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  • Why is my FTP output file blank?

    - by Nathan Long
    From the Windows command prompt, I have FTPd to a Windows web server. I can get a file, and I can see a directory listing with dir, but I want to save that list locally. I tried dir > c:\somefile.txt, and the file is created, but it's blank. Same thing if I do ls > c:\somefile.txt. The result is the same when I FTP from a Linux box. FTP sends back the following: 200 PORT command successful 150 Opening ASCII mode data connection for /bin/ls 226 Transfer complete

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  • how do I write a functional specification quickly and efficiently

    - by giddy
    So I just read some fabulous articles by Joel on specs here. (Was written in 2000!!) I read all 4 parts, but Im looking for some methodical approaches to writing my specs. Im the only lonely dev, working on this fairly complicated app (or family of apps) for a very well known finance company. I've never made something this serious, I started out writing something like a bad spec, an overview of some sorts, and it has wasted a LOT of my time. Ive also made 3 mockup-kinda-thingies for my client so I have a good understanding of what they want. Also released a preview (a throw away working app with the most basic workflow), and Ive only written and tested some of the very core/base systems. I think the mistake Ive been making so far is not writing a detailed spec, so Im getting to it now. So the whole thing comprises of An MVC website (for admins & data viewing) 2 Silverlight modules (For 2 specific tasks) 1 Desktop Application Im totally short on time, resources and need to get this done quick, also, need to make sure these guys read it up equally quick and painlessly. So how do I go about it, Im looking for any tips, any real world stuff, how do you guys usually do it? Do you make a mock screenie of every dialog/form/page? Im thinking of making a dummy asp.net web forms project, then filling in html files in folders and making it look like my mvc url structure. Then having a section in the spec for the website and write up a page for every URL Ive got with a screenie. For my win forms app, Ive made somewhat of a demo Win Form project, would I then put in a dialog or stucture everything as I would in the real app and then screen shot it?

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  • Server Fault Wiki: How does Subnetting Work?

    - by Kyle Brandt
    How does Subnetting Work, and How do you do it by hand or in your head? Can someone explain both conceptually and with several examples? Server Fault gets lots of subnetting homework questions, so we could use an answer to point them to on Server Fault itself. If I have a network, how do I figure out how to split it up? If I am given a netmask, how do I know what the network Range is for it? Sometimes there is a slash followed by a number, what is that number? Sometimes there is a subnet mask, but also a wildcard mask, they seem like the same thing but they are different? Someone mentioned something about knowing binary for this? Not looking for links to other sites (unless maybe you have one post with a bunch of good ones). I already know how to subnet, I just thought it would be nice if Server Fault had a generic subnetting answer.

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  • 5 Ways Microsoft Can Improve the Windows 8 Start Screen

    - by Matt Klein
    After having used Windows 8 over the past few months, we’ve found a few ways Microsoft could immediately improve the Start Screen to make it less disorienting and more usable, not only for tablets but desktops and laptops as well. It’s safe to say that the one thing Windows 8 doesn’t lack is criticism. Since the Consumer Preview debuted in February, it has proven to be one of the most polarizing Windows releases ever. But regardless of whether you love or hate it, Windows 8 is where Microsoft’s venerable operating system is headed. Portable computing is here to stay and if the company is to survive, let alone remain relevant, it has to change, adapt, embrace, and extend. Perhaps the single most universally controversial change to Windows is Microsoft’s decision to remove the Start button (or orb, if you’ve moved beyond XP) and with it, what we know to be the Start Menu. In their place we now have a Start hot corner (a workable alternative) and the newly redesigned Metro Start Screen. The Start Screen is, if nothing else, different. Beyond a doubt, there has not been such a radical redesign of Windows’ Start functionality since it went to a two-column design with a nested “All Programs” menu in Windows XP. The Start Screen can be a little jarring because it requires users to not only relearn what they’ve known for nearly two decades but to also rethink the way they interact with Windows. However, the Start Screen maintains its core elements: a Start “menu”, a place for all installed programs (All apps), and a search pane. The Start Screen is attractive, clean, bold, and very imperfect. Here are five changes we’d like to see in the Start Screen before Windows 8 goes gold … How to Make Your Laptop Choose a Wired Connection Instead of Wireless HTG Explains: What Is Two-Factor Authentication and Should I Be Using It? HTG Explains: What Is Windows RT and What Does It Mean To Me?

