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• Migrating away from LVM

  - by Kye

  I have an Ubuntu home media server setup with 4.5TB split across a few hard-drives (1x3TB, 2x1TB) and I'm using LVM2 to manage the volumes. I have recently added a 60GB SSD to my server, and I wish to use it to house the 'root' partition of my server (which is currently under the LVM group). I don't want to simply add it to the LVM volume group, because (afaik) there's no way to ensure that the SSD will be used for the root filesystem. If I just throw it at the VG, it may be used to house my media, which would defeat the purpose of having the SSD in the first place. I feel that my only solution is to somehow remove my root partition from the LVM setup and copy it across to the SSD. My boot partition is, of course, not part of the LVM group. My disk setup is as follows: 60GB SSD: EMPTY. 1TB HDD: /boot, LVM space. 1TB HDD: LVM space. 3TB HHD: LVM space. I have a few logical volumes. my root (/), a 'media' volume for my media collection, a backup one for my network backups.etc. Does anyone have any advice as to how to go about this? My end goal is to have the 60GB SSD used for my boot and root partitions, with everything else on the 3TB/1TB/1TB hard-drives.

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• Installing Git on Ubuntu 12.04

  - by Sven Jung

  I installed git with gitolite on my vserver using this tutorial. But I've got a problem to clone the gitolite-admin repo to my computer. The user is created with the option --disabled-password But if I try to clone with git clone git@<server>:gitolite-admin.git he asks not only for the passphrase of my rsa_key but also for the password of the gituser. Anyone an idea? I thought the user is created without password and I don't know what to type in

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• pdo_mysql installation

  - by Arsenal

  Hello, On my server I'm trying to instal PHP Projekt (6). This requires pdo_mysql however. I thought this installation of pdo_mysql would be rather straightforward... I tried using pecl (pecl install pdo_mysql) after installing devel etc, but this came up with a permission denied error. I solved this by using directories that were accessible. It then came up with a cant run C compiled programs however. It also says to check config.log for more details but ironically config.log is automatically removed if the installation process fails... When I try to compile and output a "hello world".c however, it works perfectly. I then tried to download the pdo_mysql stuff and install in myself (using configure and make install). This seemed to do the job, but when I restarted my apache ... no sign of pdo_mysql anywhere even though I adjusted my php.ini file I have read somewhere that you need to recompile PHP with the option pdo_mysql enabled. But how does one do that (I'm using CentOS4). And isn't there any other way than that??? Thanks!

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• Why can't Emacs on OSX find the Info directory node?

  - by Scott Schulthess

  The default emacs on OSX, 22.1, appears to have some problems with the info/help stuff. When you hit C+h i, it says Can't find the Info directory node. It works in AquaEmacs, but I downloaded the 23 version of emacs precompiled binaries from here and I still have the same problem.

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• cPanel WHM virtualhost sample

  - by Prix

  Hi, Could anyone possible post a virtual host sample from a working httpd server, if possible with the most features enabled (like suPHP, suExec, php directives such as engine on off and others) ? The reason is that i wanted to see how it is formarted, and built per vhost... it's been a long time i dont use cPanel nor have it available so i can't really get it, i've been googling for it but havent found it at all. Much appreciated.

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• Editing .bash_profile file not taking effect

  - by Sandeepan Nath

  I need to put export PATH=$PATH:/opt/lampp/bin to my ~/.bash_profile file so that mysql from command line works on my system. Please check mysql command line not working for further details on that. I am working on a fedora system and logged in as root user. If I run locate .bash_profile then I get these:- /etc/skel/.bash_profile /home/sam/.bash_profile /home/sohil/.bash_profile /home/windows/.bash_profile /root/.bash_profile So, I modified the /root/.bash_profile file like this:- from PATH=$PATH:$HOME/bin export PATH to PATH=$PATH:/opt/lampp/bin export PATH But, still the change is not taking effect - Opening a new console and running mysql again says bash: mysql: command not found. However running export PATH=$PATH:/opt/lampp/bin in console makes it work for that session. So, I am doing something wrong with the .bash_profile file. May be editing incorrect one or doing the edit incorrectly.

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• Gedit opens on all workspaces?

