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• Emailing Service: To or Bcc?

  - by Shelakel

  I'm busy coding a reusable e-mail service for my company. The e-mail service will be doing quite a few things via injection through the strategy pattern (such as handling e-mail send rate throttling, switching between Smtp and AmazonSES or Google AppEngine for e-mail clients when daily quotas are exceeded, send statistics tracking (mostly because it is neccessary in order to stay within quotas) to name a few). Because e-mail sending will need to be throttled and other limitations exist (ex. max recipient quota on AmazonSES limiting recipients to 50 per send), the e-mails typically need to be broken up. From your experience, would it be better to send bulk (multiple recipients per e-mail) or a single e-mail per recipient? The implications of the above would be to send to a 1000 recipients, with a limit of 50 per send, you would send 20 e-mails using BCC in a newsletter scenario. When sending an e-mail per recipient, it would send 1000 e-mails. E-mail sending is asynchronous (due to inherit latency when sending, it's typically only possible to send 5 e-mails per second unless you are using multiple client asynchronously). Edit Just for full disclosure, this service won't be used by or sold to spammers and will as far as possible automatically comply with national and international laws. Closed< Thanks for all the valuable feedback. The concerns regarding compliance towards laws, user experience (generic vs. personalized unsubscribe) and spam regulation via ISP blacklisting does make To the preferred and possibly the only choice when sending system generated e-mails to recipients.

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• Why doesn't this batch file work for me?

  - by asdfg

  The following batch file is not woking. @echo off python -c "print('echo text')" %TEMP%\test.bat call %TEMP%\test.bat Can anyone help me with this?. edit: I needed unix eval functionality in windows. I could not find a direct way though. So I redirected the eval string to a temporary batch file and executed it. The temporary batch file was successfully created but calling it did not work in the above case. I noticed that any command after the test.bat creation did not work.

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• Need help to figure out iptables rule

  - by Master

  I have this iptable rule listing Chain INPUT (policy DROP) target prot opt source destination ACCEPT tcp -- 127.0.0.1 0.0.0.0/0 tcp dpt:3306 acctboth all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 VZ_INPUT all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 ACCEPT tcp -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 tcp dpt:3306 ACCEPT tcp -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 tcp dpt:3306 ACCEPT tcp -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 tcp dpt:3306 ACCEPT tcp -- 94.101.25.40 0.0.0.0/0 state NEW tcp dpt:3306 Chain FORWARD (policy DROP) target prot opt source destination VZ_FORWARD all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 Chain OUTPUT (policy DROP) target prot opt source destination acctboth all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 VZ_OUTPUT all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 ACCEPT tcp -- 94.101.25.40 0.0.0.0/0 state NEW tcp dpt:3306 I want only localhost and my ip to access tcp 3306. Can i deleted all other rules as shown above. I don't know if i nned to keep any of them or not

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• How does storage spaces decide where to put my files?

  - by George Duckett

  With Windows 8 Storage Spaces, you can lump many hard disks of varying types, speeds and sizes together to use as a single storage space / logical drive. How does Windows decide what to place where? For example will it move files about depending on frequency of access? Maybe splitting files frequently accessed together between hard disks etc. What does it optimize for? Speed, reliability, etc? If the above is asking too much, can I easily see where the files are physically (on which physical disk)?

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• Where can I connect this USB 3.0 cord?

  - by tomsawyer95

  My motherboard has 2 USB 3.o slots in the back, where the usual slots go, but the tower also supports 1 or 2 USB 3.0 ports in the front, above the DVD drive. So, there is a cord coming out of those ports that has an end exactly like the one in the attached picture. I am not able to find a matching port on the mobo, so I presume it doesn't have one, and I would need an adapter or else just leave it inoperable. I have an ASUS P8Z68-V LX and an Antec 900 tower.

