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  • Iterate over a dict or list in Python

    - by Chris Dutrow
    Just wrote some nasty code that iterates over a dict or a list in Python. I have a feeling this was not the best way to go about it. The problem is that in order to iterate over a dict, this is the convention: for key in dict_object: dict_object[key] = 1 But modifying the object properties by key does not work if the same thing is done on a list: # Throws an error because the value of key is the property value, not # the list index: for key in list_object: list_object[key] = 1 The way I solved this problem was to write this nasty code: if isinstance(obj, dict): for key in obj: do_loop_contents(obj, key) elif isinstance(obj, list): for i in xrange(0, len(obj)): do_loop_contents(obj, i) def do_loop_contents(obj, key): obj[key] = 1 Is there a better way to do this? Thanks!

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  • Is using os.path.abspath to validate an untrusted filename's location secure?

    - by mcmt
    I don't think I'm missing anything. Then again I'm kind of a newbie. def GET(self, filename): name = urllib.unquote(filename) full = path.abspath(path.join(STATIC_PATH, filename)) #Make sure request is not tricksy and tries to get out of #the directory, e.g. filename = "../.ssh/id_rsa". GET OUTTA HERE assert full[:len(STATIC_PATH)] == STATIC_PATH, "bad path" return open(full).read() Edit: I realize this will return the wrong HTTP error code if the file doesn't exist (at least under web.py). I will fix this.

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  • How to find full module path of a class to import in other file

    - by Pooya
    I have method that returns module path of given class name def findModulePath(path, className): attributes = [] for root, dirs, files in os.walk(path): for source in (s for s in files if s.endswith(".py")): name = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(source))[0] full_name = os.path.splitext(source)[0].replace(os.path.sep, '.') m = imp.load_module(full_name, *imp.find_module(name, [root])) try: attr = getattr(m, className) attributes.append(attr) except: pass if len(attributes) <= 0: raise Exception, "Class %s not found" % className for element in attributes: print "%s.%s" % (element.__module__, className) but it does not return the full path of the module, For example I have a python file named "objectmodel" in objects package,and it contains a Model class, So I call findModulePath(MyProjectPath,"Model"). it prints objectmodel.Model but I need objects.objectmodel.Model

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  • how to fill a part of a circle using PIL?

    - by valya
    hello. I'm trying to use PIL for a task but the result is very dirty. What I'm doing is trying to fill a part of a piece of a circle, as you can see on the image. Here is my code: def gen_image(values): side = 568 margin = 47 image = Image.open(settings.MEDIA_ROOT + "/i/promo_circle.jpg") draw = ImageDraw.Draw(image) draw.ellipse((margin, margin, side-margin, side-margin), outline="white") center = side/2 r = side/2 - margin cnt = len(values) for n in xrange(cnt): angle = n*(360.0/cnt) - 90 next_angle = (n+1)*(360.0/cnt) - 90 nr = (r * values[n] / 5) max_r = r min_r = nr for cr in xrange(min_r*10, max_r*10): cr = cr/10.0 draw.arc((side/2-cr, side/2-cr, side/2+cr, side/2+cr), angle, next_angle, fill="white") return image

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  • MPI4Py Scatter sendbuf Argument Type?

    - by Noel
    I'm having trouble with the Scatter function in the MPI4Py Python module. My assumption is that I should be able to pass it a single list for the sendbuffer. However, I'm getting a consistent error message when I do that, or indeed add the other two arguments, recvbuf and root: File "code/step3.py", line 682, in subbox_grid i = mpi_communicator.Scatter(station_range, station_data) File "Comm.pyx", line 427, in mpi4py.MPI.Comm.Scatter (src/ mpi4py_MPI.c:44993) File "message.pxi", line 321, in mpi4py.MPI._p_msg_cco.for_scatter (src/mpi4py_MPI.c:14497) File "message.pxi", line 232, in mpi4py.MPI._p_msg_cco.for_cco_send (src/mpi4py_MPI.c:13630) File "message.pxi", line 36, in mpi4py.MPI.message_simple (src/ mpi4py_MPI.c:11904) ValueError: message: expecting 2 or 3 items Here is the relevant code snipped, starting a few lines above 682 mentioned above. for station in stations #snip--do some stuff with station station_data = [] station_range = range(1,len(station)) mpi_communicator = MPI.COMM_WORLD i = mpi_communicator.Scatter(station_range, nsm) #snip--do some stuff with station[i] nsm = combine(avg, wt, dnew, nf1, nl1, wti[i], wtm, station[i].id) station_data = mpi_communicator.Gather(station_range, nsm) I've tried a number of combinations initializing station_range, but I must not be understanding the Scatter argument types properly. Does a Python/MPI guru have a clarification this?

