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• Webserver: Performance impact when storing session files on /dev/shm

  - by GetFree

  I have a website runing on a typical setup: Linux, Apache, PHP, MySQL. However, what's not typical about it, is that it's getting tons of traffic (400,000+ visits a day) and so, efficiency is becoming more and more important to me. I'm constantly looking for things I could optimize and, right now, my attention is focused on PHP's session files. There's a hell lot of session files constantly being read and created on the /tmp directory. So my question is: Is it a good idea to store the session files in /dev/shm (tmpfs) in order to speed things up a little bit??

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• Which OS should I chose for my VPS?

  - by Camran

  I am about to order a virtual private server now, and have no experience in any Linux OS whatsoever. I am a fast learner however... My VPS provider provides these OS: Ubuntu 8.04 LTS Ubuntu 8.04 LTS 64-bit Ubuntu 9.10 Ubuntu 9.10 64-bit Debian 5.0 Gentoo Gentoo 64-bit Ubuntu 8.04 LTS + Ruby on rails I don't know what these are, however I have heard about Ubuntu alot, and know there is alot of information about it on the Internet. Will it make any difference which one I chose? I plan on running a classifieds website, which uses PHP, MySql, Java (for Solr) and the usual standard stuff (HTML, javascript...). Which should I chose? And what is the next step after chosing one? Thanks

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• Enabling Compiz Viewport Switcher key bindings

  - by David Moles

  I'm running compiz 0.8.2 with compizconfig on Scientific Linux 6.2 with Gnome 2.28.2. In the compizconfig "General Options" I have "Desktop Size" set as follows: Horizontal Virtual Size: 6 Vertical Virtual Size: 1 Number of Desktops: 1 This gets me the layout I want, i.e. 6 workspaces in a horizontal layout. Ctrl-alt-cursor-keys work fine for switching between them. However, I can't figure out how to get key bindings for specific workspaces. I've tried enabling "Viewport Switcher" in compizconfig, and tried various combinations both in "Number-based viewport switching" and "Go to specific viewport", to no apparent effect. My first thought was that something else was eating the specific key bindings I chose, but I think I've tried every combination of shift, control, alt and super (i.e., the Windows key) by now. I tried setting 6 desktops under "General Options" instead of one desktop with horizontal virtual size 6, but that doesn't seem to make a difference either. What am I missing?

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• Can't figure out how to make Slitaz USB persistent

  - by Dennis Hodapp

  I installed Slitaz on my USB. However I can't figure out how to make it persistent automatically. There are different sources telling me different ways to make it persistent. One told me to add "slitaz home=usb" to the syslinux.cfg file like this: append initrd=/boot/rootfs.gz rw root=/dev/null vga=normal autologin slitaz home=usb but it didn't work for me. http://www.slitaz.org/en/doc/handbook/liveusb.html gave an example of how to do it manually but I didn't try it and I also want it to happen automatically. custompc.co.uk/features/602451/make-any-pc-your-own-with-linux-on-a-usb-key.html is an older article that also explains how to make the USB persistent but I don't want to try it cause it looks outdated (from 2008) does anyone know the best way to make the USB automatically persistent?

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• Does Wake-on-LAN from power state S5 require any OS configuration?

  - by TARehman

  I am configuring a HTPC which I would like to be able to power on using Wake-on-LAN, from the S5 state (full shutdown, still plugged in). The system is running Linux Mint 14 Cinnamon. I'm getting some conflicting information in my searching on the Net. I am not concerned with using WoL to change the state from standby or hibernate to on. Because of the current interface to our TV, the system must be either turned on or turned off. So, basically, this system will cycle from S0 to S5, and from S5 back to S0, and so on. Some tutorials suggest that I need to use ethtool to configure things after enabling WoL in my BIOS, but my understanding is that doing an S5 - S0 power on only requires the BIOS to be configured (since when the computer is in state S5, the OS hasn't even been loaded anyway). Can I use WoL with only the BIOS configured to go from state S5 to S0, or will I need to configure the OS as well?

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• How useful is mounting /tmp noexec?

  - by Novelocrat

  Many people (including the Securing Debian Manual) recommend mounting /tmp with the noexec,nodev,nosuid set of options. This is generally presented as one element of a 'defense-in-depth' strategy, by preventing the escalation of an attack that lets someone write a file, or an attack by a user with a legitimate account but no other writable space. Over time, however, I've encountered arguments (most prominently by Debian/Ubuntu Developer Colin Watson) that noexec is a useless measure, for a couple potential reasons: The user can run /lib/ld-linux.so <binary> in an attempt to get the same effect. The user can still run system-provided interpreters on scripts that can't be run directly Given these arguments, the potential need for more configuration (e.g. debconf likes an executable temporary directory), and the potential loss of convenience, is this a worthwhile security measure? What other holes do you know of that enable circumvention?