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• Compilation problem [closed]

  - by Misery

  I am trying to compile a program called Triangle Mesh Generator. It is an open source code written in ANSI C. I need it to bo a callable lib so I am using a switch (#define) created by it's Author. However I get this error: /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.6/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/crt1.o: In function `_start': collect2: ld returned 1 exit status make: *** [triangle] Error 1 I am not sure why such an error occurs. Worth adding is that compiling it as a stand alone program is succesful. I am using GCC on 12.04. The lines quoted above constitute the total output. What I put in the terminal is just make in the proper folder. There are no other errors, warnings, or other messages. Link to the sources I found some additional instructions. I'll get back after reading them :] EDIT: I have found some additional instructions that let me compile it. Thanks for help. I am closing question right now. Regards

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• Win7 Professional x64 16GB (4.99GB usable)

  - by Killrawr

  I've installed Corsair Vengeance CMZ16GX3M2A1600C10, 2x8GB, DDR3-1600, PC3-12800, CL10, DIMM and my BIOS picks up that there is 16GB, Windows says there is 16GB, CPU-z says there is 16GB. But it only says I can use 4.99GB out of 16GB. Motherboard is P55-GD65 (MS-7583) Supports four unbuffered DIMM of 1.5 Volt DDR3 1066/1333/1600*/2000*/2133* (OC) DRAM, 16GB Max Windows (Above screenshot specifies that I am on a System type: 64-bit OS) CPU-z Microsoft says that the physical memory limit on a 64 bit win7 professional operating system is 192GB. Dxdiag Run Command BIOS Screenshot #1 BIOS Screenshot #2 Why is my OS limiting me to just over a quarter of the available memory? is there anyway to increase it?

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• Greater than or equal check when using Group Policy Preferences and Item Level Targeting in the Registry

  - by edusysadmin

  I'm implementing some screen saver configurations via Group Policy Preferences (on Win7 Enterprise x64 desktops). The desired configuration is to have users be able to adjust their screen saver and screen saver time out, but not allow them to select non screen saver or a time out higher than 45min. I've found a great write-up for configuration of the screen saver (link) but cannot find a way to configure the time out. I cannot find a way to have the item level targeting compare the reg key HKCU\Control Panel\Desktop\ScreenSaveTimeOut value and force an over-write of the key if configured above 45min/2700seconds. Anyone else tried something like this or found a means to do this?

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• Is this JS code a good way for defining class with private methods?

  - by tigrou

  I was recently browsing a open source JavaScript project. The project is a straight port from another project in C language. It mostly use static methods, packed together in classes. Most classes are implemented using this pattern : Foo = (function () { var privateField = "bar"; var publicField = "bar";     function publicMethod() { console.log('this is public');     } function privateMethod() { console.log('this is private'); } return {   publicMethod : publicMethod, publicField : publicField }; })(); This was the first time I saw private methods implemented that way. I perfectly understand how it works, using a anonymous method. Here is my question : is this pattern a good practice ? What are the actual limitations or caveats ? Usually i declare my JavaScript classes like that : Foo = new function () { var privateField = "test"; this.publicField = "test";     this.publicMethod = function()     { console.log('this method is public'); privateMethod();     } function privateMethod() { console.log('this method is private'); } }; Other than syntax, is there any difference with the pattern show above ?

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• How to tell if my sound card is listed in Device Manager?

  - by Bruhan

  The sound on my computer suddenly stopped working. When I check Sounds and Audio Devices in the Control Panel, I get "No Audio Device" with everything grayed out. When I check the Device Manager under "Sound, video and game controllers" I see the following list: Audio Codecs Legacy Audio Drivers Legacy Video Capture Devices Media Control Devices MPU-401 Compatible MIDI Device Standard Game Port Video Codecs None of these looks like my sound card. Of course, my sound "card" is not really a sound card, it's integrated with the nVidia-nForce motherboard. I'm running Windows XP. So is one of the above my sound device, or is the OS not detecting it? If the latter, how do I get it to detect it?

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• count the number of times a substring is found within a date range in excel

  - by ckr

  I have a spreadsheet that contains test data. column A has the test name and column B contains the test date. I want to count the number of times that the string Rerun is found within a certain date range. For example A B test1 11/2/2012 test2 11/7/2012 test1_Rerun_1 11/10/2012 test2_Rerun_1 11/16/2012 I am doing a weekly report so want to show how many tests had to be rerun in a particular week. so in the above example: week ending 11/2/12 would return 0 (look for dates 10/26/12 and <=11/2/12 with substring "Rerun") week ending 11/9/12 would return 0 (look for dates 11/2/12 and <= 11/9/12 with substring "Rerun") week ending 11/16/12 would return 2 (look for dates 11/9/12 and <=11/16/12 with substring "Rerun")

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• How to make the internal subwoofer work on an Asus G73JW?

