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• What does it mean to install two OS's alongside each other?

  - by Josh

  I currently have Windows 7 installed on my PC. However, I just tried out Ubuntu via booting from a disc and I love it. I want to install it onto my HDD, but I don't want to get rid of Windows 7. I know HOW to do this, but I am a little unsure what the consequences might be. What does it mean to install Ubuntu alongside Windows? Do they share the same resources? Also, I have my HDD already partitioned into two sections, a 70 GB section where Windows is installed and then another 400 GB section where all my data is stored. There is currently 26 GB free on the 70GB partition. I know Ubuntu doesn't take up much space. However, if I install Ubuntu in that space, will I still be able to install programs on Windows in the future? My main concern is that I am going to short-change my hard drive space for future installations. EDIT: I guess another big question I have is if I install a program on one OS, will the other be able to use it?

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• Finding the current user authenticated by basic auth (Apache)

  - by jtd

  When you log in through a basic auth page, is the username you authenticated as stored anywhere (on the server or client machine), maybe in an environment variable? Background: I have a common web administration page for an e-mail server and I'd like to know who is doing what. When a user successfully logs in via basic auth, I somehow want to be able to identify them and log their actions. So each time a request is submitted, I can write to a log file. The basic format would be: $username ran a $function against $useraccount so if a user changed someone's permissions, eg: Admin-Bob ran a permission change against User-Scott So if errors occur, I can easily trace back in the log file what actions lead to the cause. I tried checking the %ENV hash to no avail, any Ideas? I don't really want to get into PHP-like sessions, because that would mean scrapping my basic auth, which gives me a fine degree of control already. If I have to code something with sessions, I'd need to implement a system to block users after maximum tries and so on, which I don't really want to code. I think this is better geared towards serverfault because it pertains to Apache moreso than the programming language. Sessions can be done in a myriad of languages.

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• Heavy write to Galera cluster - table locked, cluster practically unusable

  - by Joe

  I set up Galera Cluster on 3 nodes. It works perfectly for reading data. I have done simple application to make some test on the cluster. Unfortunately I have to say that the Cluster fails totally when I try to do some writing. Maybe it can be configured differently or I do sth wrong? I have a simple stored procedure: CREATE PROCEDURE testproc(IN p_idWorker INTEGER) BEGIN DECLARE t_id INT DEFAULT -1; DECLARE t_counter INT ; UPDATE test SET idWorker = p_idWorker WHERE counter = 0 AND idWorker IS NULL limit 1; SELECT id FROM test WHERE idWorker = p_idWorker LIMIT 1 INTO t_id; SELECT ABS(MAX(counter)/MIN(counter)) FROM TEST INTO t_counter; SELECT COUNT(*) FROM test WHERE counter = 0 INTO t_counter; IF t_id >= 0 THEN UPDATE test SET counter = counter + 1 WHERE id = t_id; UPDATE test SET idWorker = NULL WHERE id = t_id; SELECT t_counter AS res; ELSE SELECT 'end' AS res; END IF; END $$ Now my simple C# application creates for example 3 MySQL clients in separate threads and each one executes the procedure every 100ms until there is no record where column 'counter' = 0. Unfortunately - after about 10 seconds sth is going bad. On servers there is process 'query_end' that never ends. After that - you cannot make update on the test table, MySQL returns: ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction . You cant even restart mysql. What you can do is to restart server, sometimes whole cluster. Is Galera Cluster so unreliable when you do massive concucurrent writing/updates? Hard to believe.

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• Isn't a hidden volume used when encrypting a drive with TrueCrypt detectable?

