.Close(); dataStream.Close(); response.Close(); request.Abort(); return responseFromServer; }

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• Flex - Flash Builder Design View not showing embedded fonts correctly

  - by Crusader

  Tools: Air 2, Flex SDK 4.1, Flash Builder, Halo component set (NO Spark being used at all) Fonts work perfectly when running the appliction, but not in design view. This effectively makes design view WORTHLESS because it's impossible to properly position components or labels without knowing what the true size is (it changes depending on font...) ... CSS included in root component like so: <fx:Style source="style.css"/> CSS file: /* CSS file */ @namespace mx "library://ns.adobe.com/flex/mx"; global { font-family:Segoe; font-size:14; color:#FFFFFF; } mx|Application, mx|VBox, mx|HBox, mx|Canvas { font-family:Segoe; background-color:#660000; border-color:#222277; color:#FFFFFF; } mx|Button { font-family:Segoe; fill-colors:#660000, #660000, #660000, #660000; color:#FFFFFF; } .... Interestingly (or buggily?), when I try pasting the style tag into a subcomponent (lower than the top level container), I get a bunch of warnings in the subcomponent editor view stating that CSS type selectors are not supported in.. (all the components in the style sheet). Yet, they do work when the application is executed. Huh? This is how I'm embedding the fonts in the root level container: [Embed(source="/assets/segoepr.ttf", fontName="Segoe", mimeType="application/x-font-truetype", embedAsCFF='false')] public static const font:Class; [Embed(source="/assets/segoeprb.ttf", fontName="Segoe", mimeType="application/x-font-truetype", fontWeight="bold", embedAsCFF='false')] public static const font2:Class; So, is there a way to get embedded fonts to work in design view or what?

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• Why does a multilanguage solution not work?

  - by Lukas

  My solution has a C# application project C# User Controls project C++ Mathematics project One of the UserControls uses function from the Mathematics (C++ project). This UserControl is used in the application. Building and starting the application works just fine. When typing the IntelliSense suggests all the contained classes and methods. The UserControl appears correctly, but on clicking a button which calls the C++ function I get a BadImageFormatException (it pops out on the end of the automatically created Main function). The help suggests to use /fixed:no for linking, but that is already set up.

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• IIS7 windows server 2008R2 how to set Cognos8 application under default website as startpage?

  - by Jeroen Bossenbroek

  Hi All, I really would like to know how i can set my application 'Cognos8' as startpage when just typing the host name of the server. When i now type my hostname 'http://myhost' i get the iistart.htm page instead i would like to be able to get 'http://myhost/Cognos8'. tried http redirect to redirect myhost to myhost/cognos8 which ends in a loop. i tried to set the physical path of default web site to the physical path of my Cognos8 application but also this does not seem to work. i know this should not to hard. Can someone please point i in the right direction? Thanks, Jeroen

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• GZIP Java vs .NET

  - by Jim Jones

  Using the following Java code to compress/decompress bytes[] to/from GZIP. First text bytes to gzip bytes: public static byte[] fromByteToGByte(byte[] bytes) { ByteArrayOutputStream baos = null; try { ByteArrayInputStream bais = new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes); baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream(); GZIPOutputStream gzos = new GZIPOutputStream(baos); byte[] buffer = new byte[1024]; int len; while((len = bais.read(buffer)) >= 0) { gzos.write(buffer, 0, len); } gzos.close(); baos.close(); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } return(baos.toByteArray()); } Then the method that goes the other way compressed bytes to uncompressed bytes: public static byte[] fromGByteToByte(byte[] gbytes) { ByteArrayOutputStream baos = null; ByteArrayInputStream bais = new ByteArrayInputStream(gbytes); try { baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream(); GZIPInputStream gzis = new GZIPInputStream(bais); byte[] bytes = new byte[1024]; int len; while((len = gzis.read(bytes)) > 0) { baos.write(bytes, 0, len); } } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } return(baos.toByteArray()); } Think there is any effect since I'm not writing out to a gzip file? Also I noticed that in the standard C# function that BitConverter reads the first four bytes and then the MemoryStream Write function is called with a start point of 4 and a length of input buffer length - 4. So is that effect the validity of the header? Jim