  - by CodyLoco

  I have an Asus G73JW laptop which has an internal subwoofer built-in. Currently, the system detects the internal speakers as a 2.0 system (or I can change do 4.0 is the only other option). I found a bug report here: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/alsa-driver/+bug/673051 which discusses the bug and according to them a fix was sent upstream back at the end of 2010. I would have thought this would have made it into 12.04 but I guess not? I tried following the link given at the very bottom to install the latest ALSA drivers, here: https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Audio/InstallingLinuxAlsaDriverModules however I keep running into an error when trying to install: sudo apt-get install linux-alsa-driver-modules-$(uname -r) Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done E: Unable to locate package linux-alsa-driver-modules-3.2.0-24-generic E: Couldn't find any package by regex 'linux-alsa-driver-modules-3.2.0-24-generic' I believe I have added the repository correctly: sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ubuntu-audio-dev/ppa [sudo] password for codyloco: You are about to add the following PPA to your system: This PPA will be used to provide testing versions of packages for supported Ubuntu releases. More info: https://launchpad.net/~ubuntu-audio-dev/+archive/ppa Press [ENTER] to continue or ctrl-c to cancel adding it Executing: gpg --ignore-time-conflict --no-options --no-default-keyring --secret-keyring /tmp/tmp.7apgZoNrqK --trustdb-name /etc/apt/trustdb.gpg --keyring /etc/apt/trusted.gpg --primary-keyring /etc/apt/trusted.gpg --keyserver hkp://keyserver.ubuntu.com:80/ --recv 4E9F485BF943EF0EABA10B5BD225991A72B194E5 gpg: requesting key 72B194E5 from hkp server keyserver.ubuntu.com gpg: key 72B194E5: public key "Launchpad Ubuntu Audio Dev team PPA" imported gpg: Total number processed: 1 gpg: imported: 1 (RSA: 1) And I also ran an update as well (followed the instructions on the fix above). Any ideas?

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• Incremental search in Visual Studio

  - by Jalpesh P. Vadgama

  Visual studio is a Great IDE and there are still lots of feature that not known to developers. Incremental search is one of them. This is a amazing feature to find code in particular document and its available from Visual Studio 2010 and carried over in Visual Studio 2012. Incremental search allows developers to search in document without blocking UI and allow to search as they type. Interesting!! right.. So let’s open visual studio and see how it works. Once you open Visual Studio and press Ctrl + I and type something it will find the string without blocking your visual studio UI. Just like following. In the above code you can see that, I have typed Cons and You can see that whole console word is highlighted. Even you can see that find dialog box on top right corner of visual studio 2012 like following. Same way if you see the footer in visual studio where it is finding cons in current document like following. Isn’t that great now we find things very easily and we don’t have to remember whole word like Console. Hope you like it. Stay tuned for more updates.

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• jQuery - upgrade from version 1.6.x to 1.7

  - by Renso

  Goal: Issues to consider when upgrading from jQuery version 1.6 to 1.7. This is a short list and may help identify the real issues you need to concern yourself with in stead of reading through all the release notesSummary of issues encountered during upgrade:As you prepare for upgrade to jQuery 1.7 from 1.6.x, this is a quick glimpse of all the issues that are relevant, not sure if it covers all but may be all you need to worry about.Use this method only for checking checkboxes and radio buttons:$("input:checked")http://api.jquery.com/checked-selector/This will work regardless of the version of jQuery you are using. Note that $("input).attr("checked") returns true prior to jQuery 1.6. Only retrieve "real" attributes with "attr", in order versions it would also retrieve properties like "tagName", this no longer works with jQuery 1.6.1+Why does $("input").attr("checked") no longer (from version 1.6.1+) return TRUE or FALSE, because if you look at the HTML (as well as W3C spec) it does not contain a true/false, but the value checked="checked", which is what it should have returned in the first place. $("input").prop("checked") works, return true, because there is in fact a DOM property for "checked" with the value being "true" or "false".Furthermore, if you want to upgrade to jQuery 1.7 you should only have to worry about this for most part:1. isNumeric() is new, be careful as the older version jQuery.isNaN() has been deprecated2. jqXHR success and error have been deprecated3. When rendering content with text(), white space issue cross-browsers: http://bugs.jquery.com/ticket/3144Other than the issues above I am not aware of any deprecations you need to worry about.Hope this helps to get everyone up to version 1.7