  - by neurolysis

  I don't purport to be an expert on encryption (or even TrueCrypt specifically), but I have used TrueCrypt for a number of years and have found it to be nothing short of invaluable for securing data. As relatively well known free, open-source software, I would have thought that TrueCrypt would not have fundamental flaws in the way it operates, but unless I'm reading it wrong, it has one in the area of hidden volume encryption. There is some documentation regarding encryption with a hidden volume here. The statement that concerns me is this (emphasis mine): TrueCrypt first attempts to decrypt the standard volume header using the entered password. If it fails, it loads the area of the volume where a hidden volume header can be stored (i.e. bytes 65536–131071, which contain solely random data when there is no hidden volume within the volume) to RAM and attempts to decrypt it using the entered password. Note that hidden volume headers cannot be identified, as they appear to consist entirely of random data. Whilst the hidden headers supposedly "cannot be identified", is it not possible to, on encountering an encrypted volume encrypted using TrueCrypt, determine at which offset the header was successfully decrypted, and from that determine if you have decrypted the header for a standard volume or a hidden volume? That seems like a fundamental flaw in the header decryption implementation, if I'm reading this right -- or am I reading it wrong?

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• How does one debug Windows network share authentication?

  - by ajs410

  I have machine0 with 32-bit Vista, logged in as a domain user, running a VMWare image of 32-bit Vista, logged in as a local user, with the VM set to bridge the network. From an administrator account (called admin) within the VM, I try to access the hidden C$ share on machine0 (i.e. start - run - "\\machine0\C$\"). I get no prompts for credentials. Worse, machine0 has an admin account (different password), and machine0\admin gets locked out when VM\admin tries to access the network share. I get a message several seconds later, which feels like a cached credential failure leading to the lockout. I have checked several places for cached credentials; net use, Stored Usernames and Passwords, mapped shares. I rebooted (both machine0 and VM) to make sure the session was clear of any cached credentials. I can force net use to use my domain credentials when accessing machine0, and then I can see the share. I can also see shares that do not require credentials. I decided to try another machine on the network (machine1), 64-bit Vista, local user. This machine has no lockout policy, and after several seconds (feels like failed cached credentials again) it prompts me for credentials. After I enter them, it re-prompts me, saying "logon unsuccessful" (tried my domain credentials, and also machine1\admin's). Which is bogus, because I proceed to log on with remote desktop using the machine1\admin credentials. I have tried this on another machine (machine2, 64-bit Vista), running a copy of the same 32-bit VM, and I don't remember having this problem. machine0 has a fingerprint reader...could that try storing passwords and interfere? Are there any places I'm missing where there could be cached credentials? Is there a way to see what credentials are flying around when I try to connect?

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• How do I set up postfix to store e-mail in a file instead of relaying it?

  - by GomoX

  I want to run a staging copy of a production server on a local environment. The system runs a PHP application, which sends e-mail to customers in various scenarios and I want to make sure no e-mail is ever sent from the staging environment. I can tweak the code so it uses a dummy e-mail sender, but i'd like to run the exact same code as the production environment. I can use a different MTA (Postfix is just what we use in production), but I'd like something that is easy to set up under Debian/Ubuntu :) So, I'd like to set up the local Postfix install to store all e-mail in (one or more) files instead of relaying it. Actually, I don't really care how it's stored as long as it's feasible to check the e-mail that was sent. Even a set up option that tells postfix to keep the e-mail in the mail queue would work (I can purge the queue when I reload the staging server with a copy from production). I know this is possible, I just haven't found any good solution online for what seems like a fairly common need. Thanks!

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• Reset sound volume in Windows 8

  - by Svish

  There seems to be a bug in Windows 8 causing the maximum volume to become lower than it really should be. I'm now at a stage where I put the volume up to max and the sound is still very low. I have a couple of Logitech Z-10 speakers with a display on them and when I touch the increase volume button on that it shows me the volume (but not able to increase it) is actually below middle even though Windows claims it to be maxed out. Is there any way I can reset the volume in Windows 8 so that I can get it up fully max again? A registry setting or something? Really don't want to have to reinstall windows or drivers or anything like that cause if it is a bug it'll probably happen again and I really don't want to have to do that every time this happens :p Any ideas? Manged to fix it by unplugging the usb connection to my speakers, turning the volume down on my computer and up on the speakers, and finally reconnecting the usb connection. Seems to have been an issue with the speakers and not Windows this time. BUT, I'm still curious how you can adjust/reset the Windows 8 sound volume without using the volume controls. Like, where is the value of the current volume setting(s) really stored? And can you manually adjust them?