  - by debug

  Im using Fedora 10 with XFCE. Every time I open Gedit, it opens a instance on every workspace. The circle icon on my window border is selected (meaning, enabled on all workspaces). When I disable it to appear on one workspace, then close and restart, Gedit opens normal (current workspace). Question is: How to keep this current configuration? If I restart my system, and start up Gedit, it appears on all workspaces again.

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• Nginx and automatic updates

  - by Desmond Hume

  I'm on Ubuntu 12.04.1 with unattended-upgrades configured for automatic security updates, and I installed Nginx by first adding deb http://nginx.org/packages/ubuntu/ lucid nginx deb-src http://nginx.org/packages/ubuntu/ lucid nginx to /etc/apt/sources.list file, just as was suggested by the official wiki, and then by sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get install nginx which installed Nginx with all the standard modules. But now I think I could make good use of one or two of the Nginx optional modules, like the gzip precompression module or some security-related one. So far, I see two ways of adding an optional module to Nginx, one is compiling and installing from the source code and the other is described in this article. So, which of the ways should I choose so that automatic updates still run for and apply to Nginx and its optional modules? Or should I create a cron job with a command/script specific for Nginx instead of using unattended-upgrades utility? Can I choose between volume updates and security-only updates to be automatically applied to the standard and optional modules? And finally, is there a possibility to automatically update Nginx's modules on the fly (without any connections having been dropped), like the documentation suggests it's possible with sudo kill -USR2 $( cat /run/nginx.pid ) P.S. Actually I'm not certain if unattended-upgrades utility would automatically update the standard modules in the first place, not enough time has passed since Nginx was installed to say for sure.

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• MySQL open files limit

  - by Brian

  This question is similar to set open_files_limit, but there was no good answer. I need to increase my table_open_cache, but first I need to increase the open_files_limit. I set the option in /etc/mysql/my.cnf: open-files-limit = 8192 This worked fine in my previous install (Ubuntu 8.04), but now in Ubuntu 10.04, when I start the server up, open_files_limit is reported to be 1710. That seems like a pretty random number for the limit to be clipped to. Anyway, I tried getting around it by adding a line like this in /etc/security/limits.conf: mysql hard nofile 8192 I also tried adding this to the pre-start script in mysql's upstart config (/etc/init/mysql.conf): ulimit -n 8192 Obviously neither of those things worked. So where is the hoop that has been added between Ubuntu 8.04 and 10.04 through which I must jump in order to actually increase the open files limit?

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• Set Users as chrooted for sftp, but allow user to login in SSH

  - by Eghes

  I have setup a ssh server on debian 7, to use sftp connection. I chrooted some user, with this config: Match Group sftpusers ChrootDirectory /sftp/%u ForceCommand internal-sftp But if i want login with one of this chrooted users in ssh console, they get logged, but autoclose the connection. In logs I see: Oct 17 13:39:32 xxxxxx sshd[31100]: Accepted password for yyyyyy from zzz.zzz.zzz.zzz port 7855 ssh2 Oct 17 13:39:32 xxxxxx[31100]: pam_unix(sshd:session): session opened for user yyyyyyyyyyyy by (uid=0) Oct 17 13:39:32 d00hyr-ea1 sshd[31100]: pam_unix(sshd:session): session closed for user yyyyyyyyyyyy How can I chroot a user only for sftp, and use it as a normal user for ssh?

