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• How to configure vmware in this situation?

  - by Yousui

  Hi guys, Now I'm using a router to connect my computer to the Internet. I installed VMware Workstation 7 on my computer and installed a guest OS which is CentOS 5.3. Now I want to using putty to connect to the guest OS in my host computer, and I need the guest os can access the Internet too. How can I configure my host's network, guest os and my router? I have little knowledge about network, can you guys give me a step by step direction or something similar? Great thanks!

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• Network problems with Ubuntu on VMware

  - by svick

  I'm running Ubuntu 10.04 inside VMware Player running under Windows Vista and I can't connect to the internet or the host computer from the Ubuntu. I have set all the VMware services to “manual” (like VMware DHCP Service), but starting them manually doesn't help. In VMware, the network seems to work (there is a green dot beside the network icon) and I have tried both Bridged and NAT settings. ifconfig doesn't show the eth1 interface, unless I give it as a parameter (or use -a). I think this means that Ubuntu thinks that the network isn't connected at all. How do I fix this? ifconvadmin@ubu1004:~$ ifconfig lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:56 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:56 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:4192 (4.1 KB) TX bytes:4192 (4.1 KB) vadmin@ubu1004:~$ ifconfig eth1 eth1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0c:29:2d:a0:6f BROADCAST MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:0 (0.0 B) TX bytes:0 (0.0 B) Interrupt:18 Base address:0x2000

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• Is it possible to boot live USB with latest Kubuntu version 9.10, as is possible with Ubuntu?

  - by CrossHatch

  I see a few guides for Ubuntu on a thumb drive, but will it work for Kubuntu?

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• Adding a jar file to CLASSPATH is still not executable

  - by Simon O'Hanlon

  Perhaps I just don't understand how the whole CLASSPATH environment variable works when trying to find .jar files on your system. I thought if you specified it, you could launch .jar files with java in much the same way that you can launch executables that are on your path. I have an executable java archive (.jar file) on my system, that I stuck in /usr/local/bin/gatk/. I added this to my CLASSPATH via: export CLASSPATH=/usr/local/bin/gatk/GenomeAnalysisTK.jar I thought this would make the .jar file visible to my JVM. When I try to invoke it with java -jar GenomeAnalysisTK.jar #Error: Unable to access jarfile .gatk/GenomeAnalysisTK.jar I can invoke it setting the absolute path, e.g. java -jar /usr/local/bin/gatk/GenomeAnalysisTK.jar, however I'd rather not type the full path each time. I have read many of the linked tutorials but somehow I don't seem to be getting this right and I can't understand what I am doing wrong.

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• framebuffer not available. How to install the device /dev/fb/0 on Ubuntu?

  - by Aleyna

  I am trying to run an application that uses framebuffer on 2.6.31-14-generic #48-Ubuntu. All need to do is to install a framebuffer device to get rid of the following error. /dev/fb/0: No such file or directory framebuffer not available. FATAL: no framebuffer available I googled through and found some resources indicating to do that on Grub2 I got nothing though I followed them seamlessly. Any ideas? Thanks

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• Why are there many processes listed under the same title in htop?

  - by javanix

  Can anyone explain to me why there are sometimes 10 or 15 processes with the same title and "stats" listed in htop? I'm guessing there are multiple threads running - but that many of them obviously couldn't be running concurrently. Is there any sort of performance hit taken if a process uses say, 15 non-concurrent threads vs. 10 non-concurrent threads?

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• Redhat cpanel how to limit cpu for a perticular user.

  - by Ahmed M Fituri

  Hello, I have a web server with multiple users in it. one of these users uses mambo, and the cpu usage of this user is more than 90% which leads to a very slow performance of the machine, I have installed cpulimit version 1.1. but there is no particular command that limits the cpu per user. I need to limit this user for at least 50% . please help me ASAP. Thank you.