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• Maintenance window and recovery for a large database

  - by NYSystemsAnalyst

  One of our teams is developing a database that will be somewhat large (~500GB) and grow from there (I know 500 Gigs may seem small to many of you, but it will be one of the larger databases in our shop). One of the issues they are grappling with is backing up and restoring the database. Basically, the database will have several "data" tables and one table used for storing images / documents. We need to accomplish the following: Be able to quickly backup and restore only the data tables (sans images) to our test server for debugging and testing purposes. In the event of a catastrophic database failure, restore the data tables only to get most of the application up and running ASAP. Then, restore the images table when possible. Backup the database within the allotted nightly time window (a few hours). My questions are: Is it possible to accomplish the first two goals while still having the images stored in the same database? If so, would we use filegroups, filestream, or something else? How do other shops backup their databases in a reasonable time window while maintaining high availability? Do you replicate to a second server and backup from there?

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• Exim, hot to route local mail to other adress

  - by kheraud

  I have setuped an Exim4 server on my debian wheezy server. This mail server only sends mail coming from localhost. The purpose is sending mail for my website. I have cron tasks and other services generating mails for root user. These mails are not stored in /var/mail as before, but sent by exim to [email protected]. I try to make exim send mails for root to [email protected] rather than [email protected]. I tried adding a .forward in /root with [email protected] as content. I tried also changing /etc/aliases with root: [email protected]. The fact is that routing works for root@localhost but not for root which is resolved as [email protected] I tested how routing is resolved with exim -bt : root@srv02:~# exim -bt root@localhost R: system_aliases for root@localhost R: dnslookup for [email protected] [email protected] <-- root@localhost router = dnslookup, transport = remote_smtp host gmail-smtp-in.l.google.com [173.194.67.27] MX=5 host alt1.gmail-smtp-in.l.google.com [74.125.143.27] MX=10 host alt2.gmail-smtp-in.l.google.com [74.125.25.27] MX=20 host alt3.gmail-smtp-in.l.google.com [173.194.64.27] MX=30 host alt4.gmail-smtp-in.l.google.com [74.125.142.27] MX=40 root@srv02:~# exim -bt root R: dnslookup for [email protected] [email protected] router = dnslookup, transport = remote_smtp host aspmx.l.google.com [173.194.78.27] MX=1 host alt1.aspmx.l.google.com [74.125.143.27] MX=5 host alt2.aspmx.l.google.com [74.125.25.27] MX=5 host alt4.aspmx.l.google.com [74.125.142.27] MX=10 host alt3.aspmx.l.google.com [173.194.64.27] MX=10 I bet this is a matter of how my server is configured (rather than how exim is configured). But to understand well I would like to have a solution for both : how to have root resolved as root@localhost ? how to have [email protected] routed to [email protected] ?

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• linux: per-process monitor, every 10 minutes, with history access