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• Winforms control that works like ajax tag-completion

  - by Sargola

  Heya, I want to create a winforms app where you can assign tags to an entity. ofc I want the customer to re-use existing tags a lot. That's why I want to show them the list of tags while they are typing (similar to intellisense in VS and the tags-dropdown even here in stackoverflow ;)) do you have any control(s) in mind that offers this functionality? can I reuse a ComboBox for this? (here I need to drop it down programatically - how?) I want to have the taglist getting input-focus but not lose the mainform-focus, and I want it to be on top over all windows and even range out of the mainform-area (like intellisense in vs) thx!

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• EF 4.0 : Save Changes Retry Logic

  - by BGR

  Hi, I would like to implement an application wide retry system for all entity SaveChanges method calls. Technologies: Entity framework 4.0 .Net 4.0 namespace Sample.Data.Store.Entities { public partial class StoreDB { public override int SaveChanges(System.Data.Objects.SaveOptions options) { for (Int32 attempt = 1; ; ) { try { return base.SaveChanges(options); } catch (SqlException sqlException) { // Increment Trys attempt++; // Find Maximum Trys Int32 maxRetryCount = 5; // Throw Error if we have reach the maximum number of retries if (attempt == maxRetryCount) throw; // Determine if we should retry or abort. if (!RetryLitmus(sqlException)) throw; else Thread.Sleep(ConnectionRetryWaitSeconds(attempt)); } } } static Int32 ConnectionRetryWaitSeconds(Int32 attempt) { Int32 connectionRetryWaitSeconds = 2000; // Backoff Throttling connectionRetryWaitSeconds = connectionRetryWaitSeconds * (Int32)Math.Pow(2, attempt); return (connectionRetryWaitSeconds); } /// <summary> /// Determine from the exception if the execution /// of the connection should Be attempted again /// </summary> /// <param name="exception">Generic Exception</param> /// <returns>True if a a retry is needed, false if not</returns> static Boolean RetryLitmus(SqlException sqlException) { switch (sqlException.Number) { // The service has encountered an error // processing your request. Please try again. // Error code %d. case 40197: // The service is currently busy. Retry // the request after 10 seconds. Code: %d. case 40501: //A transport-level error has occurred when // receiving results from the server. (provider: // TCP Provider, error: 0 - An established connection // was aborted by the software in your host machine.) case 10053: return (true); } return (false); } } } The problem: How can I run the StoreDB.SaveChanges to retry on a new DB context after an error occured? Something simular to Detach/Attach might come in handy. Thanks in advance! Bart

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• How to use delegate to perform callback between caller and web service helper class?

  - by codemonkie

  I have 2 classes A and B, where they belongs to the same namespace but resides in seperate files namely a.cs and b.cs, where class B essentially is a helper wrapping a web service call as follow: public class A { public A() // constructor { protected static B b = new B(); } private void processResult1(string result) { // come here when result is successful } private void processResult2(string result) { // come here when result is failed } static void main() { b.DoJobHelper(...); } } public class B { private com.nowhere.somewebservice ws; public B() { this.ws = new com.nowhere.somewebservice(); ws.JobCompleted += new JobCompletedEventHandler(OnCompleted); } void OnCompleted(object sender, JobCompletedEventArgs e) { string s = e.Result; Guid taskID = (Guid)e.UserState; switch (s) { case "Success": // Call processResult1(); break; case "Failed": // Call processResult2(); break; default: break; } } public void DoJobHelper() { Object userState = Guid.NewGuid(); ws.DoJob(..., userState); } } (1) I have seen texts on the net on using delegates for callbacks but failed to apply that to my case. All I want to do is to call the appropriate processResult() method upon OnCompleted() event, but dunno how to and where to declare the delegate: public delegate void CallBack(string s); (2) There is a sender object passed in to OnCompleted() but never used, did I miss anything there? Or how can I make good use of sender? Any helps appreciated.