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  • How to Fix Mail Server SSL?

    - by Noah Goodrich
    Our mail server was originally setup using self-created certificates, however when those expired and I tried to recreate them, the whole thing just blew up. Since I know it will be important, we are running a Debian server and Postfix. Now I see these errors generated in the mail logs: May 15 08:06:34 letterpress postfix/smtpd[22901]: warning: cannot get certificate from file /etc/postfix/ssl/smtpd.cert May 15 08:06:34 letterpress postfix/smtpd[22901]: warning: TLS library problem: 22901:error:02001002:system library:fopen:No such file or directory:bss_file.c:352:fopen('/etc/postfix/ssl/smtpd.cert','r'): May 15 08:06:34 letterpress postfix/smtpd[22901]: warning: TLS library problem: 22901:error:20074002:BIO routines:FILE_CTRL:system lib:bss_file.c:354: May 15 08:06:34 letterpress postfix/smtpd[22901]: warning: TLS library problem: 22901:error:140DC002:SSL routines:SSL_CTX_use_certificate_chain_file:system lib:ssl_rsa.c:720: May 15 08:06:34 letterpress postfix/smtpd[22901]: cannot load RSA certificate and key data And when trying to access email from a client like Thunderbird from outside our local network, you receive "Unable to connect to smtp server". Update: I have verified that the file does exist. The current owner of the file is root:root. Does this need to be changed?

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  • Bridge virtual machines out WLAN interface

    - by Thomas
    It seems that my wlan card (intel 5100 AGN) firmware doesn't allow "spoofing" MAC addresses. This has the side effect of destroying the capability to bridge out my virtual machines on that interface. Apparently this is a common thing on wlan cards. I can see the incoming traffic just fine in my virtual machines, but their DHCP queries don't get bridged out of the WLAN card. It works perfectly well when using the wired ethernet port. Is there a workaround for this? MAC-NAT or something? I don't want to route my virtual machines out to the Internet because I don't want my host OS to even have an IP address. I'm using Linux and KVM for virtualization.

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  • Won`'t read Unicode characters over NFS mount ?

    - by Julz
    Hello, I'm getting this strange issue when trying to play mp3's containing unicode characters ( accents ) over an NFS on OSX, it's all good over AFP, but I'm setup with NFS because it's a linux server on the other end . This is my disk utility setup : nfs://192.168.1.112/Music advanced mount parameters : -P , nolocks nosuid The strange thing is that I can see those files in the finder ( with the accents .. ) but I cant play them !! So Im wondering if it's an unicode issue, since I can see the files properly or a permission issue since I can't play them, but them it wouldn`t make sense that I can't play ONLY the files containing accents .. help ?? Thanks

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  • High load (and high temp) with idle processes

    - by Nanne
    I've got a semi-old laptop (toshiba satellite a110-228), that's appointed 'laptop for the kids' by my sister. I've installed ubuntu netbook (10.10) on it because of the lack-of memory and it seems to work fine, accept from some heat-issues. These where never a problem under windows. It looks like I've got something similar to this problem: Load is generally 1 or higher, sometimes its stuck at 0.80, but its way to high. Top/htop only show a couple of percentage CPU use (which isn't too shocking, as i'm not doing anything). At this point all the software is stock, and i'd like to keep it that way because its supposed to be the easy-to-maintain kids computer. Now I'd like to find out: What could be the cause of the high load? Could it be as this thread implies, some driver, are there other options to check? How could I see what is really keeping the system hot and bothered? How to check what runs, etc etc? I'd like to pinpoint the culprint. further steps to take for debugging? The big bad internet leads me to believe that it might be the graphics drivers. The laptop has an Intel 945M chipset, but that doesn't seem to be one of the problem childs in this manner (I read a lot abotu ATI drivers that need special isntall). I'd not only welcome hints to directly solve this (duh) but also help in starting to debug what is going on. I am really hesitant in installing an older kernel, as I want it to be stock, and easy upgradeable (because I don't live near it, it should run without me ;) ) As an afterthought: to keep the whole thing cooler, can I 'amp up' the fancontrol? Its only going "airplane" mode when the computer is 95 Celcius, which is a tad late for my taste. Top: powertop:

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  • How far to go with Domain Driven Design?