  - by Inbar Rose

  I really didn't know a better way to ask my question, hence you get a horribly named question. I will explain what i want to do, maybe that will help you help me. I would like to have my linux machine continuously monitor (every 10 minutes) all the processes on my machine. The information from each process that I require is the name, CPU usage, allocated (virtual) memory, and resident (ram) memory. If these periodic reports were to be looked at, they would look something like this: PROCESS CPU RAM VIRTUAL name1 % MB MB name2 % MB MB ...etc..etc These reports should be stored in such a way that I can access them at a later date by giving a date/time scope (range). For instance, if I want to see the history of my processes from 12:00:00 1.12.12 till 12:00:00 2.12.12 I can - and it should give me the history of the processes for every 10 minutes between those date/time borders. The format of the return is not important, that will be handled by a script anyway and can be modified into anything I need. I have looked into a few things so far, but have not found something that clearly meets my needs. Among the things i searched: sar, free(1), top(1).. and a few other things. It should be a simple issue, i can already see all this information by simply looking at my htop, but i need only a tool that will gather the desired fields for me for each processes every 10 minutes, and then also let me extract slices of that data based on date/time scopes (ranges). note: I have limited experience with linux, so please give detailed information. note2: The desired output will be something like this (after receiving the desired range) CPU USAGE BY PROCESS: proc_nameA 1,2,2,2,2,2...... numbers represent % usage every 10 minutes... proc_nameB 4,3,3,6,1,2...... The same idea with the other information.

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• How to optimize a postgreSQL server for a "write once, read many"-type infrastructure ?

  - by mhu

  Greetings, I am working on a piece of software that logs entries (and related tagging) in a PostgreSQL database for storage and retrieval. We never update any data once it has been inserted; we might remove it when the entry gets too old, but this is done at most once a day. Stored entries can be retrieved by users. The insertion of new entries can happen rather fast and regularly, thus the database will commonly hold several millions elements. The tables used are pretty simple : one table for ids, raw content and insertion date; and one table storing tags and their values associated to an id. User search mostly concern tags values, so SELECTs usually consist of JOIN queries on ids on the two tables. To sum it up : 2 tables Lots of INSERT no UPDATE some DELETE, once a day at most some user-generated SELECT with JOIN huge data set What would an optimal server configuration (software and hardware, I assume for example that RAID10 could help) be for my PostgreSQL server, given these requirements ? By optimal, I mean one that allows SELECT queries taking a reasonably little amount of time. I can provide more information about the current setup (like tables, indexes ...) if needed.

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• Installing Windows 8 to another computer with an OEM product Key

  - by user180671

  Questions come up after reading the article about the new method Microsoft uses to License windows 8 computers. Let say I bought a Brand new laptop with windows 8 preloaded. Not like the old way, there is no OEM sticker in the back of the computer which can be used for reloading system.(new product key is stored in BIOS as mentioned in the article, the key can be pulled out by using a software anyway). Is it possible to install windows 8 on another computer with that particular key in case the computer is totally damaged? Here is what i tried: First, I extracted the key with a software name "windows 8 key viewer". using the windows 8 upgrade tool to determine what copy of windows 8 I should download for the installation. The tool did correctly recognized the key as a legitimate one. but it claims that key can not be installed with a retail media (Since it is an oem key). Does this mean the only way to do it is to use an OEM CD from the manufacturer? Will ISO from MSDN source do? or it is just not possible??

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• Does image block (firefox addon) save internet bandwidth usage?

  - by dkjain

  Does image block save internet bandwidth usage. I have a data capped plan from my ISP ( 5GB at 2mbps and thereafter 256 kpbs / pm). I doubt if the addon or other similar addon actually saves bandwidht. Here is my point of view, pls correct if that is wrong. When a request is sent to the server, the server sends out whatever page it's requested to serve with all its text and images etc. So essentially my ISP has made his pipe available for the data to reach me thus he would count those bytes under my data plan. When the data arrives it's all first stored to my browser cache (folder) area which means all the data has actually been received by me/computer using my ISP's pipe. The browser then fetches those data from the cache and displays it. By hitting the stop button or blocking images via ur addon I am just choosing not to display the data which would remain in the cache or eventually be discarded if still on the network pipe after a timeout limit. The point is the data request have been completed by the ISP and so the data would be metered and thus using addon such as image block or hitting stop button while page is loading does not in any way save internet bandwidth. Your comments plz....... Regards dk.