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• Routing Traffic on Ubuntu to give Raspberry PI Internet Access

  - by Scruffers

  I'm hoping someone can point me in the right direction for setting up my Linux (Ubuntu 12.04) box to route traffic from eth0 to wlan0. I'll try and explain the problem I am trying to solve: I currently have two separate networks: [RaspberryPi/eth0] 192.168.2.2 / 255.255.255.0 ^ | v [Ubuntu/eth0] 192.168.2.1 / 255.255.255.0 And: [Ubuntu/wlan0] 192.168.1.100 / 255.255.255.0 ^ | v [ADSL router] 192.168.1.1 / 255.255.255.0 So currently if I want to access the RaspberryPI I can SSH from the Ubuntu box to the PI. And if I want to use the Internet, I have full access from the Ubuntu box, but nothing from the RaspberryPI - the two networks are partitioned. What I would like to do is configure things so that the RaspberryPI has Internet access via the Ubuntu box and out to the Internet. I tried to create a bridge, but got the message "wlan0: operation not supported" (wireless chipset is Ralink RT3062). I'm sure giving the Raspberry PI Internet access should be easy to do in this configuration, but I am a bit lost - can someone point me in the right direction please?

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• What is fastest way to backup a disk image over LAN?

  - by David Balažic

  Sometimes I boot sysrescd or a similar live linux on a PC to backup the hardrive over local network to my server. I noticed many times, that the transfer speed is not optimal (slower than HDD and network speed). Any rules of thumb what to do and what to avoid? What I typically do is something like: dd bs=16M if=/dev/sda | nc ... # on client nc ... | dd bs=16M of=/destination/disk/backup1 # on server I also "throw" in lzop (other are way too slow) and sometimes on the fly md5sum calculation (both of uncompressed and compress source). I try to add (m)buffer (or other alternatives) to improve throughput (and get a progress indicator). I noticed that even with enough free CPU, adding commands to the pipeline slows things down. Typically the destination is on a NTFS volume (accessed via ntfs-3g, with the _big_writes_ option).

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• Gnome 3 - Unable to change date and time

  - by Chris Harris

  I am running Arch Linux with Gnome 3. Unfortunately, although my time and date settings in /etc/rc.conf show that HARDWARECLOCK='UTC' and TIMEZONE='America/LosAngeles'. I continue to get the timezone of Europe/London. If I try to change the date and time via the GUI. It requires root access. After authorizing root access, the date and time may be changed; however, after closing the GUI window, it automatically reverts back to the previous incorrect timezone. I am able to use pool.ntp.org in order to sync my time to the correct one; however, this works only for the current session and is not fixed. This solution is inconvenient since there is not always network access. What other solutions are available for this problem?

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• What's more cost effective, Hosting your web startup on Foss or Windows?

  - by user37899

  Hi, Not coming from the windows world, I'm confused about licensing. I think my knowledge may be out of date. Before we gave up with windows web servers (IIS 2), we used to have to pay Client Access licence's. This worked out quite expensive. Is it cheaper to host 1000's of users on Windows than use Free open source software tools? http://serverfault.com/questions/124329/network-load-balancing-efficience-and-limits. This post suggests I can pay $15 a month, for unlimited users. I certainly hope that this is unbiased view, I am a professional and use the right technology for the right job. I hope i am not feeling the wrath of a windows (or linux for that matter) fanboy. Perhaps a Microsoft certified Licensing person can clear this up. Should i be recommending to startups windows servers and products over lamp? Cheers!

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• KDE doesn't start up anything else

  - by Shane

  I just installed KDE under Arch Linux. Problem is, nothing is starting up right with it - no window manager, no panels, nothing. All I get is a small terminal window in the bottom right corner of the screen, which I'm assuming is konsole. From that single window I can do things like start kwin or launch programs whose names I happen to know (like chromium or firefox), but I don't have a panel for starting programs or switching between programs. It doesn't matter whether I start kdm through inittab or manually by typing # /etc/rc.d/kdm start. KDM looks great, but once I log in as my normal user I just get a console window with no decoration. Is there a startup script for KDE somewhere that needs to run, and usually has a bunch of programs by default - like a window manager, panels, widgets, and all the normal background programs that run in an ordinary GUI? If so, how can I "restore" the default behavior?

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• Installing Fedora Core 12 on a VPS

  - by cinqoTimo

  I'm working on a Linux VPS that is running FC6, and I want to reinstall with the latest version FC12. The VPS is running on the Virtuozzo platform. I am also running Plesk on the VPS. This is all managed hosting through Network Solutions, so I don't have access to the actual box. My question is, how does one reinstall a different OS through Virtuozzo? I see "reinstall VPS" in virtuozzo, but this just burns a fresh copy of FC6? Is this a host-by-host thing, or are there best practices for accomplishing this..?