    - by synti
    I've read a little about domain driven design and the usage of a rich domain model, as described by Martin Fowler, and I've decided to put it in practice in a personal project, instead of using transaction scripts. Everything went fine until UI implementation started. The thing is some views will use rich components that are backed up by unusual models and, thus, I must transform the domain model into what is used by those components. And that transformation is specially "complex" in the view-to-domain portion, up to the point that some business logic is involved. Wich brings me to the questioning: where should I do these adaptations? So far I've got the following conclusions: Doing it in the presentation layer is good because, well, if that layer imposes restrictions in it's model, then it should be the one to handle them. But it's bad because there'll be some business leakage. If I do it on the services objects (controllers, actions, whatever), then it'd be good because there won't be any change to the domain API just because of presentation layer, but it's bad because then I'd have transaction scripts, wich is not the intended design. Finally, if I do it on the domain model, there'd be no leakage of business logic at all. But in the future I could expect an explosion of the API into a series of methods designed just to handle that view-model <- domain-model adaptation. I hope I could make myself clear on this.

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  • OpenGL: Attempt to allocate a texture to big for the current hardware

    - by AnonymousMan
    I'm getting the following error: java.io.IOException: Attempt to allocate a texture to big for the current hardware at org.newdawn.slick.opengl.InternalTextureLoader.getTexture(InternalTextureLoader.java:320) at org.newdawn.slick.opengl.InternalTextureLoader.getTexture(InternalTextureLoader.java:254) at org.newdawn.slick.opengl.InternalTextureLoader.getTexture(InternalTextureLoader.java:200) at org.newdawn.slick.opengl.TextureLoader.getTexture(TextureLoader.java:64) at org.newdawn.slick.opengl.TextureLoader.getTexture(TextureLoader.java:24) The image I'm trying to use is 128x128. System.out.println(GL11.glGetInteger(GL11.GL_MAX_TEXTURE_SIZE)); I get: 32. 32??!! My graphics card is AMD Radeon HD 7970M with 2048 MB GDDR5 RAM, I can run all the latest games in 1080p and 60fps with no problem, and those textures sure as hell doesn't look like they are 32x32 pixels to me! How can I fix this? -- Edit: Here's the chaos code I use to init OpenGL: Display.setDisplayMode(new DisplayMode(500,500)); Display.create(); if (!GLContext.getCapabilities().OpenGL11) { throw new Exception("OpenGL 1.1 not supported."); } Display.setTitle("Game"); glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION); glLoadIdentity(); GLU.gluPerspective(45, 1, 0.1f, 5000); Mouse.setGrabbed(true); glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW); glLoadIdentity(); glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_2D); glClearColor(0, 0, 0, 0); glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST); glDepthFunc(GL_LEQUAL); glHint(GL_PERSPECTIVE_CORRECTION_HINT, GL_NICEST); glBlendFunc(GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA); glEnable(GL_BLEND); glEnable(GL_POINT_SMOOTH); glEnable(GL_LINE_SMOOTH); glEnable(GL_POLYGON_SMOOTH); glEnable(GL_POLYGON_OFFSET_FILL); glShadeModel(GL_SMOOTH); Display is a LWJGL thing, it makes the OpenGL context and the window. Anyway, I don't think there's anything in the init code that can help me but you never know...

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  • Where is the Flash in Chrome?

    - by Daniel
    I installed Google Chrome. This is the first thing I did after installing Ubuntu. I went into firefox, and went to chrome.google.com, and hit the button. I don't like package managers, and avoid the command line like the pox. Then, I started using Google Chrome. I went to Kongregate, and clicked on a game. It told me I didn't have flash. A few different websites told me the same. I assumed that they must have been wrong. I hit the link to Adobe, to install Flash, and it reassured me; of course, Google Chrome includes Flash. I checked my version - Chrome 5.0.375.126. Of course, I just downloaded it. I scoured the internet for solutions. None worked. Many seemed to involve re-enabling Flash, or something like that. But insofar as I can tell, there is no Flash anywhere in my Chrome. I feel like I bought a Reese's cup, and found solid chocolate. I checked in the Chrome plugin manager, and everything. A few solutions told me to copy some garbage into my command line and hit enter (as almost all solutions to problems on linux entail). I did it, reluctantly, and it did nothing. I thought Flash was supposed to come with Chrome. But it didn't. Sooooo... What gives? Google Chrome version: Google Chrome 5.0.375.126 (Official Build 53802) WebKit 533.4 V8 2.1.10.15 User Agent Mozilla/5.0 (X11; U; Linux x86_64; en-US) AppleWebKit/533.4 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/5.0.375.126 Safari/533.4 Command Line /opt/google/chrome/google-chrome Operating System: Ubuntu 10.4 64 bit.