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• FFMPEG Segfault Solutions

  - by Brentley_11

  I'm trying to convert a bunch of movies into h.264 mp4's using FFMPEG. These movies are sourced from various portable camcorders such as the Flip Mino HD and the Kodak ZI8. One issue I'm having with video from the ZI8 is it seems to be causing FFMPEG to segfault. Here is my command: ffmpeg -i 'XmasSailor720p60fps.MOV' -threads 2 -acodec libfaac -ab 96kb -vcodec libx264 -vpre hq -b 500kb -s 484x272 XmasSailor.mp4 Here is the output: FFmpeg version SVN-r20668, Copyright (c) 2000-2009 Fabrice Bellard, et al. built on Dec 2 2009 18:37:34 with gcc 4.2.4 (Ubuntu 4.2.4-1ubuntu4) configuration: --enable-libfaac --enable-libfaad --enable-libmp3lame --enable-libx264 --enable-gpl --enable-nonfree --enable-postproc --enable-pthreads --enable-shared libavutil 50. 5. 1 / 50. 5. 1 libavcodec 52.42. 0 / 52.42. 0 libavformat 52.39. 2 / 52.39. 2 libavdevice 52. 2. 0 / 52. 2. 0 libswscale 0. 7. 2 / 0. 7. 2 libpostproc 51. 2. 0 / 51. 2. 0 Seems stream 0 codec frame rate differs from container frame rate: 59.94 (60000/1001) -> 29.97 (30000/1001) Input #0, mov,mp4,m4a,3gp,3g2,mj2, from 'XmasSailor720p60fps.MOV': Duration: 00:00:05.37, start: 0.000000, bitrate: 12021 kb/s Stream #0.0(eng): Video: h264, yuv420p, 1280x720 [PAR 1:1 DAR 16:9], 11994 kb/s, 29.97 tbr, 90k tbn, 59.94 tbc Stream #0.1(eng): Audio: aac, 48000 Hz, stereo, s16, 128 kb/s Metadata major_brand : qt minor_version : 0 compatible_brands: qt comment : KODAK Zi8 Pocket Video Camera comment-eng : KODAK Zi8 Pocket Video Camera [libx264 @ 0x99e1020]using SAR=1/1 [libx264 @ 0x99e1020]using cpu capabilities: MMX2 SSE2Fast SSSE3 FastShuffle SSE4.1 Cache64 [libx264 @ 0x99e1020]profile High, level 2.1 Output #0, mp4, to 'XmasSailor.mp4': Stream #0.0(eng): Video: libx264, yuv420p, 484x272 [PAR 1:1 DAR 121:68], q=10-51, 500 kb/s, 30k tbn, 29.97 tbc Stream #0.1(eng): Audio: aac, 48000 Hz, stereo, s16, 96 kb/s Metadata comment : Encoded with the Statusfirm Video Transcoder Stream mapping: Stream #0.0 -> #0.0 Stream #0.1 -> #0.1 Press [q] to stop encoding [h264 @ 0x99de950]B picture before any references, skipping [h264 @ 0x99de950]decode_slice_header error [h264 @ 0x99de950]no frame! Error while decoding stream #0.0 [h264 @ 0x99de950]B picture before any references, skipping [h264 @ 0x99de950]decode_slice_header error [h264 @ 0x99de950]no frame! Error while decoding stream #0.0 frame= 20 fps= 0 q=13797729.0 size= 0kB time=0.66 bitrate= 0.6kbits/s frame= 39 fps= 37 q=13797729.0 size= 0kB time=1.30 bitrate= 0.3kbits/s frame= 48 fps= 30 q=33.0 size= 11kB time=0.10 bitrate= 903.0kbits/s frame= 58 fps= 27 q=31.0 size= 22kB time=0.43 bitrate= 421.0kbits/s frame= 67 fps= 25 q=29.0 size= 41kB time=0.73 bitrate= 462.6kbits/s frame= 75 fps= 23 q=29.0 size= 59kB time=1.00 bitrate= 486.7kbits/s frame= 83 fps= 22 q=29.0 size= 81kB time=1.27 bitrate= 521.9kbits/s frame= 90 fps= 21 q=29.0 size= 97kB time=1.50 bitrate= 530.1kbits/s frame= 98 fps= 20 q=29.0 size= 114kB time=1.77 bitrate= 526.9kbits/s frame= 106 fps= 20 q=29.0 size= 134kB time=2.04 bitrate= 537.7kbits/s frame= 114 fps= 19 q=29.0 size= 150kB time=2.30 bitrate= 533.7kbits/s frame= 122 fps= 19 q=29.0 size= 172kB time=2.57 bitrate= 547.8kbits/s frame= 130 fps= 19 q=29.0 size= 193kB time=2.84 bitrate= 557.5kbits/s frame= 136 fps= 18 q=29.0 size= 211kB time=3.04 bitrate= 570.0kbits/s frame= 144 fps= 18 q=29.0 size= 242kB time=3.30 bitrate= 599.5kbits/s frame= 152 fps= 17 q=30.0 size= 261kB time=3.57 bitrate= 598.6kbits/s frame= 157 fps= 15 q=-1.0 Lsize= 368kB time=5.21 bitrate= 579.3kbits/s video:302kB audio:61kB global headers:0kB muxing overhead 1.416371% [libx264 @ 0x99e1020]frame I:1 Avg QP:27.22 size: 8720 [libx264 @ 0x99e1020]frame P:48 Avg QP:25.15 size: 3759 [libx264 @ 0x99e1020]frame B:108 Avg QP:30.10 size: 1105 [libx264 @ 0x99e1020]consecutive B-frames: 0.6% 11.5% 28.8% 59.0% [libx264 @ 0x99e1020]mb I I16..4: 28.5% 47.6% 23.9% [libx264 @ 0x99e1020]mb P I16..4: 0.8% 1.3% 0.5% P16..4: 50.6% 17.7% 13.1% 0.0% 0.0% skip:15.9% [libx264 @ 0x99e1020]mb B I16..4: 0.2% 0.3% 0.1% B16..8: 44.0% 1.2% 2.6% direct: 5.1% skip:46.5% L0:45.5% L1:51.0% BI: 3.5% [libx264 @ 0x99e1020]final ratefactor: 23.51 [libx264 @ 0x99e1020]8x8 transform intra:49.9% inter:67.9% [libx264 @ 0x99e1020]direct mvs spatial:98.1% temporal:1.9% [libx264 @ 0x99e1020]coded y,uvDC,uvAC intra: 54.7% 76.1% 41.4% inter: 17.1% 24.4% 7.8% [libx264 @ 0x99e1020]i16 v,h,dc,p: 18% 52% 5% 25% [libx264 @ 0x99e1020]i8 v,h,dc,ddl,ddr,vr,hd,vl,hu: 12% 22% 9% 7% 10% 10% 9% 8% 13% [libx264 @ 0x99e1020]i4 v,h,dc,ddl,ddr,vr,hd,vl,hu: 13% 18% 8% 8% 10% 13% 10% 9% 12% [libx264 @ 0x99e1020]Weighted P-Frames: Y:10.4% [libx264 @ 0x99e1020]ref P L0: 60.2% 15.3% 11.0% 7.6% 5.2% 0.7% [libx264 @ 0x99e1020]ref B L0: 72.6% 15.6% 11.8% [libx264 @ 0x99e1020]kb/s:471.17 Segmentation fault I'm wondering if anyone else has ran into similar issues. I wasn't able to find anything helpful via Google. Another question I have is if anyone knows of a company that offers paid support for FFMPEG. Thank you for your time.