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• Sometimes Xcode appears to ignore target build settings?

  - by Derek Clarkson

  Hi all, I've created a iPhone static library project with two targets like this Project -- Library (Device) target -- Library (simulator) target The device target has the SDK set to the device so it produces an armv6/7 library and the simulator target is set to the simulator SDK so it produces an i386 library. The issue I'm having is that the SDK settings on the targets keep getting overridden by the XCode active target setting. i.e. if I build the device target, but the XCode window is showing the active SDK as being the simlulator, XCode will build a simulator library instead of a device library, ignoring the settings of the target. Although it will put it into the *-iphoneos/ directory in the build directories! I originally had the same issue with another static library project, and after a lot of playing around got everything to work correctly. i.e. The targets ignore the XCode active SDK because they have their own specifications of what to build. The problem is that I don't know what made it work in that project and I have not been able to reproduce the issue in it either. Does anyone have any ideas as to what is going on? ciao Derek

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• AES Encryption Java Invalid Key length

  - by wuntee

  I am trying to create an AES encryption method, but for some reason I keep getting a 'java.security.InvalidKeyException: Key length not 128/192/256 bits'. Here is the code: public static SecretKey getSecretKey(char[] password, byte[] salt) throws NoSuchAlgorithmException, InvalidKeySpecException{ SecretKeyFactory factory = SecretKeyFactory.getInstance("PBEWithMD5AndDES"); // NOTE: last argument is the key length, and it is 256 KeySpec spec = new PBEKeySpec(password, salt, 1024, 256); SecretKey tmp = factory.generateSecret(spec); SecretKey secret = new SecretKeySpec(tmp.getEncoded(), "AES"); return(secret); } public static byte[] encrypt(char[] password, byte[] salt, String text) throws NoSuchAlgorithmException, InvalidKeySpecException, NoSuchPaddingException, InvalidKeyException, InvalidParameterSpecException, IllegalBlockSizeException, BadPaddingException, UnsupportedEncodingException{ SecretKey secret = getSecretKey(password, salt); Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance("AES"); // NOTE: This is where the Exception is being thrown cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, secret); byte[] ciphertext = cipher.doFinal(text.getBytes("UTF-8")); return(ciphertext); } Can anyone see what I am doing wrong? I am thinking it may have something to do with the SecretKeyFactory algorithm, but that is the only one I can find that is supported on the end system I am developing against. Any help would be appreciated. Thanks.

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• Skip sanitization for videos in html5lib

  - by pug

  I am using a wmd-editor in django, much like this one in which I am typing. I would like to allow the users to embed videos in it. For that I am using the Markdown video extension here. The problem is that I am also sanitizing user input using html5lib sanitization and it doesn't allow object tags which are required to embed the videos. One solution could be to check the input for urls of well-known video sites and skip the sanitization in those cases. Is there a better solution?

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• Make an ActiveX control work without a form?

  - by Earlz

  We are using Topaz Signature pads. They provide their APIs in the from of an ActiveX control which is to be put on a Winform control. Well, the way our project will work we do not want to have a form(at least not visible). We just want for the signature ActiveX control to get an image in the background. static AxSigPlus sig = new AxSIGPLUSLib.AxSigPlus(); public static void Begin() { ((System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize)(sig)).BeginInit(); sig.Name = "sig"; sig.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(0, 0); sig.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(0, 0); sig.Enabled = true; sig.TabletState = 1; //error here sig.SigCompressionMode = 0; } Ok so I get an error at the marked line. The exception is Exception of type 'System.Windows.Forms.AxHost+InvalidActiveXStateException' was thrown. What do I do to solve this problem? Would it just be easier to create a new hidden form and put the control on it so it's invisible?