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  • How best to handle ID3D11InputLayout in rendering code?

    - by JohnB
    I'm looking for an elegant way to handle input layouts in my directx11 code. The problem I have that I have an Effect class and a Element class. The effect class encapsulates shaders and similar settings, and the Element class contains something that can be drawn (3d model, lanscape etc) My drawing code sets the device shaders etc using the effect specified and then calls the draw function of the Element to draw the actual geometry contained in it. The problem is this - I need to create an D3D11InputLayout somewhere. This really belongs in the Element class as it's no business of the rest of the system how that element chooses to represent it's vertex layout. But in order to create the object the API requires the vertex shader bytecode for the vertex shader that will be used to draw the object. In directx9 it was easy, there was no dependency so my element could contain it's own input layout structures and set them without the effect being involved. But the Element shouldn't really have to know anything about the effect that it's being drawn with, that's just render settings, and the Element is there to provide geometry. So I don't really know where to store and how to select the InputLayout for each draw call. I mean, I've made something work but it seems very ugly. This makes me thing I've either missed something obvious, or else my design of having all the render settings in an Effect, the Geometry in an Element, and a 3rd party that draws it all is just flawed. Just wondering how anyone else handles their input layouts in directx11 in a elegant way?

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  • SBS 2003 crashes often due to limited memory

    - by Sanoj
    I have a Windows SBS 2003 Std that regularly crashes, in about every 20th day. The only thing I can see in the logs is that used memory increases with about 30MB/day. The process that uses more and more memory is sqlservr. We don't have much installed on the server; a Point-Of-Sale-system that uses Pervasive SQL as database and an Accounting application. We just have 2GB of RAM and I could upgrade to 4GB but I think that this just delay the problem. Is there any solution to this problem? Could I limit sqlservr to some memory?

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  • silent failure while creating odbc data source

    - by Peter
    I just got really confused trying to create an ODBC data source in Windows 2003 R2. I can create a connection to my chosen server (a MS SQL Server) on the "user DSN" tab, but when I try to do the same thing on the "system DSN tab", the process fails but without an error message. I am able to connect to the target database fine at the end of configuring a new data source, but when I click OK, the data source just isn't there. No error message, no sign that anything went amiss, other than the lack of a new data source. Very annoying, as I had to repeat the process a few times to make sure I wasn't crazy. Anybody got any hints? I suspect it is a permission problem of some sort but since there is no error message, I don't know where to start.

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  • Is It Time To Specialize?

    - by Tim Murphy
    Originally posted on: http://geekswithblogs.net/tmurphy/archive/2013/06/18/is-it-time-to-specialize.aspx Over my career I have made a living as a generalist.  I have been a jack of all trades and a master of none.  It has served me well in that I am able to move from one technology to the other quickly and make myself productive.  Where it becomes a problem is deep knowledge.  I am constantly digging for the things that aren’t basic knowledge.  How do you make a product like WCF or Windows RT do more than just “Hello World”? As an architect I need to be a jack of all trades.  This is what helps me to bring the big picture of a project into focus for developers with different skills to accomplish the goals of the project. It is a key when the mix technologies crosses Windows, Unix and Mainframe with different languages and databases.  The larger the company that the project is for the more likely this scenario will arise. As a consultant and a developer I need to have specialized skills in order to get the job done efficiently.  if I have a SharePoint or Windows Phone project knowing the object model details and possible roadblocks of the technology allow me to stay within budgets as well as better advise the client on technology decisions. What is the solution?  Constant learning and associating with developers who specialize in a variety of technologies is the best thing you can do.  You may have thought you were done with classes when you left college, but in this industry you need to constantly be learning new products and languages.  The ultimate answer is you must generally specialize.  Learn as many subject areas as possible, but go deep when ever you can.  Sleep is overrated.  Good luck. del.icio.us Tags: software development,software architecture,specialization,generalist