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• Bad font anti-aliasing in Ubuntu

  - by Juliano

  I'm switching from Fedora 8 to Ubuntu 9.04, and I can't seem to get it to get a good font anti-aliasing to work. It seems that Ubuntu's fontconfig tries to keep characters in integral pixel widths. This makes text more difficult to read, when 1 pixel is too thin and 2 pixels is too thick. Check the image below. In Fedora, when fontconfig anti-aliasing is enabled, fonts have their thickness proportional to the font size. Below, the thickness is different for 8, 9 and 10pt sizes. In Ubuntu, on the other hand, even when anti-aliasing is enabled, all 8, 9 and 10pt sizes have 1 pixel thickness. This makes reading larges amount of text difficult. I'm using the very same home directory, and I already checked that X resources are the same in both systems: ~% xrdb -query | grep Xft Xft.antialias: 1 Xft.dpi: 96 Xft.hinting: 1 Xft.hintstyle: hintfull Xft.rgba: none GNOME settings: ~% gconftool-2 -a /desktop/gnome/font_rendering antialiasing = grayscale hinting = full dpi = 96 rgba_order = rgb So, the question is: What should I change in the new box (Ubuntu) in order to get anti-aliasing like in the old box (Fedora)?

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• How can I limit the upload/download bandwidth on my CentOS server?