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• How to Disable/Enable WYSIWYG editor in Magento 1.4

  - by latvian

  Hi When entering code in CMS static block(possible page as well) and in this code there is empty DIV tags such us: <a href="javascript:hide1(),show2(),hide3()"><div class="dropoff_button"></div></a> The DIV tags will be gone next time you open the block to edit. it will look as this <a href="javascript:hide1(),show2(),hide3()"> </a> without the div tags ...and saving again it modifies your code. I think it something to do with the 'show/hide editor'. By default it goes into the WYSIWYG editor, so when updating static block i don't see any other solution than 1."hide the editor' by clicking 'show/hide editor' 2.delete the old code from the editor 3. get code that doesn't miss the DIVs 4. Merge new code with code in 3 in some other editing software than magento 5. paste result in the magento editor, 6. Save Is this bug? What is your solution? Can i turn of WYSIWYG editor?

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• Producing Mini Dumps for _caught_ SEH exceptions in mixed code DLL

  - by Assaf Lavie

  I'm trying to use code similar to clrdump to create mini dumps in my managed process. This managed process invokes C++/CLI code which invokes some native C++ static lib code, wherein SEH exceptions may be thrown (e.g. the occasional access violation). C# WinForms -> C++/CLI DLL -> Static C++ Lib -> ACCESS VIOLATION Our policy is to produce mini dumps for all SEH exceptions (caught & uncaught) and then translate them to C++ exceptions to be handled by application code. This works for purely native processes just fine; but when the application is a C# application - not so much. The only way I see to produce dumps from SEH exceptions in a C# process is to not catch them - and then, as unhandled exceptions, use the Application.ThreadException handler to create a mini dump. The alternative is to let the CLR translate the SEH exception into a .Net exception and catch it (e.g. System.AccessViolationException) - but that would mean no dump is created, and information is lost (stack trace information in Exception isn't as rich as the mini dump). So how can I handle SEH exceptions by both creating a minidump and translating the exception into a .Net exception so that my application may try to recover?

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• Teach Perl as a first language?

  - by yossale

  I need to teach a non-programmer the basics of computer programming + some basic programming skills (- He's going to be in a position between the clients and the programmers , so the company requires him to learn the basic concepts of programming). I thought of Perl - You can teach it without getting into typing and pointers and it's syntax is very close to human (precious "bless" :) ) - but I'm a bit troubled because I feel like I'm going to "spoil" him for other languages in the future (C,C++,Java - What some people call "Real" languages) - exactly because of the reasons mentioned above. What do you think?

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• jList in Scrollpane, seeking and displaying value of selectedIndex

  - by Mech Software

  I have a JList inside a Scrollpane. If you click on the list and move the arrow keys up and down it works like you expect, you can move your selection index and display around just fine. Now, what I want to do is basically have a text box and i'm typing in the text box like "comic" and want it to seek to the index of that value. This WORKS just fine. Where the problem is when the value of the list box is below, or above the viewable area. When it is, the selected index seeks, but does not change the position of the scrollable region. However, if I press the up or down arrows and requestFocus() to the list, and move up and down it seeks to the right viewable area. What am I missing to make this happen WITHOUT changing focus. I want to be able to just type in the list all I want and have it show me what is selected. I feel i'm missing something obvious here.

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• How to control allowed HTML tags in WMD Editor?

  - by Toto

  I am trying to some-how set the valid HTML tags and attributes users would be able to use in WMD Editor in my site. For example, I want to forbid the user to directly set the font size, color, typeface and so on, which is trivial to do with the default settings typing something like: <span style="font-size: 45px; color:#FF0000">Some intrusive text here</span>. I think the way to implement this is through the "wmd_options", but I have not found any documentation or reference regarding this, giving the fact that the 'Options demo' seems to be the only public documentation and it does not show how should I do what I have described above. I've send this same question to [email protected] but didn't get any reply. As stackoverflow uses this editor someone reading this or maybe Jeff knows the answer ;) Thanks in advance!