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• Restarting shell script with &disown using Monit

  - by Solas Admin

  I have a shell script that runs a C++ backend mail system (PluginHandler). I need to monitor this process in Monit and restart it if it fails. The script: export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/lib/:/CONFIDENTAL/CONFIDENTAL/Common/ cd PluginHandler/ ./PluginHandler This script does not have a PID file and we run this script by executing ./rundaemon.sh &disown ./pluginhandler starts the process and starts logging into /etc/output/output.log I stop the process by identifying the process ID with [ps -f | grep PluginHandler] and then killing the process. I can check the process in Monit just fine, but I think Monit is starting the process if it is not running but it can't do &disown so the process ends as soon as it starts. This is the code in the monitrc file for checking this process: check process Backend matching "PluginHandler" if not exist then alert start "PATH/TO/SCRIPT/rundaemon.sh &disown" alert [email protected] only on {timeout} with mail-format {subject: "[BLAH"} I tried to stop the script from terminating by modifying the script like the following but this does not work either. export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/lib/:/home/CONFIDENTAL/production/CONFIDENTAL/Common/ cd PluginHandler/ (nohup ./PluginHandler &) return Any help to write a proper Monit rules to resolve this issue would be greatly appreciated :)

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• Clonezilla-SE with another DHCP Server in LAN

  - by aleroot

  I want to install Clonezilla-Server(192.168.1.100) in a network that already have a DHCP Server (dd-wrt with dnsmasq - 192.168.1.1). I've installed Clonezilla-SE on ubuntu Server 10.10, once installed and configured Clonezilla Server i've removed the DHCP-Server and set pxe server address in dnsmasq configuration on DHCP Server : dhcp-boot=pxelinux.0,,192.168.1.100 When i try to start from PXE a Computer in the network clonezilla start, but give me an error that the ipddress of the machine is not given by the clonezilla server and can't continue ... Someone has already tried to configure Clonezilla-SE in a similar enviroment? Is there some configuration on DRBL server of Clonezilla that i need to do ?

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• spoofing user agent in konqueror globally

  - by timbro

  there's browser identification menu for spoofing for specific sites, but i need to change user agent for all sites... how do i do it?

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• Tar exclude not working?

  - by Andrew Fashion

  tar -cvf file.tar --exclude=thumbs/ \ --exclude=uploads_event/ \ --exclude=uploads_forum/ \ --exclude=uploads_admin/ \ --exclude=uploads_userpoints/ \ --exclude=uploads_group/ \ --exclude=up_old/ \ --exclude=uploads_user/ \ --exclude=uploads_wall/ \ directory_to_tar/ Do I have it wrong? Trying to tar entire directory but exclude all those directories and any files in those folders completely.

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• pthread-stubs for CentOS

  - by Rodnower

  Hello, I try to install Mesa 7.8 for CentOS 5. During installation of Mesa I required to install librdm, and during librdm (v. 2.4.19) installing I got error about missing pthread-stubs: checking for PTHREADSTUBS... configure: error: Package requirements (pthread-stubs) were not met: When I try: yum provides *pthread-stubs* I get nothing In other place I found that libxcb-devel is what I need, but yum not find this too. During searching in Google, I found rpm's for Fedora only. Any one know whether there is some packege which provides pthread-stubs for CentOS, or other, less expensive way to install Mesa? Thank you for ahead.

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• Vim Stuck In Insert Mode

  - by Levi Hackwith

  I've been using Vim for several months now via my web host (they allow putty access). All of a sudden, the escape key has become unresponsive. I cannot exist insert or any other mode by simply hitting escape. I have to hit F1 which brings up the help in vim and kicks me into command mode. I'm most certain that my escape key on my keyboard is functioning fine since all of my windows shortcuts that use the escape key operate normally. I know this is a ridiculous question and I'm certain there's a lot more to look into regarding a solution. What I really need is a solid lead as to where to start looking. Things that might help: I'm using vim via putty I'm logging in using jailshell I'm not root

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• Start multiple Firefoxes; Xephyr rootless mode

  - by Vi

  How to have multiple independent instances of Mozilla Firefox 3.5 on the same X server, but started from different user accounts (consequently, different profiles)? Limited success was only with Xephyr :1, DISPLAY=:1 /usr/local/bin/firefox, but Xephyr has no Cygwin/X's "rootless" mode so it not comfortable. The idea is to have one Firefox instance for various "Serious Business" things and the other for regular browsing with dozens of add-ons securely isolated. /* Requested tags: xephyr rootless */