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  • 11 ADF Mobile Apps in 30 Hours

    - by Shay Shmeltzer
    The Oracle ADF Mobile team took part in a special "hackathon" this weekend, where 11 teams of new college hires who joined Oracle lately spent 30 hours building enterprise mobile applications leveraging ADF Mobile. One important thing to note - none of the participants worked with Oracle ADF Mobile before! In fact 90% of them didn't develop with ADF previously. All they had is a 2 hour training session before the event - and that's all they needed. From that point on they were able to build great cross device mobile applications. So what did they build? Here are some examples: A mileage expense tracking system: An ad campaign analysis system An expense report entry system Bug tracking system with data analysis: Carpooling social system: College Hiring system with CV scanning: Shipment management system for Farmers: Project time entry system: For sale post-it system (with item location): Conference event experience system with conference map and twitter feed integration: It was great to see how fast developers were able to learn and leverage ADF Mobile - and how creative the teams were. Here they are in action: So how about you? What would you build next? What would be your first ADF Mobile application? Start today!

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  • Problem installing Ubuntu One in Windows XP

    - by Garry
    I've just had to reinstall my Ubuntu One client for Windows XP Service Pack 3 and whenever I do it uninstalls my previous attempt then comed up with the following error message c:\Program Files/ubuntuone\dist\ubuntuone-control-panel-qt.exe This application has failed to start because the application configuration is incorrect. Reinstalling this application may fix this problem. The only option I have is "ok" then nothing happens. I've tried downloading Ubuntu One several times and tried Windows 2000 compatibility mode, Administrator mode and nothing. The only thing that I make happen is for Windows NT 5 mode, a small box appears with nothing showing and nothing else. I really need Ubuntu 1 on my computer as it has everything on it so I'm wondering if I can do anything to make it install or if it's a lost cause. The last time I tried to install U1 on Windows XP I had the same problem but after about 10 tries it installed. I've tried about 30 times now and nothing. My computer is a Dell OptiPlex SX280 with 2gb ram and 340GB Hard disk Intel Pentium 4 HT Processor

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  • Is it possible to have an external server with in a companies firewall?

    - by Jonathan
    Hi guys, I am sure this is server admin 101,but I am unsure of the answer and would love some help. I am a software developer I have built an application for a client and am currently hosting it successfully on SliceHost. We are now coming out of Beta and the client wants to have the application within their Firewall, but they do not want to deal with headache of hosting and maintaining the server. Is there a way I can recommend that we put our server at SliceHost within their Firewall? Is that an easy thing to do? If that is not possible, what should I recommend to my client? Thanks! Jonathan

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  • NIS client cannot find NIS server (Opensuse)

    - by Tony
    I installed NIS server on head node of a virtual cluster(VirtualBox). One of the node (let's say node-1) can find NIS server and work with it, but another node (node-2) just can't find the NIS server in Yast while it can ping and ssh to both head node and node-1. BTW, all the nodes are VMs, head node and node-1 are on the same physical machine, node-2 is on another physical machine. I set the domain name in /etc/hosts and /etc/yp.conf, and ypwhich sometimes gives the correct domainname several minutes later complains about "ypwhich: Can't communicate with ypbind", and will back to work after some time. Also tried rpcinfo -p hostname and it worked as expected. I almost tried every thing I can find on internet, but seems that not many people had this problem. Any help would be very appreciated.

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  • How can I send a Wake on Wireless LAN (WoWLAN) / Wake on Demand request manually?

    - by pioto
    This is similar to, but not the same as, http://serverfault.com/questions/1721/is-wireless-wake-on-lan-possible. I know it is supposed to be possible. The question is, how do I do whatever the AirPort Basestation will do? All I can find so far is that supposedly I need to send something with Wireless Multimedia Extensions (WMM): Basically, I want to be able to wake up my Mac Mini remotely, probably using my Linux laptop. Does anyone know of a tool to do this? Basic Wake on LAN tools do not seem to be the right thing. I don't need the Sleep Proxy Service bit, because I already know the MAC address of the system I want to wake up.