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• InvalidCastException in DataGridView

  - by Max Yaffe

  (Using VS 2010 Beta 2 - .Net 4.0 B2 Rel) I have a class, MyTable, derived from BindingList where S is a struct. S is made up of several other structs, for example: public class MyTable<S>:BindingList<S> where S: struct { ... } public struct MyStruct { public MyReal r1; public MyReal r2; public MyReal R1 {get{...} set{...}} public MyReal R2 {get{...} set{...}} ... } public struct MyReal { private Double d; private void InitFromString(string) {this.d = ...;} public MyReal(Double d) { this.d = d;} public MyReal(string val) { this.d = default(Double); InitFromString(val);} public override string ToString() { return this.real.ToString();} public static explicit operator MyReal(string s) { return new MyReal(s);} public static implicit operator String(MyReal r) { return r.ToString();} ... } OK, I use the MyTable as a binding source for a DataGridView. I can load the data grid easily using InitFromString on individual fields in MyStruct. The problem comes when I try to edit a value in a cell of the DataGridView. Going to the first row, first column, I change the value of the existing number. It gives an exception blizzard, the first line of which says: System.FormatException: Invalid cast from 'System.String' to 'MyReal' I've looked at the casting discussions and reference books but don't see any obvious problems. Any ideas?

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• Webservice returning 403 error

  - by user48408

  I'm wondering whether I'm receiving the 403 errors because there are too many attempted connections being made to the webservice. If this is the case how do I get around it? I've tried creating a new instance of InternalWebService each time and disposing of the old one but I get the same problem. I've disabled the firewall and the webservice is located locally at the moment. I beginning to think it may be a problem with the credentials but the control tree is populated via the webservice at some stage. If I browse to the webmethods in my browser I can run them all. I return an instance of the webservice from my login handler loginsession.cs: static LoginSession() { ... g_NavigatorWebService = new InternalWebService(); g_NavigatorWebService.Credentials = System.Net.CredentialCache.DefaultCredentials; ... } public static InternalWebService NavigatorWebService { get { return g_NavigatorWebService; } } I have a tree view control which uses the webservice to populate itself. IncidentTreeViewControl.cs: public IncidentTreeView() { InitializeComponent(); m_WebService = LoginSession.NavigatorWebService; ... } public void Populate() { m_WebService.BeginGetIncidentSummaryByCompany(new AsyncCallback(IncidentSummaryByClientComplete), null); m_WebService.BeginGetIncidentSummaryByDepartment(new AsyncCallback(IncidentSummaryByDepartmentComplete), null); ... } private void IncidentSummaryByClientComplete(IAsyncResult ar) { MyTypedDataSet data = m_WebService.EndGetIncidentSummaryByCompany(ar); //403 ..cont... } I'm getting the 403 on the last line.

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• Two classes and inline functions

  - by klew

  I have two classes and both of them uses some of the other class, on example: // class1.h class Class1; #include "class2.h" class Class1 { public: static Class2 *C2; ... }; // class2.h class Class2; #include "class1.h" class Class2 { public: static Class1 *C1; ... }; And when I define it like in example above, it works (I also have some #ifndef to avoid infinite header recurency). But I also want to add some inline functions to my classes. And I read here that I should put definition of inline function in header file, because it won't work if I'll put them in cpp file and want to call them from other cpp file (when I do it I get undefined reference during linking). But the problem here is with something like this: // class1.h ... inline void Class1::Foo() { C2->Bar(); } I get error: invalid use of incomplete type ‘struct Class2’. So how can I do it?