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• Virtual OS using same Wallpaper as Host

  - by Jeff

  Greetings, I'm running a guest Linux OS on top of Windows XP, which rotates its wallpapers using the PowerToy Wallpaper Changer. I'm hoping for a way for my guest OS to somehow detect which wallpaper the host is using, and automatically switch to it. Why? Because if I run my guest OS in seamless mode and have transparent windows, I want the transparent background to match the host OS. It looks nice that way :). A couple tidbits of relevant information: Guest OS is Peppermint Ice (Ubuntu based) Host OS is Windows XP VirtualBox as virtualization software I realize this is somewhat breaking borders between the host and the guest, but I want my pretty rotating wallpaper! I'm guessing there is a way using scripts and shared folders or something similar, if not by means of just querying the host OS.

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• Routing application traffic through specific interface

  - by UnicornsAndRainbows

  Hello All! First question here, so please go easy: I have a debian linux 5.0 server with two public interfaces. I would like to route outbound traffic from one instance of an application via one interface and the second instance through the second interface. There are some challenges: both instances of the application use the same protocol both instances of the application can access the entire internet (can't route based on dest network) I can't change the code of the application I don't think a typical approach to load balancing all traffic is going to work well, because there are relatively few destination servers being accessed in the outbound traffic, and all traffic would really need to be distributed pretty evenly across these relatively few servers. I could probably run two virtualized servers on the box and bind each of them to a different external ip, but I'm looking for a simpler solution, maybe using iproute or iptables? Any ideas for me? Thanks in advance - and I'm happy to answer any questions.

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• tcp handshake failed.client send rst (after syn-ack). can any one advice?

  - by user1495181

  architecture: 2 linux computer connected . on the second (192.168.1.1) one run apache server . I have a small program that take tcp packets from nfqueue change the dst ip to 192.168.1.1 in case that the dst ip is 192.168.1.2 (i know that i can do it with iptables , but my program will do more things in the future), fix check sum and return to the queue. if i call to telnet 192.168.1.1 , means that my program dosnt need to do any manipulation, handshake is OK. If i call to telnet 192.168.1.2 , my program change the dest. server get the syn and return syn-ack, but right after getting the syn-ack the client send rst. Can anyone advice? wireshark of the telnet tcpdump of the telenet above

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• Keyboard-Shortcut driffen Utility to move windows around on multiscreen setup

  - by Wolfgang Fahl

  I am looking for a utility to move windows around on a multiscreen (usualy dual screen) setup. So with a keybord shortcut (or mousclick) I would like to send a windows to another monitor. I am using this functionality a lot when I give presentations. I'll lookup something on my mainscreen and then send the window to the screen or beamer where others can see it. Its also useful when working or when I want to send a screen from my computer to the TV screen that is hooked up to the computer. I know two solutions for a) Windows b) Mac OS but none yet for Linux. I'll post my windows and Mac OS solutions as answer and would be interested in other opinions.

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• How to deny access to disabled AD accounts via kerberos in pam_krb5?

  - by Phil

  I have a working AD/Linux/LDAP/KRB5 directory and authentication setup, with one small problem. When an account is disabled, SSH publickey authentication still allows user login. It's clear that kerberos clients can identify a disabled account, as kinit and kpasswd return "Clients credentials have been revoked" with no further password / interaction. Can PAM be configured (with "UsePAM yes" in sshd_config) to disallow logins for disabled accounts, where authentication is done by publickey? This doesn't seem to work: account [default=bad success=ok user_unknown=ignore] pam_krb5.so Please don't introduce winbind in your answer - we don't use it.

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• Can KVM roll back changes to Virtual Disks automatically?

  - by Cygon

  I'm currently using VirtualBox on my Linux server to run a small Windows guest OS. I've configured its main virtual hard drive as what VBox calls "Immutable" - meaning that any changes to it are written into a differencing image that is discarded when the system reboots. Can KVM do something similar? I've read about snapshots via "savevm", "loadvm" but I believe that's saved states, not differencing images. What I ultimately want is a VM with two drives: one reverts on each reboot, one keeps its changes. Ideally, the unchangeable drive image should be stored with only read access granted to the user running KVM.

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• how to remotely open an URL in Firefox in a specific profile?