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  • Scrape zipcode table for different urls based on county

    - by Dr.Venkman
    I used lxml and ran into a wall as my new computer wont install lxml and the code doesnt work. I know this is simple - maybe some one can help with a beautiful soup script. this is my code: import codecs import lxml as lh from selenium import webdriver import time import re results = [] city = [ 'amador'] state = [ 'CA'] for state in states: for city in citys: browser = webdriver.Firefox() link2 = 'http://www.getzips.com/cgi-bin/ziplook.exe?What=3&County='+ city +'&State=' + state + '&Submit=Look+It+Up' browser.get(link2) bcontent = browser.page_source zipcode = bcontent[bcontent.find('<td width="15%"'):bcontent.find('<p>')+0] if len(zipcode) > 0: print zipcode else: print 'none' browser.quit() Thanks for the help

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  • FORTRAN function returning an array causes a segfault (calling from C++)

    - by Dane Larsen
    Basically, here's my problem. I'm calling someone else's FORTRAN functions from my C++ code, and it's giving me headaches. Some code: function c_error_message() character(len = 255) :: c_error_message errmsg(1:9) = 'ERROR MSG' return end That's the FORTRAN function. My first question is: Is there anything in there that would cause a segfault? If not, then second: What does that return? A pointer? I'm trying to call it with the following C statement: char *e = c_error_message_(); That causes a segfault. c_error_message(); That too causes a segfault. I declared c_error_message_() earlier on with the following code: extern"C" { char* c_error_message_(); } Would declaring a function with a different return type than the actual return type cause a segfault? I'm at a loss. Thanks for any replies.

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  • Python or matplotlib limitation error

    - by Werner
    Hi, I wrote an algorithm using python and matplotlib that generates histograms from some text input data. When the number of data input is approx. greater than 15000, I get in the (append) line of my code: mydata = [] for i in range(len(data)): mydata.append(string.atof(data[i])) the error: Traceback (most recent call last): File "get_histogram_picture.py", line 25, in <module> mydata.append(string.atof(data[i])) File "/usr/lib/python2.6/string.py", line 388, in atof return _float(s) ValueError: invalid literal for float(): -a can it be an error in python ? What is the solution ? Thanks

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  • Help writing emacs lisp for emacs etags search

    - by user535707
    I'm looking for some help developing what I think should be an easy program. I want something similar to Emacs tags-search command, but I want to collect all search results into a buffer. (I want to see all results of M-,) I'm thinking this python style pseudo code should work, but I have no idea how to do this in emacs lisp? Any help would be greatly appreciated. def myTagsGrep(searchValue): for aFile in the tag list: result = grep aFile seachValue if len(result) > 0: print aFile # to the buffer print result # to the buffer I would like to be able to browse through the buffer with the same features tags-apropos does. Note that a similar question has been asked before: Is there a way to get emacs tag-search command to output all results to a buffer?

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  • How to convert string "0671" or "0x45" into integer form with 0 and 0x in the beginning.

    - by Harshit Sharma
    I wanted to make my own encryption algorithm and decryption algorithm , encryption algorithm works fine and converts ascii value of the characters into alternate hexadecimal and octal representations. But when I tried decryption, problem occured as it return int('0671') = 671, as 0671 is string type in the following code. Is there a method to convert "ox56" into integer form?????? NOTE: Following string is alternate octal and hexa of ascii value of char. ///////////////DECRYPTION/////// l="01630x7401620x6901560x67" f=len(l) k=0 d=0 x=[] for i in range(0,f,4): g=l[i:i+4] print g k=k+1 if(k%2==0): p=g print p else: p=int(g) print p

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  • python: strange behavior about exec statement

    - by ifocus
    exec statement: exec code [ in globals[, locals]] When I execute the following code in python, the result really confused me. Some of the variables were setup into the globals, some were setup into the locals. s = """ # test var define int_v1 = 1 list_v1 = [1, 2, 3] dict_v1 = {1: 'hello', 2:'world', 3:'!'} # test built-in function list_v2 = [float(x) for x in list_v1] len_list_v1 = len(list_v1) # test function define def func(): global g_var, list_v1, dict_v1 print 'access var in globals:' print g_var print 'access var in locals:' for x in list_v1: print dict_v1[x] """ g = {'__builtins__': __builtins__, 'g_var': 'global'} l = {} exec s in g, l print 'globals:', g print 'locals:', l exec 'func()' in g, l the result in python2.6.5: globals: {'__builtins__': <module '__builtin__' (built-in)>, 'dict_v1': {1: 'hello', 2: 'world', 3: '!'}, 'g_var': 'global', 'list_v1': [1, 2, 3]} locals: {'int_v1': 1, 'func': <function func at 0x00ACA270>, 'x': 3, 'len_list_v1': 3, 'list_v2': [1.0, 2.0, 3.0]} access var in globals: global access var in locals: hello world ! And if I want to setup all variables and functions into the locals, and keep the rights of accessing the globals. How to do ?