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• Scaling a LAMP website hosted on EC2

  - by Gublooo

  Hello, I'm very new to all this - I've recently managed to launch my website on EC2. As next step, I want to learn how to scale the website. I have a general idea but wanted some input from the experts about how to go about it. My website is based on LAMP but also has Red5 server which allows users to record messages and also used for playing them back. Currently this is the architecture I'm planning to setup for initial scaling. Deploy four small EC2 instances for the following purposes: Instance-1: On this instance I will run the MySql database Instance-2: On this instance I will run the red5 server Instance-3 & Instance-4 These 2 instances will be used to deploy the website and will have Apache running on them. They will communicate with the mysql server on Instance-1 and red5 server on Instance-2 using the internal IP address. As an when required, I will launch another instance of the same EBS - I will have EBS of say 50 GIG where all the mysql data will be stored. Also red5 will use this EBS to store the video messages Load-Balancer - Use the load balancer provided by Amazon to load balance Instance-3 and Instance-4 This is what I have in mind. I could be way off so please bear with me. Also I have not taken into account the case of scaling MySql server as I currently have no idea about how that will be done and whether or not it is necessary initially. I am aware that Amazon provides auto scaling and mysql scaling as well but I dont want to get into that right now. Your feedback is appreciated Thanks

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• Firefox url / link to a group of saved bookmarks?

  - by This_Is_Fun

  In Firefox you can easily save a group of tabs together. When (re-)accessing this group, the 'cascading' bookmark menu shows each individual bookmark (and under a line) it says "open all in tabs" I'm looking for a way to launch those tabs without going up through the bookmark menu. Possible options: A) Record a simple macro w/ any number of "superuser" utilities* ('A' is not the preferred option, since many 'little-macros' are hard to keep track of) b) Use Autohotkey (similar to option 'A' and more flexible once you learn the basics) c) How does Firefox load all those tabs? The info must be stored somewhere (as a type of URL??) Quick Summary: The moment I click on "open all in tabs", I am clicking on something very similar to a hyper-link. How do I find the content (exact code) of that 'hyper-link', and / or "How do I easily launch the tabs?" .. . New EDIT #1: I'm looking for a way to launch those tabs without going up through the bookmark menu, or cluttering the bookmarks toolbar which I hide anyway :o) .. . New EDIT #2: I tried to keep the question simple and not mentioning Autohotkey programming. The objective is to launch all tabs using a button on an AHK gui. When grawity said, "It's just an ordinary folder containing ordinary bookmarks," he (she) reminds me I can easily find the folder / Now how to launch to urls inside that folder? .. FYI: (Basic-level) AHK works like this: ; Open one folder ButtonWinMerge_Files: Run, C:\Program Files\WinMerge\ Return .. ; Use default web browser for one link ButtonGoogle: Run, http://google.com Return .. . Question still open: The moment I click on "open all in tabs", I am clicking on something very similar to a hyper-link. "How to 'replicate' the way Firefox launches the tabs with one click?"

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• Disk fragmentation when dealing with many small files

  - by Zorlack

  On a daily basis we generate about 3.4 Million small jpeg files. We also delete about 3.4 Million 90 day old images. To date, we've dealt with this content by storing the images in a hierarchical manner. The heriarchy is something like this: /Year/Month/Day/Source/ This heirarchy allows us to effectively delete days worth of content across all sources. The files are stored on a Windows 2003 server connected to a 14 disk SATA RAID6. We've started having significant performance issues when writing-to and reading-from the disks. This may be due to the performance of the hardware, but I suspect that disk fragmentation may be a culprit at well. Some people have recommended storing the data in a database, but I've been hesitant to do this. An other thought was to use some sort of container file, like a VHD or something. Does anyone have any advice for mitigating this kind of fragmentation? Additional Info: The average file size is 8-14KB Format information from fsutil: NTFS Volume Serial Number : 0x2ae2ea00e2e9d05d Version : 3.1 Number Sectors : 0x00000001e847ffff Total Clusters : 0x000000003d08ffff Free Clusters : 0x000000001c1a4df0 Total Reserved : 0x0000000000000000 Bytes Per Sector : 512 Bytes Per Cluster : 4096 Bytes Per FileRecord Segment : 1024 Clusters Per FileRecord Segment : 0 Mft Valid Data Length : 0x000000208f020000 Mft Start Lcn : 0x00000000000c0000 Mft2 Start Lcn : 0x000000001e847fff Mft Zone Start : 0x0000000002163b20 Mft Zone End : 0x0000000007ad2000