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• Xmodmap fails to remap modifier keys

  - by ZyX

  When I try to move keys, so that I have CapsLock on escape, Control on CapsLock and Escape on left control, I get the following error: % xmodmap ~/.Xmodmap X Error of failed request: BadValue (integer parameter out of range for operation) Major opcode of failed request: 118 (X_SetModifierMapping) Value in failed request: 0x17 Serial number of failed request: 15 Current serial number in output stream: 15 That is the code that fails: remove Lock = Caps_Lock ! ESC keycode 9 = Caps_Lock add Lock = Caps_Lock remove Control = Control_L ! CapsLock keycode 66 = Control_L add control = Control_L ! Control_R keycode 37 = Escape ! 2*Meta_L keycode 148 = Meta_L add mod1 = Meta_L If I comment out all lines that start with either add or remove it runs without any errors, but does not do what I want. Program versions (Gentoo x86 (stable)): xorg-server-1.7.6 xmodmap-1.0.4 xf86-input-evdev-2.3.2 Xorg.conf: # nvidia-xconfig: X configuration file generated by nvidia-xconfig # nvidia-xconfig: version 1.0 (buildmeister@builder63) Fri Aug 14 17:54:58 PDT 2009 Section "ServerLayout" Identifier "Layout0" Screen 0 "Screen0" InputDevice "Evdev Keyboard" "CoreKeyboard" InputDevice "Evdev Mouse" "CorePointer" EndSection Section "Module" Disable "dri" Disable "dri2" Disable "record" EndSection Section "InputDevice" Identifier "Evdev Keyboard" Driver "evdev" Option "Device" "/dev/input/event2" Option "CoreKeyboard" Option "AutoRepeat" "500 25" Option "XkbRules" "xorg" Option "xkb_rules" "xorg" Option "XkbModel" "yahoo" Option "xkb_model" "yahoo" Option "XkbLayout" "dvp2" # ,ru2 Option "xkb_layout" "dvp2" # ,ru2 # Option "XkbVariant" "" # ,winkeys Option "XkbOption" "grp_led:scroll,grp:rctrl_toggle,compose:rwin,grp:lwin_switch" # grp:lwin_switch EndSection Section "InputDevice" Identifier "Evdev Mouse" Driver "evdev" Option "CorePointer" Option "Device" "/dev/input/event3" Option "Name" "Genius Ergo Mouse" Option "HWHEELRelativeAxisButtons" "7 6" Option "WHEELRelativeAxizButtons" "4 5" Option "SendCoreEvents" "true" Option "Buttons" "11" EndSection Section "Files" FontPath "/usr/share/fonts/misc" FontPath "/usr/share/fonts/Type1" FontPath "/usr/share/fonts/100dpi" FontPath "/usr/share/fonts/75dpi" FontPath "/usr/share/fonts/terminus" # FontPath "/usr/share/fonts/intlfonts" FontPath "/usr/share/fonts/ttf-bitstream-vera" # FontPath "/usr/share/fonts/ttf" FontPath "/usr/share/fonts/corefonts" FontPath "/usr/share/fonts/paratype" EndSection Section "Monitor" Identifier "Monitor0" VendorName "Unknown" ModelName "Unknown" HorizSync 28.0 - 33.0 VertRefresh 43.0 - 72.0 Option "DPMS" EndSection Section "Device" Identifier "Device0" Driver "nvidia" VendorName "NVIDIA Corporation" EndSection Section "Screen" Identifier "Screen0" Device "Device0" Monitor "Monitor0" DefaultDepth 24 SubSection "Display" Depth 24 EndSubSection EndSection Section "Extensions" Option "Composite" "Disable" EndSection Section "ServerFlags" # Option "XkbDisable" "false" # Option "AutoAddDevices" "false" Option "DontVTSwitch" "false" Option "DontZap" "false" # Option "DontZoom" "true" EndSection Everything worked before update.