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• Replacing specific HTML tags using Regex

  - by matthewpe

  Alright, an easy one for you guys. We are using ActiveReport's RichTextBox to display some random bits of HTML code. The HTML tags supported by ActiveReport can be found here : http://www.datadynamics.com/Help/ARNET3/ar3conSupportedHtmlTagsInRichText.html An example of what I want to do is replace any match of <div style="text-align:*</div> by <p style=\"text-align:*</p> in order to use a supported tag for text-alignment. I have found the following regex expression to find the correct match in my html input: <div style=\"text-align:(.*?)</div> However, I can't find a way to keep the previous text contained in the tags after my replacement. Any clue? Is it me or Regex are generally a PITA? :) private static readonly IDictionary<string, string> _replaceMap = new Dictionary<string, string> { {"<div style=\"text-align:(.*?)</div>", "<p style=\"text-align:(.*?)</p>"} }; public static string FormatHtml(string html) { foreach(var pair in _replaceMap) { html = Regex.Replace(html, pair.Key, pair.Value); } return html; } Thanks!

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• Apache rewrite rules redux

  - by AlexanderJohannesen

  I've got a REST framework that when plopped into any directory should Just Work(TM), and it seems to work fine when I've got projects in subdirectories, but not if it's in root. So, given a few example directories; / /project1 /bingo/project2 /hoopla/doopla/minor/project3 All of these works fine, except I'm getting "funnies"* when the project runs in the root directory (bit hard to explain, I suppose, but the second level rewrites are not working properly). Here's my attempt at a generic .htaccess file: RewriteEngine On RewriteRule ^static/ - [L] RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} ^$ RewriteRule .* ./ [R,L] RewriteRule ^index.php - [L] RewriteRule (.*) index.php?q=$1 [QSA,PT] (And yes, all projects have a subdirectory ./static which is ignored by rewrites) What I'm trying to achieve is a set of rewrite rules that work for most cases (which is, again, plonking the project in a directory the webserver serves). I'm not a rewrite rules wiz by a long shot, and any good advice and gotchas would be appreciated (and yes, I've gone through too many introductory articles. I need some serious juice.) More info on the funnies; my webserver has docroot in one spot (under /usr/share/apache2/default-site/), but a set of rules that says that /projects is pulled in from somewhere else that's not a subdirectory of docroot (/home/user/Projects/). When I go there, I get a list of /projects subdirectories, and if one of those subdirectories gets called (restmapp) with the proposed rewrite rules, I get ; The requested URL /home/user/Projects/restmapp/index.php was not found on this server.

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• Can't operator == be applied to generic types in C#?

  - by Hosam Aly

  According to the documentation of the == operator in MSDN, For predefined value types, the equality operator (==) returns true if the values of its operands are equal, false otherwise. For reference types other than string, == returns true if its two operands refer to the same object. For the string type, == compares the values of the strings. User-defined value types can overload the == operator (see operator). So can user-defined reference types, although by default == behaves as described above for both predefined and user-defined reference types. So why does this code snippet fail to compile? void Compare<T>(T x, T y) { return x == y; } I get the error Operator '==' cannot be applied to operands of type 'T' and 'T'. I wonder why, since as far as I understand the == operator is predefined for all types? Edit: Thanks everybody. I didn't notice at first that the statement was about reference types only. I also thought that bit-by-bit comparison is provided for all value types, which I now know is not correct. But, in case I'm using a reference type, would the the == operator use the predefined reference comparison, or would it use the overloaded version of the operator if a type defined one? Edit 2: Through trial and error, we learned that the == operator will use the predefined reference comparison when using an unrestricted generic type. Actually, the compiler will use the best method it can find for the restricted type argument, but will look no further. For example, the code below will always print true, even when Test.test<B>(new B(), new B()) is called: class A { public static bool operator==(A x, A y) { return true; } } class B : A { public static bool operator==(B x, B y) { return false; } } class Test { void test<T>(T a, T b) where T : A { Console.WriteLine(a == b); } }

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