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• Windows 7 product key, which is the valid one - in registry or on a sticker?

  - by me how

  I am not too familiar with the software licensing and how this all works, but I have a question regarding Windows 7 and partially Office - generally Microsoft products. I have been asked to assist our IT guy who wants to collect all the product IDs for Windows 7 and Office. I haven't been given much details how to go about it and how to collect it. After a bit of research I have decided to use a freeware that pulls the software licenses out of the registry. I thought that was the easiest and would provide the most accurate product IDs. I've used Belrac Avisor to obtain all the informations. It turns out that about 25 machines use the same product key. I have asked if the company has bought a commercial license or something but there isn't anyone available at the moment who could answer my question. I have told the IT guy that there are 25 machines using the same product key and asked if that is alright. He told me to go around and write the product keys from the sticker(label) on each machine. I am just not quite sure if that's the right approach specially that the numbers do not match.... So, now I see that the numbers aren't matching and my question is in terms of software licensing which is the VALID and correct product key to provide if ever questioned about software license? Is it the number on the sticker or is it the number stored in the registry?

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• Unwanted forced authentication after server restart (Win 2k3)

  - by Felthragar

  We're running a Win 2k3 R2 Standard 64-bit edition server. On this server we're running a fileserver and the ability to allow remote login to our network through vpn. We do not currently utilize a domain setup, all user accounts are local accounts on the server. Each employee is given a unique account to login to the server. The password is a randomly generated 16 character long string, which makes it hard to remember. What we've done is basicly had the password stored on the client machine (standard "Remember Me" functionality). This has worked well. However, last night our server automatically restarted after an automatic update. After that, some of our employees, myself included, had to re-authenticate with the server, submitting our credentials again. Then again, some others did not have to re-authenticate. Do you guys have any idea why this is? Is there a setting to prevent this? I've checked the logs but I couldn't find anything of interest. Then again I'm not really sure what I'm looking for. Thanks in advance, I'll try to answer any additional questions you may have. Edit: When I say "login" or "authenticate" I mean through the standard windows samba protocol. Edit 2: Ok, new day. Tonight the server restarted again, and the same two clients that had to re-authenticate yesterday had to re-authenticate today as well. The rest did not.

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• Identifying Exchange 2010 regular process that is walking the mailbox database

  - by toongeneral

  I have an Exchange 2010 server running on a SAN-backed platform. The platform does block-level backups based on a snapshot/incremental basis, that only capture changed data. I was surprised to see a regular period of time where the data changes were happening at a high, sustained rate. Due to the way this system works, that can lead to 1.2TB of stored data per month. The regularity implied a scheduled task, but it is not a fixed interval. It is approximately every 26-32hrs. The disks were performing read operations of ~5MB/s and write operations of ~4.5MB/s, for a period of 3-4hrs. The total written data was ~55-60GB. Reading on TechNet, I am wondering if the following is causing this: http://blogs.technet.com/b/exchange/archive/2011/12/14/database-maintenance-in-exchange-2010.aspx#checksumming The somewhat restrictive thing is that the process only happens at most once every 24 hours. I was able to investigate while it was running, finding the following: the process is store.exe it is working on the mailbox database files while running, it is generating .log files (in the mailbox database folder) consistent with database changes the mailbox database is ~60GB in size, which fits with the total data changes on each iteration I have currently switched to a fixed maintenance window, as a test. It's not clear whether this is the cause, as the symptoms fit, but are not conclusive. Does anyone have any suggestions for additional troubleshooting?