  - by Dan Nestor

  How can I limit the upload and download bandwidth on my CentOS server? This is a box with a single interface, eth0. Ideally, I would like a command-line solution (I've been trying to use tc), something that I could easily switch on and off in a script. So far I've been trying to do something like tc filter add dev eth0 protocol ip prio 50 u32 police rate 100kbit burst 10240 drop but I'm obviously missing a lot of knowledge and information. Can somebody help with a quick one-liner? Many thanks, Dan

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• Why Ubuntu could treat hosts file so strange?

  - by z4y4ts

  I have almost fresh Ubuntu desktop box. OS was installed two weeks ago and updated from karmic repositories. Last week I had no problems with DNS. But this week something had changed. I'm not sure what and when, and not sure whether I changed any configs. So now I have some really weird situation. According to logs name resolving should work normally. /etc/hosts 127.0.0.1 localhost test 127.0.1.1 desktop /etc/host.conf order hosts,bind multi on /etc/resolv.conf # Generated by NetworkManager search search servers obtained via DHCP nameserver 192.168.0.3 /etc/nsswitch.conf passwd: compat group: compat shadow: compat hosts: files mdns4_minimal [NOTFOUND=return] dns mdns4 networks: files protocols: db files services: db files ethers: db files rpc: db files netgroup: nis But if fact it is not. user@test ~ping test PING localhost (127.0.0.1) 56(84) bytes of data. [skip] Pinging is ok. user@test ~host test test.myviacube.com has address xx.xxx.161.201 But pure I suspect that NetworkManager might cause this misbehavior, but don't know where to start to check it. Any thoughts, suggestions?

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• How do I securely execute commands as root via a web control panel?

  - by Chris J

  I would like to build a very simple PHP based web based control panel to add and remove users to/from and add and remove sections to/from nginx config files on my linode vps (Ubuntu 8.04 LTS). What is the most secure way of executing commands as root based on input from a web based control panel? I am loathe to run PHP as root (even if behind an IP tables firewall) for the obvious reasons. Suggestions welcome. It must be possible as several commercial (and bloated, for my needs) control panels offer similar functionality. Thanks

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• How can I log all traffic with its exact length?

  - by Legate

  I want to process all packets with their size going through our gateway server (running Debian 4.0). My idea is to use tcpdump, but I have two questions. The command I'm currently thinking of is tcpdump -i iface -n -t -q. Is it guaranteed that tcpdump will process all packets? What happens if the CPU is working to full capacity? The format of the output lines is IP ddd.ddd.ddd.ddd.port > ddd.ddd.ddd.ddd.port: tcp 1260. What exactly is 1260? I have the suspicion that it is the payload in bytes of the packet, which would be exactly what I need, but I'm not sure. It might be the TCP Window Size. Or perhaps there is an even better way of doing this? I thought about a LOG rule in iptables, but tcpdump seems easier and I don't know whether iptables can log the packet lengths.

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• FTP Server vsftpd change ftp:nogroup

  - by pygorex1

  I'm running vsftpd using the Debian Lenny package. ftp:nogroup is the user/group that uploads files and owns uploaded files. However, a problem is arising - another process is also writing files to the FTP directory as myprocess:mygroup with restrictive file permissions, preventing vsftpd from overwriting the myprocess authored files. Is it possible to tell vsftpd to use a different user/group for uploading files? (preferably as myprocess:mygroup or ftp:mygroup)

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• Pgpool-regclass gives error when installling

  - by user119720

  I have a problem when installing the pgpool-regclass. When I'm running 'Make',it shows me this kind of error : p,-D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fexceptions -fstack-protector --param=ssp-buffer-size=4 -m64 -mtune=generic -I/usr/include/et -Wall -Wmissing-prototypes -Wpointer-arith -Wdeclaration-after-statement -Wendif-labels -Wmissing-format-attribute -Wformat-security -fno-strict-aliasing -fwrapv -fpic -I. -I. -I/usr/pgsql-9.2/include/server -I/usr/pgsql-9.2/include/internal -I/usr/include/et -D_GNU_SOURCE -I/usr/include/libxml2 -I/usr/include -c -o pgpool-regclass.o pgpool-regclass.c pgpool-regclass.c:99:37: error: macro "RangeVarGetRelid" requires 3 arguments, but only 2 given pgpool-regclass.c: In function âpgpool_regclassâ: pgpool-regclass.c:99: error: âRangeVarGetRelidâ undeclared (first use in this function) pgpool-regclass.c:99: error: (Each undeclared identifier is reported only once pgpool-regclass.c:99: error: for each function it appears in.) make: *** [pgpool-regclass.o] Error 1 Can anyone help me to sort this things out?I really appreciate it. Thanks.

