IIS 7 improves internal compression functionality dramatically making it much easier than previous versions to take advantage of compression that’s built-in to
the Web server. IIS 7 also supports dynamic compression which allows automatic compression of content created in your own applications (ASP.NET or otherwise!).
The scheme is based on content-type sniffing and so it works with any kind of Web application framework. While static compression on IIS 7 is super easy to set up and turned on by default for most text content (text/*, which includes HTML and CSS, as well as for JavaScript, Atom, XAML, XML), setting up dynamic compression is a bit more involved, mostly because
the various default compression settings are set in multiple places down
the IIS –> ASP.NET hierarchy. Let’s take a look at each of
the two approaches available: Static Compression Compresses static content from
the hard disk. IIS can cache this content by compressing
the file once and storing
the compressed file on disk and serving
the compressed alias whenever static content is requested and it hasn’t changed.
The overhead for this is minimal and should be aggressively enabled. Dynamic Compression Works against application generated output from applications like your ASP.NET apps. Unlike static content, dynamic content must be compressed every time a page that requests it regenerates its content. As such dynamic compression has a much bigger impact than static caching. How Compression is configured Compression in IIS 7.x is configured with two .config file elements in
the <system.WebServer> space.
The elements can be set anywhere in
the IIS/ASP.NET configuration pipeline all
the way from ApplicationHost.config down to
the local web.config file.
The following is from
the the default setting in ApplicationHost.config (in
the %windir%\System32\inetsrv\config forlder) on IIS 7.5 with a couple of small adjustments (added json output and enabled dynamic compression): <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<configuration>
<system.webServer>
<httpCompression directory="%SystemDrive%\inetpub\temp\IIS Temporary Compressed Files">
<scheme name="gzip" dll="%Windir%\system32\inetsrv\gzip.dll" staticCompressionLevel="9" />
<dynamicTypes>
<add mimeType="text/*" enabled="true" />
<add mimeType="message/*" enabled="true" />
<add mimeType="application/x-javascript" enabled="true" />
<add mimeType="application/json" enabled="true" />
<add mimeType="*/*" enabled="false" />
</dynamicTypes>
<staticTypes>
<add mimeType="text/*" enabled="true" />
<add mimeType="message/*" enabled="true" />
<add mimeType="application/x-javascript" enabled="true" />
<add mimeType="application/atom+xml" enabled="true" />
<add mimeType="application/xaml+xml" enabled="true" />
<add mimeType="*/*" enabled="false" />
</staticTypes>
</httpCompression>
<urlCompression doStaticCompression="true" doDynamicCompression="true" />
</system.webServer>
</configuration>
You can find documentation on
the httpCompression and urlCompression keys here respectively:
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms690689%28v=vs.90%29.aspx
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa347437%28v=vs.90%29.aspx
The httpCompression Element – What and How to compress
Basically httpCompression configures what types to compress and how to compress them. It specifies
the DLL that handles gzip encoding and
the types of documents that are to be compressed. Types are set up based on mime-types which looks at returned Content-Type headers in HTTP responses. For example, I added
the application/json to mime type to my dynamic compression types
above to allow that content to be compressed as well since I have quite a bit of AJAX content that gets sent to
the client.
The UrlCompression Element – Enables and Disables Compression
The urlCompression element is a quick way to turn compression on and off. By default static compression is enabled server wide, and dynamic compression is disabled server wide. This might be a bit confusing because
the httpCompression element also has a doDynamicCompression attribute which is set to true by default, but
the urlCompression attribute by
the same name actually overrides it.
The urlCompression element only has three attributes: doStaticCompression, doDynamicCompression and dynamicCompressionBeforeCache.
The doCompression attributes are
the final determining factor whether compression is enabled, so it’s a good idea to be explcit!
The default for doDynamicCompression='false”, but doStaticCompression="true"!
Static Compression is enabled by Default, Dynamic Compression is not
Because static compression is very efficient in IIS 7 it’s enabled by default server wide and there probably is no reason to ever change that setting. Dynamic compression however, since it’s more resource intensive, is turned off by default. If you want to enable dynamic compression there are a few quirks you have to deal with, namely that enabling it in ApplicationHost.config doesn’t work. Setting:
<urlCompression doDynamicCompression="true" />
in applicationhost.config appears to have no effect and I had to move this element into my local web.config to make dynamic compression work. This is actually a smart choice because you’re not likely to want dynamic compression in every application on a server. Rather dynamic compression should be applied selectively where it makes sense. However, nowhere is it documented that
the setting in applicationhost.config doesn’t work (or more likely is overridden somewhere and disabled lower in
the configuration hierarchy).