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• Bacula stops writing to disk volume after 2GB

  - by m.list

  Bacula Version: 5.2.5 I have configured bacula to write volumes to disk, however bacula stops writing to the volume as soon as it reaches 2gb. The file system is not an issue as I have stored files larger than 2gb. 06-Dec 17:22 backup-sd JobId 8421: End of Volume "Full-Monthly-0005" at 0:2147475577 on device "FileStorage" (/nfs/backup-pool). Write of 64512 bytes got 8069. 06-Dec 17:22 backup-sd JobId 8421: End of medium on Volume "Full-Monthly-0005" Bytes=2,147,475,578 Blocks=33,288 at 06-Dec-2012 17:22. backup1@backup:/nfs/backup-pool$ ls -alh Full-Monthly-0005 <br> -rw-r----- 1 bacula tape 2.0G Dec 3 16:14 Full-Monthly-0005 bacula-dir.conf: Pool { Name = Full-Monthly Pool Type = Backup Recycle = yes Volume Retention = 5 months Volume Use Duration = 1 day Maximum Volumes = 5 Maximum Volume Bytes = 12gb } bacula-sd.conf: Device { Name = FileStorage Media Type = File Archive Device = /nfs/backup-pool LabelMedia = yes # lets Bacula label unlabeled media Random Access = Yes RemovableMedia = no AlwaysOpen = no Label media = yes Maximum Volume Size = 12gb } In my original configuration Maximum Volume Bytes and Maximum Volume Size were not set at all and so should have defauted to no maximum but that did not work either.

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• How can I document and automate a system's configuration?

  - by Diomidis Spinellis

  Having a system's configuration represented by its current state is risky, inefficient, and opaque. At some point you may be left with an unsupported system and no upgrade path. Then configuring a new system compatible with the old is a process or trial and error. Furthermore, if at some point the system is damaged the only option is to go back to the most recent full backup, and try to remember what changes followed from that point. Also, the only way to create a system compatible with the original is through a complete dump/restore. Finally, in such a setup there's no way to know how you solved a particular problem; the only thing you can do is to look at the corresponding configuration files and try to guess what you changed to achieve the desired effect. Currently for each system I maintain, I keep a log file where I record all system administration activity, starting from the installation: installation options, added packages, changes in configuration files, updates, problem fixes etc. In theory this allows me to (manually) replay all changes to arrive at the current state, or to unroll an erroneous change by executing the reverse commands. However, this process is also inefficient, error-prone, and relies on human judgment. Another thing I've tried is to put /etc configuration files under version control with git. This helps me document the changes automatically and also apply them on a clean setup. But it's not without problems: git has to run under sudo, passwords and private keys may be stored in the repository, installed packages can't be meaningfully tracked, and git will have a fit if I try to extend this approach to all the system's directories. I've also thought about performing all changes through shell scripts or makefiles, but I think this process will require a lot of effort and will be fragile. Are there some better methods or tools that I'm missing?

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• Accessing or Resetting Permissions of a Mounted Registry Hive of a Different User / From a Different System

  - by Synetech

  I’m currently stuck using my backup system until I can replace my dead motherboard. In the meantime, I have put my hard-drive in this system so that I can access my files and keep working on the backup system. Fortunately, I don’t have a permission issues with the files (the partitions are FAT32). The issue I’m having is with the registry. I need to import some of my settings from the hives of my (old? normal?) installation of Windows into the one I’m currently using. Settings from the system hives (SYSTEM, SOFTWARE, etc.) are fine, but the user hive is giving me trouble. I’ve copied the NTUSER.DAT file from my other drive and mounted it with the reg command. Most of the keys (eg Software) are fine and I can access them without problem, but some of them (particularly the Identities key where Outlook Express settings are stored) complains that it cannot be opened. If I open the permissions dialog, I get an error about being unable to view the current permssions. If I then ignore it and try to take ownership of the key and it’s subkeys, I get an access-denied error. If I then add permissions for my user account on this system, I get an error, however I am then able to see the subkeys and values of the key. If I then try to access the subkeys, I get the same original errors. If I repeat the process for each subkey, I can see their values and subkeys, and so on, but of course this gets to be incredibly annoying and time-consuming (especially since the Identities key has a lot of subkeys). Is there an easier/temporary/more correct way to dump a key so that I can import it into my backup system?