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• Cannot install CentOS 6.5 using UEFI usb boot

  - by Vaindil

  I am trying to dual-boot CentOS 6.5 on my desktop that is currently running Windows 8.1. I have two storage devices: an SSD that has my Windows installation, and an HDD that has all of my data. Both are formatted using GPT, and Windows boots using UEFI. I used the CentOS 6.5 live DVD (CentOS-6.5-x86_64-LiveDVD.iso) to create an EFI-bootable flash drive (it does boot properly in EFI mode). I receive an error, however, when CentOS is booting (error is below). I have a 6.4 boot DVD which boots as expected, but it does not boot in UEFI mode and therefore doesn't play nicely with my Windows installation (I have no way to access it, even using rEFInd or any other similar tools). What do I need to do to get the device to boot properly in UEFI mode? Kernel panic - not syncing: Attempted to kill init! Pid: 1, comm: init Not tainted 2.6.32-431.el6.x86_64 #1 Call Trace: [<ffffffff815271fa>] ? panic+0xa7/0x16f [<ffffffff81077622>] ? do_exit+0x862/0x870 [<ffffffff8118a865>] ? fput+0x25/0x30 [<ffffffff81077688>] ? do_group_exit+0x58/0xd0 [<ffffffff81077717>] ? sys_exit_group+0x17/0x20 [<ffffffff8100b072>] ? system_call_fastpath+0x16/0x1b drm_kms_helper: panic occurred, switching back to text console

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• not able to register sip user on red5server, using red5phone

  - by sunil221

  I start the red5, and then i start red5phone i try to register sip user , details i provide are username = 999999 password = **** ip = asteriskserverip and i got --- Registering contact -- sip:[email protected]:5072 the right contact could be --- sip :99999@asteriskserverip this is the log: SipUserAgent - listen -> Init... Red5SIP register [SIPUser] register RegisterAgent: Registering contact <sip:[email protected]:5072> (it expires in 3600 secs) RegisterAgent: Registration failure: No response from server. [SIPUser] SIP Registration failure Timeout RegisterAgent: Failed Registration stop try. Red5SIP Client leaving app 1 Red5SIP Client closing client 35C1B495-E084-1651-0C40-559437CAC7E1 Release ports: sip port 5072 audio port 3002 Release port number:5072 Release port number:3002 [SIPUser] close1 [SIPUser] hangup [SIPUser] closeStreams RTMPUser stopStream [SIPUser] unregister RegisterAgent: Unregistering contact <sip:[email protected]:5072> SipUserAgent - hangup -> Init... SipUserAgent - closeMediaApplication -> Init... [SIPUser] provider.halt RegisterAgent: Registration failure: No response from server. [SIPUser] SIP Registration failure Timeout please let me know if i am doing anything wrong. regards Sunil

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• Postfix count relayed messages per user

  - by Martino Dino

  I would like to know if it's possible to count the outgoing (relayed) messages on a per user basis in postfix. I'm managing a small commercial SMTP relay and decided that it would be nice to have a detailed daily report on how much mail a single user have sent (and eventually enforce some limits) possibly in realtime. I've looked almost everywhere and started to think that writing my own milter would be the way to go... Are you aware of anything that already exists for postfix that can count and report relayed mail for authenticated users (a script, milter or whatever)?

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• Latest stable of gcc

  - by banjer

  Hi, I need to install the latest stable release of gcc. I'm looking at all the gcc releases here. I'm assuming these are all stable releases?

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• How do I compile software with no "configure", only "configure.in.in"?

  - by ant2009

  Fedora 12 kernel 2.6.32.9-70.fc12.i686 I have downloaded kdirstat from cvs. And I want to compile and install it. However, there is no configure script file. The only file I have is a configure.in.in. How can I create the configure script file?