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  • how to merge file lines having the same first word in python?

    - by user1377135
    I have written a program to merge lines in a file containing the same first word in python. However I am unable to get the desired output. Can anyone please suggest me the mistake in my program? input "file.txt" line1: a b c line2: a b1 c1 line3: d e f line4: i j k line5: i s t line6: i m n ` output a b c a b1 c1 d e f i j k i s t i m n my code a = [line.split() for line in open('file.txt')] L=[] for i in range(0,len(a)): j=i while True: if a[j][0] == a[j+1][0]: L.append(a[j]) L.append(a[j+1]) j=j+2 else: print a[i] print L break

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  • 50 sequences in one line

    - by user343934
    I have Muttiple sequence alignment (clustal) file and i want to read this file and arrange sequences in a such a way that in looks more clear and precise in order. I am doing this from biopython using AlignIO object. My codes like this alignment = AlignIO.read("opuntia.aln", "clustal") print "Number of rows: %i" % len(align) for record in alignment: print "%s - %s" % (record.id, record.seq) My Output-- http://i48.tinypic.com/ae48ew.jpg , it looks messy and long scrolling. What i want to do is print only 50 sequences in each line and continue till the end of alignment file. I wish to have output like this---http://i45.tinypic.com/4vh5rc.jpg from --http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/clustalw2/, sorry two links are just a text due to my reputation. Any suggestions, algorithm and sample code is appreciated Thanks in advance Br,

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  • Quering distinct values throught related model

    - by matheus.emm
    Hi! I have a simple one-to-many (models.ForeignKey) relationship between two of my model classes: class TeacherAssignment(models.Model): # ... some fields year = models.CharField(max_length=4) class LessonPlan(models.Model): teacher_assignment = models.ForeignKey(TeacherAssignment) # ... other fields I'd like to query my database to get the set of distinct years of TeacherAssignments related to at least one LessonPlan. I'm able to get this set using Django query API if I ignore the relation to LessonPlan: class TeacherAssignment(models.Model): # ... model's fields def get_years(self): year_values = self.objects.all().values_list('year').distinct().order_by('-year') return [yv[0] for yv in year_values if len(yv[0]) == 4] Unfortunately I don't know how to express the condition that the TeacherAssignment must be related to at least one LessonPlan. Any ideas how I'd be able to write the query? Thanks in advance.

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  • Caching result of setUp() using Python unittest

    - by dbr
    I currently have a unittest.TestCase that looks like.. class test_appletrailer(unittest.TestCase): def setup(self): self.all_trailers = Trailers(res = "720", verbose = True) def test_has_trailers(self): self.failUnless(len(self.all_trailers) > 1) # ..more tests.. This works fine, but the Trailers() call takes about 2 seconds to run.. Given that setUp() is called before each test is run, the tests now take almost 10 seconds to run (with only 3 test functions) What is the correct way of caching the self.all_trailers variable between tests? Removing the setUp function, and doing.. class test_appletrailer(unittest.TestCase): all_trailers = Trailers(res = "720", verbose = True) ..works, but then it claims "Ran 3 tests in 0.000s" which is incorrect.. The only other way I could think of is to have a cache_trailers global variable (which works correctly, but is rather horrible): cache_trailers = None class test_appletrailer(unittest.TestCase): def setUp(self): global cache_trailers if cache_trailers is None: cache_trailers = self.all_trailers = all_trailers = Trailers(res = "720", verbose = True) else: self.all_trailers = cache_trailers

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  • Search for a pattern in a list of strings - Python

    - by Holtz
    I have a list of strings containing filenames such as, file_names = ['filei.txt','filej.txt','filek.txt','file2i.txt','file2j.txt','file2k.txt','file3i.txt','file3j.txt','file3k.txt'] I then remove the .txt extension using: extension = os.path.commonprefix([n[::-1] for n in file_names])[::-1] file_names_strip = [n[:-len(extension)] for n in file_names] And then return the last character of each string in the list file_names_strip: h = [n[-1:] for n in file_names_strip] Which gives h = ['i', 'j', 'k', 'i', 'j', 'k', 'i', 'j', 'k'] How can i test for a pattern of strings in h? So if i,j,k occur sequentially it would return True and False if not. I need to know this because not all file names are formatted like they are in file_names. So: test_ijk_pattern(h) = True no_pattern = ['1','2','3','1','2','3','1','2','3'] test_ijk_pattern(no_pattern) = False