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• Dns.GetHostEntry is not giving me a good IP to pass to IPEndPoint function in my domain

  - by Beach Miles

  My c# code from my asynchronous socket client to get the address of my socket server. string testServerIP = "192.168.0.1"; IPHostEntry ipHostInfo = Dns.GetHostEntry(testServerIP); //time server address IPAddress ipAddress = ipHostInfo.AddressList[0]; IPEndPoint remoteEP = new IPEndPoint(ipAddress, port); I get the following error message from the above code. CheckServerReconnect:Cant connect to 192.168.0.1 The requested name is valid and was found in the database, but it does not have the correct associated data being resolved for

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• Drive still usable if Seatools reports errors?

  - by Rob

  I have a Seagate 3TB Expansion Desktop drive that was part of a Linux RAID 6 array that failed. I eventually did a zero fill both through Seagate DiscWizard and via Linux dd, neither reported errors. When I ran Seatools now, I got: Short DST - Started 5/31/2014 10:04:36 PM Short DST - Pass 5/31/2014 10:05:37 PM Long Generic - Started 5/31/2014 10:15:19 PM Bad LBA: 518242762 Not Repaired (whole bunch of bad LBAs ommited) Bad LBA: 518715255 Not Repaired Long Generic Aborted 6/1/2014 3:12:18 AM i.e. the short test passed, the long test failed. Unfortunately, the drive is out of warranty, so I can't just RMA it. But I hate tossing a drive that can still be used. So, my questions are: If the zero fill succeeded, and the short test passed, can I still use the whole drive? if not, since I'm using LVM on top of RAID, is there a way to tell either of these to just skip the bad area? If not the above, can I just create partitions before and after the part of the drive with the bad LBAs?

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• How can one find software development work that involves directly the final end user?

  - by RJa

  I've worked in software development for 15 years and, while there have been signficant personal achievements and a lot of experience, I've always felt detached from the man/woman-on-the-street, the every day person, how it affects their lives, in a number of ways: the technologies: embedded software, hidden away, stuff not seen by the everyday person. Or process technology supporting manufactured products the size of the systems, meaning many jobs, divided up, work is abstract, not one person can see the whole picture the organisations: large, with departments dealing with different areas, the software, the hardware, the marketing, the sales, the customer support the locations and hours: out-of-town business parks away from the rest of society, fixed locations, inflexible: 9-5 everyday This to me seems typical of the companies I worked for and see elsewhere. Granted, there are positives such as the technology itself and usually being among high calibre co-workers, but the above points frustrate me about the industry because they detach the work from its meaning. How can one: change these things in an existing job, or compensate for them? find other work that avoids these and connects with the final end user? Job designs tend to focus on the job content and technical requirements rather than how the job aims to fulfil end user needs, is meaningful.

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• How are the conceptual pairs Abstract/Concrete, Generic/Specific, and Complex/Simple related to one another in software architecture?

  - by tjb1982

  (= 2 (+ 1 1)) take the above. The requirement of the '=' predicate is that its arguments be comparable. Any two structures are comparable in this case, and so the contract/requirement is pretty generic. The '+' predicate requires that its arguments be numbers. That's more specific. (socket domain type protocol) the arguments here are much more specific (even though the arguments are still just numbers and the function itself returns a file descriptor, which is itself an int), but the arguments are more abstract, and the implementation is built up from other functions whose abstractions are less abstract, which are themselves built from less and less abstract abstractions. To the point where the requirements are something like move from one location to another, observe whether the switch at that location is on or off, turn the switch on or off, or leave it the same, etc. But are functions also less and less complex the less abstract they are? And is there a relationship between the number and range of arguments of a function and the complexity of its implementation, as you go from more abstract to less abstract, and vice versa? (= 2 (+ 1 1) 2r10) the '=' predicate is more generic than the '+' predicate, and thus could be more complex in its implementation. The '+' predicate's contract is less generic, and so could be less complex in its implementation. Is this even a little correct? What about the 'socket' function? Each of those arguments is a number of some kind. What they represent, though, is something more elaborate. It also returns a number (just like the others do), which is also a representation of something conceptually much more elaborate than a number. To boil it down, I'm asking if there is a relationship between the following dimensions, and why: Abstract/Concrete Complex/Simple Generic/Specific And more specifically, do different configurations of these dimensions have a specific, measurable impact on the number and range of the arguments (i.e., the contract) of a function?