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• Very slow disk performance on Dell PowerEdge 2950 w/ PERC 6/i running RAID 10

  - by vocoder

  I recently set up a server running Ubuntu 10.04 LTS on a Dell PowerEdge 2950 server - it has 6 500 gb 7200RPM SATA drives setup in a RAID 10 config. I am seeing extremely poor disk performance - the RAID array reports all disks are normal and using MegaCLI, it looks like the BBU is fine. hdparm -tT /dev/sda reports: Timing cached reads: 90 MB in 2.05 seconds = 43.96 MB/sec Timing buffered disk reads: 24 MB in 3.11 seconds = 7.72 MB/sec So as you can see, it takes forever to something as simple as an apt-get upgrade and even logging into the server. How do I go about troubleshooting what is causing this? I upgraded the firmware on the PERC 6i RAID controller to the latest, but didn't see any improvements.

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• How does Kerberos work with SSH?

  - by Phil

  Suppose I have four computers, Laptop, Server1, Server2, Kerberos server: I log in using PuTTY or SSH from L to S1, giving my username / password From S1 I then SSH to S2. No password is needed as Kerberos authenticates me Describe all the important SSH and KRB5 protocol exchanges: "L sends username to S1", "K sends ... to S1" etc. (This question is intended to be community-edited; please improve it for the non-expert reader.)

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• How to automate kinit process to obtain TGT for Kerberos?

  - by tore-

  I'm currently writing a puppet module to automate the process of joining RHEL servers to an AD domain, with support for Kerberos. Currently I have problems with automatically obtain and cache Kerberos ticket-granting ticket via 'kinit'. If this were to be done manually, I would do this: kinit [email protected] This prompts for the AD user password, hence there is a problem with automate this. How can i automate this? I've found some posts mentioning using kadmin to create a database with the ad users password in it, but I've had no luck. Thanks for input

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• Have only read access to Samba

  - by Tahir Malik

  Hi I've been struggling a lot with Samba on Centos 5.5 lately. I develop in Windows 7 and send files through scp (ant task), but it's to slow and wanted to setup thoroughly samba. After installing and following some guides I've done the following: Disable firewall (iptables) Disable SelLinux (didn't do that at the start, but didn't help either) setup my smbusers file to map my windows user to root (root = "Tahir Malik" -- works) added a current user mitco to the sambapassdb with the command smbpasswd -a mitco , because the windows user had only read access So both the users have read access to my share. Here is my smb.conf snippit: [global] workgroup = MITCO server string = Samba Server Version %v netbios name = centos ; interfaces = lo eth0 192.168.12.2/24 192.168.13.2/24 ; hosts allow = 127. 192.168.12. 192.168.13. [alf4] comment = Alfresco 4 path = /opt read only = no valid users = mitco, mitco force user = root force group = root admin users = mitco , mitco writeable = yes ; browseable = yes What also maybe important is that the /opt is only writable by root, but that shouldn't matter because I use the force user and group or admin users. The log file : [2012/09/29 07:43:44, 0] smbd/server.c:main(958) smbd version 3.0.33-3.39.el5_8 started. Copyright Andrew Tridgell and the Samba Team 1992-2008 [2012/09/29 07:43:59, 1] smbd/service.c:make_connection_snum(1085) mitco-tahir (192.168.13.1) connect to service alf4 initially as user root (uid=0, gid=0) (pid 5228)

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• Motion - can't get streaming working from a webcam