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  • New wxpython controls not displaying until resize

    - by acrosman
    I have created a custom control (based on a panel) in wxPython that provides a list of custom controls on panel within it. The user needs to be able to add rows at will and have those rows displayed. I'm having trouble getting the new controls to actually appear after they are added. I know they are present, because they appear after a resize of the frame, or if I add them before Show() is called on the frame. I've convinced myself it's something basic, but I can't find the mistake. The add function looks like this: def addRow(self, id, reference, page, title, note): newRow = NoteListRow(self.listPanel, id, reference, page, title, note) self.listSizer.Add(newRow, flag=wx.EXPAND | wx.LEFT) self.rows.append(newRow) if len(self.rows) == 1: self.highliteRow(newRow) self.Refresh() self.Update() return newRow I assume I'm missing something about how refresh and update are supposed to behave, so even a good extended reference on those would likely be helpful.

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  • Killing a script launched in a Process via os.system()

    - by L.J.
    I have a python script which launches several processes. Each process basically just calls a shell script: from multiprocessing import Process import os import logging def thread_method(n = 4): global logger command = "~/Scripts/run.sh " + str(n) + " >> /var/log/mylog.log" if (debug): logger.debug(command) os.system(command) I launch several of these threads, which are meant to run in the background. I want to have a timeout on these threads, such that if it exceeds the timeout, they are killed: t = [] for x in range(10): try: t.append(Process(target=thread_method, args=(x,) ) ) t[-1].start() except Exception as e: logger.error("Error: unable to start thread") logger.error("Error message: " + str(e)) logger.info("Waiting up to 60 seconds to allow threads to finish") t[0].join(60) for n in range(len(t)): if t[n].is_alive(): logger.info(str(n) + " is still alive after 60 seconds, forcibly terminating") t[n].terminate() The problem is that calling terminate() on the process threads isn't killing the launched run.sh script - it continues running in the background until I either force kill it from the command line, or it finishes internally. Is there a way to have terminate also kill the subshell created by os.system()?

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  • Loop colours from variables for graphics.py [Python 3.2]

    - by user1056548
    I am creating a graphics program that draws 100 x 100 squares next to each other depending on the user-specified grid size. The user also inputs 4 colours for the squares to be coloured (e.g. if they enter red,green,blue,yellow the squares will be coloured in that order, repeating the colours). Is it possible to loop the colours from the variables the user has given? Here is what I have so far: def main(): print ("Please enter four comma seperated colours e.g.: 'red,green,blue,yellow'\n\ Allowed colours are: red, green, blue, yellow and cyan") col1, col2, col3, col4 = input("Enter your four colours: ").split(',') win = GraphWin ("Squares", 500, 500) colours = [col1, col2, col3, col4] drawSquare (win, col1, col2, col3, col4, colours) win.getMouse() win.close() def drawSquare(win, col1, col2, col3, col4, colours): for i in range (4): for j in range (len(colours)): colour = colours[j] x = 50 + (i * 50) circle = Circle (Point (x,50), 20) circle.setFill(colour) circle.draw(win) I think I should be using a list in some way, but can't work out exactly how to do it. Can anybody help?

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  • Python json memory bloat

    - by Anoop
    import json import time from itertools import count def keygen(size): for i in count(1): s = str(i) yield '0' * (size - len(s)) + str(s) def jsontest(num): keys = keygen(20) kvjson = json.dumps(dict((keys.next(), '0' * 200) for i in range(num))) kvpairs = json.loads(kvjson) del kvpairs # Not required. Just to check if it makes any difference print 'load completed' jsontest(500000) while 1: time.sleep(1) Linux top indicates that the python process holds ~450Mb of RAM after completion of 'jsontest' function. If the call to 'json.loads' is omitted then this issue is not observed. A gc.collect after this function execution does releases the memory. Looks like the memory is not held in any caches or python's internal memory allocator as explicit call to gc.collect is releasing memory. Is this happening because the threshold for garbage collection (700, 10, 10) was never reached ? I did put some code after jsontest to simulate threshold. But it didn't help.

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  • How do I convert a Python list of lists of lists into a C array by using ctypes?