  - by miernik

  I have several instances of Firefox with several different profiles running. Among them profiles with the names "software" and "test". I am trying to open an URL from a bash script to have it open in profile "test", like this: firefox -P "test" http://www.example.org/ However that opens it in profile "software" anyway. Any ideas? Mozilla/5.0 (X11; U; Linux x86_64; en-US; rv:1.9.1.8) Gecko/20100308 Iceweasel/3.5.8 (like Firefox/3.5.8) No, it is not a permissions problem, all my profile directories are perfectly under my permissions: root@przehyba:~/.mozilla# ls -ld firefox/ drwx------ 13 miernik miernik 4096 Mar 11 09:15 firefox/ root@przehyba:~/.mozilla# ls -ld firefox/* drwxr-xr-x 9 miernik miernik 4096 Mar 12 11:29 firefox/info -rw-r--r-- 1 miernik miernik 560 Mar 11 09:15 firefox/profiles.ini drwxr-xr-x 10 miernik miernik 4096 Mar 16 11:51 firefox/software drwxr-xr-x 9 miernik miernik 4096 Mar 11 09:14 firefox/tech drwxr-xr-x 11 miernik miernik 4096 Mar 15 22:48 firefox/test root@przehyba:~/.mozilla#

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• Opening firewall to incoming port 443

  - by jrdioko

  I recently set up the ufw firewall on a Linux machine so that outgoing connections are allowed, incoming connections are denied, and denied connections are logged. This seems to work fine for most cases, but I see many denied connections that are incoming on port 443 (many with IPs associated with Facebook). I can open that port to incoming connections, but first wanted to ask what these could be. Shouldn't HTTPS requests be initiated by me and be treated as outbound, not inbound connections? Is it typical to open incoming port 443 on consumer firewalls?

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• How can I fix an inconsistent NTFS file system without Windows?

  - by Demetri

  I have a Dell laptop that came with Windows from the factory. Since then, I have installed Linux and replaced the hard drive with an SSD. The NTFS partition is inconsistent (a result of bad sectors on the HDD) and needs to be fixed, but I cannot boot into Windows to run chkdsk. How do I fix this problem? Until I do, I cannot move my NTFS partition to expand space on my root filesystem, which is critically low. EDIT: All of my partitions were cloned from my dying HDD to my SSD via Clonezilla. There are no bad sectors on the SSD, but the NTFS partition is still in an inconsistent state.

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• Squid proxy server not forwarding traffic

  - by DilbertDave

  I'm trying to set up a web filtering system (dans guardian) on my home network but am failing at the first hurdle - configuring the Squid Proxy server. No matter what I do I cannot seem to configure it properly and I just receive the 'Requested URL could not be received' error page. If I remove the proxy setting on the browser everything works normally. Ultimately I want to run this on something like a Raspberry Pi but at the moment I'm testing with a virtual machine (although efforts with a netbook were equally unsuccessful). The VM has a clean installation of Linux Mint 15 and I've installed squid via apt-get. I've followed numerous walkthroughs but this on (https://help.ubuntu.com/lts/serverguide/squid.html) pretty much sums up the process I've been taking. I'm obviously missing something but cannot figure it out - any assistance appreciated.

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• VMware Server guest systems are extremely slow with IO load on host (Ubuntu 8.04)

  - by Dennis G.

  We are experiencing performance issues with a VMware Server 2.x installation on an Ubuntu 8.04 host. When the host system is generating IO load (for example, copying large files as part of a backup operation), the guests (also Ubuntu 8.04) become extremely unresponsive and slow (simple Apache HTTP requests taking 5 seconds instead of the usual 200ms). We tried optimizing various aspects of the VMs, but the issue remains. Is there a known bug with VMware performance under linux if host IO load is high? Is there a way to fix this? Is this only an issue with Ubuntu systems, or have you seen it on other systems before? Thanks!

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• Giving a permission to write and read from /var/www

  - by mako

  I need that directory, as I want to put my sites there, so that apache can run them.. It is my virtual directory path.. and I am new to linux.. I just want to read and write from that directory.. How do I enable creating/saving/reading files/folders from that directory? What command do I give? I tried a few, but I think I need to be a super user to make the folder writtable readable. Note that I dont care about security.

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• LVM mirroring VS RAID1

  - by syrenity

  Hi. Having learned a bit about LVM mirroring, I thought about replacing the current RAID-1 scheme I'm using to gain some flexibility. Problem is that according to what I found on the Internet, LVM is: 1) Slower then RAID-1, at least in reading (as only single volume being used for reading). 2) Non-reliable on power interrupts, and requires disk cache disabling for prevention of data loss. http://www.joshbryan.com/blog/2008/01/02/lvm2-mirrors-vs-md-raid-1/ Also it seems, at least to several setup guides I read (http://www.tcpdump.com/kb/os/linux/lvm-mirroring/intro.html), that one actually requires a 3rd disk for storing the LVM log. This makes the setup completely unusable on 2 disks installations, and lowers the amount of used mirror disks on higher amount of disks. Can anyone comment the above facts, and let me know his experience of using LVM mirroring? Thanks.

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