  - by Emmanuel Brunet

  I'm trying to record a video stream from my Tenvis IP camera with motion 3.2.12 on Debian 7.5. I used the standard debian package with sudo apt-get install motion Assume my DNS IP cam is webcam, user : admin, password : password /etc/motion/motion.conf Bellow are my configuration file settings : netcam_url http://webcam/videostream.cgi netcam_userpass admin:password target_dir /media/videos/log/motion # The mini-http server listens to this port for requests (default: 0 = disabled) webcam_port 1234 ffmpeg_cap_new on ffmpeg_video_codec mpeg4 output_motion off snapshot_interval 0 # Quality of the jpeg (in percent) images produced (default: 50) webcam_quality 50 # Output frames at 1 fps when no motion is detected and increase to the # rate given by webcam_maxrate when motion is detected (default: off) webcam_motion on # Maximum framerate for webcam streams (default: 1) webcam_maxrate 15 # Restrict webcam connections to localhost only (default: on) webcam_localhost on # Limits the number of images per connection (default: 0 = unlimited) # Number can be defined by multiplying actual webcam rate by desired number of seconds # Actual webcam rate is the smallest of the numbers framerate and webcam_maxrate webcam_limit 0 control_port 8080 control_authentication admin:password Issue #1 when I try display http:/localhost:1234 the browser looks frozen, no HTTP 404 received but it stills waiting for data it seems .. Issue #2 in the output directory motion writes a lot of jpeg snapshots althought I just want to have several video sequenced files. Log I run motion in interactive mode in a terminal, here is the ouput root@mercure:/etc/motion# motion -c motion-1.0.conf [0] Processing thread 0 - config file motion-1.0.conf [0] Motion 3.2.12 Started [0] ffmpeg LIBAVCODEC_BUILD 3482368 LIBAVFORMAT_BUILD 3478785 [0] Thread 1 is from motion-1.0.conf [0] motion-httpd/3.2.12 running, accepting connections [0] motion-httpd: waiting for data on port TCP 8080 [1] Thread 1 started [1] Resizing pre_capture buffer to 1 items [1] Started stream webcam server in port 1234 [1] avcodec_open - could not open codec: Operation now in progress [1] ffopen_open error creating (new) file [~/tmp/motion/01-20140603165303.avi]: Operation now in progress [1] File of type 1 saved to: ~/tmp/motion/01-20140603165303-01.jpg [1] Thread exiting [1] Calling vid_close() from motion_cleanup [1] vid_close: calling netcam_cleanup [1] netcam camera handler: finish set, exiting [0] Motion thread 1 restart [1] Thread 1 started [1] Resizing pre_capture buffer to 1 items [1] Started stream webcam server in port 1234 [1] avcodec_open - could not open codec: Resource temporarily unavailable [1] ffopen_open error creating (new) file [~/tmp/motion/01-20140603165329.avi]: Resource temporarily unavailable [1] File of type 1 saved to: ~/tmp/motion/01-20140603165329-00.jpg [1] Thread exiting [1] Calling vid_close() from motion_cleanup [1] vid_close: calling netcam_cleanup [1] netcam camera handler: finish set, exiting [0] Motion thread 1 restart [1] Thread 1 started [1] Resizing pre_capture buffer to 1 items [1] Started stream webcam server in port 1234 [1] avcodec_open - could not open codec: Connection reset by peer [1] ffopen_open error creating (new) file [~/tmp/motion/01-20140603165355.avi]: Connection reset by peer [1] File of type 1 saved to: ~/tmp/motion/01-20140603165355-06.jpg [1] Thread exiting [1] Calling vid_close() from motion_cleanup [1] vid_close: calling netcam_cleanup [0] httpd - Finishing [0] httpd Closing [0] httpd thread exit [1] netcam camera handler: finish set, exiting [0] Motion thread 1 restart [1] Thread 1 started [1] Resizing pre_capture buffer to 1 items [1] Started stream webcam server in port 1234 It doesn't find the codec ... avcodec_open - could not open codec: Operation now in progress I've changed fmpeg_video_codec from mpeg4 to swf the result is the same. When using flv format motion writes a lot of .jpg image but I can't see anything at http://localhost:1234 [1] File of type 1 saved to: ~/tmp/motion/01-20140603171035-00.jpg [1] File of type 1 saved to: ~/tmp/motion/01-20140603171035-01.jpg [1] File of type 1 saved to: ~/tmp/motion/01-20140603171035-02.jpg [1] File of type 1 saved to: ~/tmp/motion/01-20140603171035-03.jpg [1] File of type 1 saved to: ~/tmp/motion/01-20140603171035-04.jpg [1] File of type 1 saved to: ~/tmp/motion/01-20140603171035-05.jpg [1] File of type 1 saved to: ~/tmp/motion/01-20140603171035-06.jpg [1] File of type 1 saved to: ~/tmp/motion/01-20140603171036-00.jpg [1] File of type 1 saved to: ~/tmp/motion/01-20140603171036-01.jpg [1] File of type 1 saved to: ~/tmp/motion/01-20140603171036-02.jpg Any idea just to get the video stream recoded on my local disk ?