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• On Developing Web Services with Global State

  - by user74418

  I'm new to web programming. I'm more experienced and comfortable with client-side code. Recently, I've been dabbling in web programming through Python's Google App Engine. I ran into some difficulty while trying to write some simple apps for the purposes of learning, mainly involving how to maintain some kind of consistent universally-accessible state for the application. I tried to write a simple queueing management system, the kind you would expect to be used in a small clinic, or at a cafeteria. Typically, this is done with hardware. You take a number from a ticketing machine, and when your number is displayed or called you approach the counter for service. Alternatively, you could be given a small pager, which will beep or vibrate when it is your turn to receive service. The former is somewhat better in that you have an idea of how many people are still ahead of you in the queue. In this situation, the global state is the last number in queue, which needs to be updated whenever a request is made to the server. I'm not sure how to best to store and maintain this value in a GAE context. The solution I thought of was to keep the value in the Datastore, attempt to query it during a ticket request, update the value, and then re-store it with put. My problem is that I haven't figured out how to lock the resource so that other requests do not check the value while it is in the middle of being updated. I am concerned that I may end up ticket requests that have the same queue number. Also, the whole solution feels awkward to me. I was wondering if there was a more natural way to accomplish this without having to go through the Datastore. Can anyone with more experience in this domain provide some advice on how to approach the design of the above application?

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• How to specify Multiple Secure Webpages with .htaccess RewriteCond

  - by Patrick Ndille

  I have 3 pages that I want to make secure on my website using .htaccess -login.php -checkout.php -account.php I know how to make just one work page at a time using .htaccess RewriteEngine On RewriteCond %{HTTPS} off RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} /login.php RewriteRule (.*) https://%{HTTP_HOST}%{REQUEST_URI} [L] I and trying to figure out how to include the other 2 specific pages to make them also secure and used the expression below but it didn't work RewriteEngine On RewriteCond %{HTTPS} off RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} /login.php RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} /checkout.php RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} /account.php RewriteRule (.*) https://%{HTTP_HOST}%{REQUEST_URI} [L] Can someone help me the right expression that will work with multiple pages? The second part of the code is that, if https is already on and a user move to a page that Is not any of the pages i specified about, I want that it should get back to http. how should I write the statement for it to redirect back to http if its not any of the pages above? I have my statement like this but its not working RewriteCond %{HTTPS} on RewriteRule !(checkout|login|account|payment)\.php http://%{HTTP_HOST}%{REQUEST_URI} [L,R] Any thoughts?

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• How to dual boot Ubuntu 12.10 and Windows XP sp3 on Dell Dimension 8250 desktop using 2 hard drives

  - by user106055

  I'd like instructions to dual boot Ubuntu 12.10 and Windows XP (sp3) on my desktop Dell Dimension 8250 (this is old and has 1.5 GB RAM which is maximum). I will be using 2 hard drives. Windows XP is already on a 120 GB drive and and Ubuntu 12.10 will go on a separate 80 GB hard drive. Both drives are IDE using a 80 conductor cable where the 40 pin blue connector connects to the motherboard. The middle connector is gray and is "normally" used for slave (device 1) and the black connector at the very end of the cable is meant for the master drive (device 0) or a single drive if only one is used. First, I do not wish the XP drive to have its boot modified by Ubuntu in any way. It should remain untouched...virgin. Let me know where the XP drive and the Ubuntu drive should be connected based upon the cable I've mentioned above, as well as jumper settings for both during the whole process. I'm just guessing, but should I remove the XP drive and put the empty Ubuntu drive in its place and install Ubuntu? By the way, I already have made the DVD ISO disk. For your information, the BIOS for this machine is version A03. When I tap F12 to get to the boot menu, I have the following choices: Normal (this will take me to a black screen with white type giving me the choice to boot to XP or to my external USB backup recovery drive) Diskette Drive Hard-Disk Drive c: IDE CD-ROM Drive (Note that if the CD Drive is empty, it will then go to the DVD drive) System Setup IDE Drive Diagnostics Boot to Utility Partition (This is Dell's various testing utilities) Thank you in advance for your help. Guy