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  • Apache Server-Side Includes Refuse to Work (Tried everything in the docs but still no joy)

    - by raindog308
    Trying to get apache server-side includes to work. Really simple - just want to include a footer on each page. Apache 2.2: # ./httpd -v Server version: Apache/2.2.21 (Unix) Server built: Dec 4 2011 18:24:53 Cpanel::Easy::Apache v3.7.2 rev9999 mod_include is compiled in: # /usr/local/apache/bin/httpd -l | grep mod_include mod_include.c And it's in httpd.conf: # grep shtml httpd.conf AddType text/html .shtml DirectoryIndex index.html.var index.htm index.html index.shtml index.xhtml index.wml index.perl index.pl index.plx index.ppl index.cgi index.jsp index.js index.jp index.php4 index.php3 index.php index.phtml default.htm default.html home.htm index.php5 Default.html Default.htm home.html AddHandler server-parsed .shtml AddType text/html .shtml In the web directory I created a .htaccess with Options +Includes And then in the document, I have: <h1>next should be the include</h1> <!--#include virtual="/footer.html" --> <h1>include done</h1> And I see nothing in between those headers. Tried file=, also with/without absolute path. Is there something else I'm missing? I see the same thing on another unrelated server (more or less stock CentOS 6), so I suspect the problem is between keyboard and chair...

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  • recover files from encrypted home folder

    - by maskiepop
    I can't seem to find the answer to my questions -- hence my posting this here. 1) I have encrypted my home folder in LinuxMint 15 Cinammon x64. If I create images of LM's partitions via fsarchiver, how do I go about selectively restoring home folders, and files from the FS images? 2) I haven't done this yet; but can I restore another users home folder into another user; both unencrypted. Is that a fairly common thing to do in Linux/ubuntu? I mean is the process fairly straightforward? What if the home folder I want to copy over to another user is encrypted? Thx

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  • Ganglia and how it communicates

    - by MikeKulls
    I'm a little confused about how Ganglia sends information around and have found conflicting information on the web. I would have thought that the gmond process would either send info to gmetad at a regular interval or gmetad would request info from the various instances of gmond. At least one online article states this is how it works but from what I understand this is incorrect. It appears that you configure all gmond processes to send their info to a central gmond process and gmetad will request info from that central gmond. Is that correct? In my case I have 6 servers sending their information to 1 central server. If I set gmetad to get it's information from the central server then I get information from all 6 servers, all good.. Their weird thing is that if I point gmetad to one of the 6 servers then I still get info from all 6 servers. How is it that server 1 in my cluster if getting stats from all the other servers?

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  • How to change the color of Razer Mamba?

    - by Delphy
    I just bought a Razer Mamba and I was in the process of configuring it when I noticed that the "Lighting and Power" tab was just "Lighting" and didn't give me the option to change thing. I've seen Youtube videos and I'm wondering how to get the same Razer Configuration program as all these other people. I went to the Razer site and downloaded the most recent drivers but no help there. Something is missing and I don't know what. I am trying to get it run on Windows 7.

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  • Duck checker in Python: does one exist?

    - by elliot42
    Python uses duck-typing, rather than static type checking. But many of the same concerns ultimately apply: does an object have the desired methods and attributes? Do those attributes have valid, in-range values? Whether you're writing constraints in code, or writing test cases, or validating user input, or just debugging, inevitably somewhere you'll need to verify that an object is still in a proper state--that it still "looks like a duck" and "quacks like a duck." In statically typed languages you can simply declare "int x", and anytime you create or mutate x, it will always be a valid int. It seems feasible to decorate a Python object to ensure that it is valid under certain constraints, and that every time that object is mutated it is still valid under those constraints. Ideally there would be a simple declarative syntax to express "hasattr length and length is non-negative" (not in those words. Not unlike Rails validators, but less human-language and more programming-language). You could think of this as ad-hoc interface/type system, or you could think of it as an ever-present object-level unit test. Does such a library exist to declare and validate constraint/duck-checking on Python-objects? Is this an unreasonable tool to want? :) (Thanks!) Contrived example: rectangle = {'length': 5, 'width': 10} # We live in a fictional universe where multiplication is super expensive. # Therefore any time we multiply, we need to cache the results. def area(rect): if 'area' in rect: return rect['area'] rect['area'] = rect['length'] * rect['width'] return rect['area'] print area(rectangle) rectangle['length'] = 15 print area(rectangle) # compare expected vs. actual output! # imagine the same thing with object attributes rather than dictionary keys.

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