So: remember to set doDynamicCompression=”true” in web.config!!!
How Static Compression works
Static compression works against static content loaded from files on disk. Because this content is static and not bound to change frequently – such as .js, .css and static HTML content – it’s fairly easy for IIS to compress and then cache
the compressed content.
The way this works is that IIS compresses
the files into a special folder on
the server’s hard disk and then reads
the content from this location if already compressed content is requested and
the underlying file resource has not changed.
The semantics of serving an already compressed file are very efficient – IIS still checks for file changes, but otherwise just serves
the already compressed file from
the compression folder.
The compression folder is located at:
%windir%\inetpub\temp\IIS Temporary Compressed Files\ApplicationPool\
If you look into
the subfolders you’ll find compressed files:
These files are pre-compressed and IIS serves them directly to
the client until
the underlying files are changed.
As I mentioned before – static compression is on by default and there’s very little reason to turn that functionality off as it is efficient and just works out of
the box.
The one tweak you might want to do is to set
the compression level to maximum. Since IIS only compresses content very infrequently it would make sense to apply maximum compression. You can do this with
the staticCompressionLevel setting on
the scheme element:
<scheme name="gzip" dll="%Windir%\system32\inetsrv\gzip.dll" staticCompressionLevel="9" />
Other than that
the default settings are probably just fine.
Dynamic Compression – not so fast!
By default dynamic compression is disabled and that’s actually quite sensible – you should use dynamic compression very carefully and think about what content you want to compress. In most applications it wouldn’t make sense to compress *all* generated content as it would generate a significant amount of overhead. Scott Fortsyth has a great post that details some of
the performance numbers and how much impact dynamic compression has. Depending on how busy your server is you can play around with compression and see what impact it has on your server’s performance.
There are also a few settings you can tweak to minimize
the overhead of dynamic compression. Specifically
the httpCompression key has a couple of CPU related keys that can help minimize
the impact of Dynamic Compression on a busy server:
dynamicCompressionDisableCpuUsage
dynamicCompressionEnableCpuUsage
By default these are set to 90 and 50 which means that when
the CPU hits 90% compression will be disabled until CPU utilization drops back down to 50%. Again this is actually quite sensible as it utilizes CPU power from compression when available and falling off when
the threshold has been hit. It’s a good way some of that extra CPU power on your big servers to use when utilization is low. Again these settings are something you likely have to play with. I would probably set
the upper limit a little lower than 90% maybe around 70% to make this a feature that kicks in only if there’s lots of power to spare. I’m not really sure how accurate these CPU readings that IIS uses are as Cpu usage on Web Servers can spike drastically even during low loads. Don’t trust settings – do some load testing or monitor your server in a live environment to see what values make sense for your environment.
Finally for dynamic compression I tend to add one Mime type for JSON data, since a lot of my applications send large chunks of JSON data over
the wire. You can do that with
the application/json content type:
<add mimeType="application/json" enabled="true" />
What about Deflate Compression?
The default compression is GZip.
The documentation hints that you can use a different compression scheme and mentions Deflate compression. And sure enough you can change
the compression settings to:
<scheme name="deflate" dll="%Windir%\system32\inetsrv\gzip.dll" staticCompressionLevel="9" />
to get deflate style compression.
The deflate algorithm produces slightly more compact output so I tend to prefer it over GZip but more HTTP clients (other than browsers) support GZip than Deflate so be careful with this option if you build Web APIs.
I also had some issues with
the above value actually being applied right away. Changing
the scheme in applicationhost.config didn’t show up on
the site right away. It required me to do a full IISReset to get that change to show up before I saw
the change over to deflate compressed content. Content was slightly more compressed with deflate – not sure if it’s worth
the slightly less common compression type, but
the option at least is available.
IIS 7 finally makes GZip Easy
In summary IIS 7 makes GZip easy finally, even if
the configuration settings are a bit obtuse and
the documentation is seriously lacking. But once you know
the basic settings I’ve described here and
the fact that you can override all of this in your local web.config it’s pretty straight forward to configure GZip support and tweak it exactly to your needs.
Static compression is a total no brainer as it adds very little overhead compared to direct static file serving and provides solid compression. Dynamic Compression is a little more tricky as it does add some overhead to servers, so it probably will require some tweaking to get
the right balance of CPU load vs. compression ratios. Looking at large sites like Amazon, Yahoo, NewEgg etc. – they all use
Related Content
Code based ASP.NET GZip Caveats
HttpWebRequest and GZip Responses
© Rick Strahl, West Wind Technologies, 2005-2011Posted in IIS7 ASP.NET