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• using sed to replace two patterns within a larger pattern

  - by Hair of the Dog

  Using sed how could I replace two patterns within a larger pattern on a single line? Given a single line of text I want to find a pattern (Let's call this the outer pattern) and then within that outer pattern replace two inner patterns. Here's a one line example of the input text: Z:\source\private\main\developer\foo\setenv.sh(25): export 'FONTCONFIG_PATH'="$WINE_SHARED_SUPPORT/X11/etc/fonts" In the example above the outer pattern is "/^.*([[:digit:]]+):/" which should equal "Z:\source\private\main\developer\foo\setenv.sh(25):" The two inner patterns are "/^[A-Za-z]:/" and "/\/". Another way to phrase my question is: Using sed I know how to perform replacements of a pattern using the "s" command, but how do I limit the range of "s" command so it only works on the portion of the input string up to the "(25):"? The ultimate result I am trying to get is the line of text is transformed into this: /enlistments/source/private/main/developer/foo/setenv.sh(25): export 'FONTCONFIG_PATH'="$WINE_SHARED_SUPPORT/X11/etc/fonts"

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• Allow connection to certain port from specified domain

  - by Scott

  I got two domains, which are pointing on the same IP address, I can use both to connect to the server or certain port (TeamSpeak), the problem is that I would like the only one domain from those two to be working while connecting to a certain port. Eg. example.com points at the 11.22.33.44 -- allow connection to the certain port from this domain. sample.com points at the 11.22.33.44 -- disallow connection to the port specified above from this domain. I know this would be possible for the IP addresses, but would it be possible for the domains?

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• decouple software components via nameconvention

  - by csteinmueller

  I'm currently evaluating alternatives to refactor a drivermanagement. In my multitier architecture I have Baseclass DAL.Device //my entity Interfaces BL.IDriver //handles the dataprocessing between application and device BL.IDriverCreator //creates an IDriver from a Device BL.IDriverFactory //handles the driver creation requests Every specialization of Device has a corresponding IDriver implementation and a corresponding IDriverCreator implementation. At the moment the mapping is fix via a type check within the business layer / DriverFactory. That means every new driver needs a) changing code within the DriverFactory and b) referencing the new IDriver implementation / assembly. On a customers point of view that means, every new driver, used or not, needs a complex revalidation of their hardware environment, because it's a critical process. My first inspiration was to use a caliburn micro like nameconvention see Caliburn.Micro: Xaml Made Easy BL.RestDriver BL.RestDriverCreator DAL.RestDevice After receiving the RestDevicewithin the IDriverFactory I can load all driver dlls via reflection and do a namesplitting/comparing (extracting the xx from xxDriverCreator and xxDevice) Another idea would be a custom attribute (which also leads to comparing strings). My question: is that a good approach above layer borders? If not, what would be a good approach?

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• What is meant by "no password set" for root account (and otthers)?

  - by MMA

  Several years back, we were more accustomed to changing to the root account using the su command. First, we switched to the root account, and then executed those root commands. Now we are more accustomed to using the sudo command. But we know that the root account is there. We can readily find the home directory of user root. $ ls -ld /root/ drwx------ 18 root root 4096 Oct 22 17:21 /root/ Now my point is, it is stated that "the root password in Ubuntu is left unset". Please see the answers to this question. Most of the answers have something to this effect in the first paragraph. One or two answers further state that "the account is left disabled". Now my (primary) questions are, What is meant by an unset password? Is it blank? Is it null? Or something else more cryptic? How does the account becomes enabled once I set password for it? (sudo password root) In order get a better understanding, I checked the /etc/shadow file. Since I have already set a password for the root account, I can no longer see what is there (encrypted password). So, I created another account and left it disabled. The corresponding entry in the /etc/shadow file is, testpassword:!:16020:0:99999:7::: Now perhaps my above queries need to be changed to, what does an ! in password field mean? Other encrypted passwords are those very long cryptic strings. How come this encrypted form is only one character long? And does an account become disabled if I put an ! in the (encrypted) password field?

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