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• Need software to convert RAR to ZIP ("store" mode - no compression) * Extract->re-archive changes date/time attributes

  - by Larry78

  I have tried all of the following applications (download.cnet.com - the free ones), and none of them will convert an RAR archive to a ZIP, without compressing the files ("store" mode). 7-ZIP would be fine, too. [The RAR is a "solid" archive with password (I know it), files "stored" - no compression, used WinRAR 3.5.1] PeaZip, 7-Zip, FilZip, TugZip, SimplyZipSE, QuickZip, WinShrink. (A couple of the apps let you try, but the program gives an error - indicating how bad the software is. (Like "unknown header # #.") None of these apps will do the conversion at all. IZArc 4.1 comes the closest. It will convert an RAR to a ZIP, but it compresses the zip. There is a general preference setting to "store" - but it doesn't effect conversions. I don't want to extract the RAR files and re-archive them because I need to preserve the modified/created file attributes. IZArc preserves them, but it compresses the files. WinRAR has the option to convert archives, but I get the error "skipping encryped archive" when I try to convert it. It asks for the password first, and I know it's right because that password opens the archive, and I can read/view all the files in the archive.

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• environment variables generated by at command

  - by Jordan Arseno

  I'm inspecting /var/spool/cron/atjobs/a001cf01570e44 with cat, after running the at command from PHP using exec(). It looks like at has prepended the script with lots of APACHE environment variables. #!/bin/sh # atrun uid=33 gid=33 # mail www-data 0 umask 22 APACHE_RUN_DIR=/var/run/apache2; export APACHE_RUN_DIR APACHE_PID_FILE=/var/run/apache2.pid; export APACHE_PID_FILE PATH=/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin; export PATH APACHE_LOCK_DIR=/var/lock/apache2; export APACHE_LOCK_DIR LANG=C; export LANG APACHE_RUN_USER=www-data; export APACHE_RUN_USER APACHE_RUN_GROUP=www-data; export APACHE_RUN_GROUP APACHE_LOG_DIR=/var/log/apache2; export APACHE_LOG_DIR PWD=/home/jordanarseno/webroot/public_html/myapp; export PWD cd /home/jordanarseno/webroot/public\_html/myapp || { echo 'Execution directory inaccessible' >&2 exit 1 } curl -k http://localhost/myapp/crons/this_action/3 The last line is the only real command I sent along with at via stdin. What is the purpose of these variables? Where is this procedure stored?

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• How to "open" existing VMs in Hyper-V without importing them?

  - by Borek

  I had a PC with two physical disks: C: containing the host operating system D: containing a folder D:\VMs where all my virtual machines were stored Now, the C: disk died. I bought a new one, reinstalled Windows on it, enabled Hyper-V feature and now I just need to open the VMs from the D:\VMs folder. However, I don't seem to be able to find a menu item or anything that would allow me to do that - the only thing I see is the "import" command which unfortunately requires the VMs to be explicitly exported (my machines weren't). I firmly believe that when I have all the files constituting a VM (the VHD file, some XML files describing the settings etc.) it must be somehow possible to just "open" these existing VMs in Hyper-V, right? What command am I missing? Edit: I know I can create a blank virtual machines and then just point them to use existing VHDs. However, I am not sure about all the different settings I've made to those VMs so I hope there's a way to simply open those existing VMs instead of recreating them.

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