    - by pc05
    As seen here How do I convert a Python list into a C array by using ctypes? this code will take a python array and transform it to a C array. import ctypes arr = (ctypes.c_int * len(pyarr))(*pyarr) Which would the way of doing the same with a list of lists or a lists of lists of lists? For example, for the following variable list3d = [[[40.0, 1.2, 6.0, 0.3], [50.0, 4.2, 0, 0]], [[40.0, 1.2, 6.0, 0.3], [50.0, 4.2, 0, 0]], [[40.0, 1.2, 6.0, 0.3], [50.0, 4.2, 0, 0]]] I have tried the following with no luck: ([[ctypes.c_double * 4] *2]*3)(*list3d) # *** TypeError: 'list' object is not callable (ctypes.c_double * 4 *2 *3)(*list3d) # *** TypeError: expected c_double_Array_4_Array_2 instance, got list Thank you! EDIT: Just to clarify, I am trying to get one object that contains the whole multidimensional array, not a list of objects. This object's reference will be an input to a C DLL that expects a 3D array.

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  • Optimizing BeautifulSoup (Python) code

    - by user283405
    I have code that uses the BeautifulSoup library for parsing, but it is very slow. The code is written in such a way that threads cannot be used. Can anyone help me with this? I am using BeautifulSoup for parsing and than save into a DB. If I comment out the save statement, it still takes a long time, so there is no problem with the database. def parse(self,text): soup = BeautifulSoup(text) arr = soup.findAll('tbody') for i in range(0,len(arr)-1): data=Data() soup2 = BeautifulSoup(str(arr[i])) arr2 = soup2.findAll('td') c=0 for j in arr2: if str(j).find("<a href=") > 0: data.sourceURL = self.getAttributeValue(str(j),'<a href="') else: if c == 2: data.Hits=j.renderContents() #and few others... c = c+1 data.save() Any suggestions? Note: I already ask this question here but that was closed due to incomplete information.

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  • Django: Update order attribute for objects in a queryset

    - by lazerscience
    I'm having a attribute on my model to allow the user to order the objects. I have to update the element's order depending on a list, that contains the object's ids in the new order; right now I'm iterating over the whole queryset and set one objects after the other. What would be the easiest/fastest way to do the same with the whole queryset? def update_ordering(model, order): """ order is in the form [id,id,id,id] for example: [8,4,5,1,3] """ id_to_order = dict((order[i], i) for i in range(len(order))) for x in model.objects.all(): x.order = id_to_order[x.id] x.save()

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  • How to eval javascript code with iPhone SDK?

    - by overboming
    I need to fetch some result on a webpage, which use some javascript code to generate the part I am interesting in like following eval(function(p,a,c,k,e,d){e=function(c){return c};if(!''.replace(/^/,String)){while(c--)d[c]=k[c]||c;k=[function(e){return d[e]}];e=function(){return'\\w+'};c=1;};while(c--)if(k[c])p=p.replace(new RegExp('\\b'+e(c)+'\\b','g'),k[c]);return p;}('5 11=17;5 12=["/3/2/1/0/13.4","/3/2/1/0/15.4","/3/2/1/0/14.4","/3/2/1/0/7.4","/3/2/1/0/6.4","/3/2/1/0/8.4","/3/2/1/0/10.4","/3/2/1/0/9.4","/3/2/1/0/23.4","/3/2/1/0/22.4","/3/2/1/0/24.4","/3/2/1/0/26.4","/3/2/1/0/25.4","/3/2/1/0/18.4","/3/2/1/0/16.4","/3/2/1/0/19.4","/3/2/1/0/21.4"];5 20=0;',10,27,'40769|54|Images|Files|png|var|imanhua_005_140430179|imanhua_004_140430179|imanhua_006_140430226|imanhua_008_140430242|imanhua_007_140430226|len|pic|imanhua_001_140429664|imanhua_003_140430117|imanhua_002_140430070|imanhua_015_140430414||imanhua_014_140430382|imanhua_016_140430414|sid|imanhua_017_140430429|imanhua_010_140430289|imanhua_009_140430242|imanhua_011_140430367|imanhua_013_140430382|imanhua_012_140430367'.split('|'),0,{})) How do I get the evaluation output?

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  • Select Columns Only if String length is greater than 2

    - by Zee-pro
    Similar Question may be asked but I am unable to find anything that fits my needs. How can I select only columns where string length is greater than 2 This is how much has done yet. SELECT * FROM Table1 WHERE (Table1.ID = @ID) Or something like WHERE (Table1.ID = @ID) AND (LEN(*) > 2) Thank for all of your help I have a Table, in which I have 35 columns and a User ID column, now I want to select and display information from only those columns which have 2 string. I Like to Select only columns which have 2 string and the defined ID by User not the Whole Row !! I hope I am making sense. Table Desired Result DI 35 Lesson 4 Maths Lesson 9 ICT Lesson 12 English

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