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• How to force Debian to boot new Kernel?

  - by ThE_-_BliZZarD

  I'm running Debian 6, Debian GNU/Linux, with Linux 2.6.32-5-amd64 under Grub2 ( 1.98+20100804-14+squeeze1) on a remote system (no possibility to view the pre-boot messages). I compiled and installed a new kernel, but I can not get it to boot. What I have done: Installed the packages via: dpkg -i linux-headers-3.5.3.20120914-amd64_3.5.3.20120914-amd64-10.00.Custom_amd64.deb linux-image-3.5.3.20120914-amd64_3.5.3.20120914-amd64-10.00.Custom_amd64.deb This updated the Grub configuration. My /boot/grub/grub.cfg now contains: menuentry 'Debian GNU/Linux, with Linux 3.5.3.20120914-amd64' --class debian --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os { insmod raid insmod mdraid insmod part_msdos insmod part_msdos insmod ext2 set root='(md0)' search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set 5a3882a9-c7df-4f6a-9feb-f03e3e37be01 echo 'Loading Linux 3.5.3.20120914-amd64 ...' linux /vmlinuz-3.5.3.20120914-amd64 root=UUID=003242b5-121b-49f3-b32f-1b40aea56eed ro acpi=ht quiet panic=10 echo 'Loading initial ramdisk ...' initrd /initrd.img-3.5.3.20120914-amd64 } menuentry 'Debian GNU/Linux, with Linux 2.6.32-5-amd64' --class debian --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os { insmod raid insmod mdraid insmod part_msdos insmod part_msdos insmod ext2 set root='(md0)' search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set 5a3882a9-c7df-4f6a-9feb-f03e3e37be01 echo 'Loading Linux 2.6.32-5-amd64 ...' linux /vmlinuz-2.6.32-5-amd64 root=UUID=003242b5-121b-49f3-b32f-1b40aea56eed ro acpi=ht quiet panic=10 echo 'Loading initial ramdisk ...' initrd /initrd.img-2.6.32-5-amd64 } I used grub-set-default "Debian GNU/Linux, with Linux 2.6.32-5-amd64" to set the old kernel as default and then grub-reboot "Debian GNU/Linux, with Linux 3.5.3.20120914-amd64" to boot into the new kernel once. After update-grub I rebooted the system, but everytime it comes back up with the old kernel (2.6). I tried setting the new one as default (grub-set-default 0, update-grub, reboot) but, still the old one. The Syslogs contain NO hint whatsoever about trying to boot the new kernel - only the old one. Would there be any hints regarding problems with a kernel? Is there a way to enable debug-logging in grub? What am I doing wrong? How can I force the system to boot the new kernel? Edit: Hardware of remote machine. CPU cat /proc/cpuinfo processor : 0 vendor_id : AuthenticAMD cpu family : 16 model : 5 model name : AMD Athlon(tm) II X4 605e Processor stepping : 3 cpu MHz : 2294.898 cache size : 512 KB physical id : 0 siblings : 4 core id : 0 cpu cores : 4 apicid : 0 initial apicid : 0 fpu : yes fpu_exception : yes cpuid level : 5 wp : yes flags : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush mmx fxsr sse sse2 ht syscall nx mmxext fxsr_opt pdpe1gb rdtscp lm 3dnowext 3dnow constant_tsc rep_good nonstop_tsc extd_apicid pni monitor cx16 popcnt lahf_lm cmp_legacy svm extapic cr8_legacy abm sse4a misalignsse 3dnowprefetch osvw ibs skinit wdt bogomips : 4589.77 TLB size : 1024 4K pages clflush size : 64 cache_alignment : 64 address sizes : 48 bits physical, 48 bits virtual power management: ts ttp tm stc 100mhzsteps hwpstate (copied only the first, 3 more follow) The server is a Fujitsu PRIMERGY MX130 S1.

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• --prefix to /usr/local or /opt?

  - by Paul Alexander

  For building apps from source like git or rails I've seen recommendations to install in both /opt or /usr/local. From what I've read so for, the designated use for both is about the same and it amounts to merely a style issue. Is there any practical difference? Best practices?

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