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• How to query a DHCP server to get the local DNS serves

  - by Dan Berlyoung

  I have a ClarkConnect (CentOS based) box running as my home router on a RR connection. I had the DNS servers set up to use Google's DNS server. I want to change them back to the local DNS servers but I can't find an obvious/easy way to get those address short of a)reconfiguring the router's network to DHCP them (would rather not interrupt everyone) or b)calling their T/S (kill me now!). Is there a command line tool/command I can use to query the DHCP server on the external NIC to see what DNS servers it would set me up with w/o munging my existing setup?

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• Error while installing boost_1_54

  - by Farhat

  On trying to install boost I get this error during configuration checks. Googling did not give any pointers. [root@heracles boost_1_54_0]# ./b2 install Performing configuration checks - 32-bit : no (cached) - 64-bit : yes (cached) - arm : no (cached) - mips1 : no (cached) - power : no (cached) - sparc : no (cached) - x86 : yes (cached) error: No best alternative for libs/coroutine/build/allocator_sources next alternative: required properties: <link>static <target-os>windows <threading>multi not matched next alternative: required properties: <link>static <segmented-stacks>on <threading>multi not matched next alternative: required properties: <link>static <threading>multi not matched - has_icu builds : no (cached) warning: Graph library does not contain MPI-based parallel components. note: to enable them, add "using mpi ;" to your user-config.jam - zlib : yes (cached) - iconv (libc) : yes (cached) - icu : no (cached) - icu (lib64) : no (cached) - compiler-supports-ssse3 : yes (cached) - compiler-supports-avx2 : no (cached) - gcc visibility : yes (cached) - long double support : yes (cached) warning: skipping optional Message Passing Interface (MPI) library. note: to enable MPI support, add "using mpi ;" to user-config.jam. note: to suppress this message, pass "--without-mpi" to bjam. note: otherwise, you can safely ignore this message. error: No best alternative for libs/coroutine/build/allocator_sources next alternative: required properties: <link>static <target-os>windows <threading>multi not matched next alternative: required properties: <link>static <segmented-stacks>on <threading>multi not matched next alternative: required properties: <link>static <threading>multi not matched - zlib : yes (cached) How can the alternative for allocator sources be located? Thanks.

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• File system concepts (df command)

  - by mkab

  I'm finding it difficult to understand some stuffs about the df command. Suppose I type df and I have the following output Filesystem 1k-blocks Used Avail Capacity Mounted on /dev/da0s1 some number some number number percentage /win /dev/da0s2 some number some number number percentage /win/home /dev/da0s3a some number some number number percentage / devfs some number some number number percentage /dev /dev/da0s3g some number some number number percentage /local /dev/da0s3h some number some number -number 102% /reste /dev/da0s3d some number some number number percentage /tmp /dev/da1s3f some number some number number percentage /usr /dev/da1s3e some number some number number percentage /var /dev/da1s1a some number some number number percentage /public Are the answers to the following questions correct? How many physical drives do I have? Ans: 2. da0s1 and da1s1 How many physical partitions on each disk? Ans: 8 for da0s1 and 1 for da1s1 How many BSD partition on each physical partition Ans: Impossible to determine. We have to use the -T to determine its type How is it possible for the file system /dev/da0s3h filled at 102%? And where is this overflowed data written?Ans: I have no idea for this one Thanks.

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• Can I tell if crashplan has backed up a particular file in a particular state?

  - by Chris Cogdon

  I would like to be able to tell, programmatically, if CrashPlan has backed-up a particular file, including the current updates to that file. I.e., that the current contents of a file are backed up. It's relatively easy to tell when CrashPlan last backed up a file: its file name appears in /usr/local/crashplan/log/backup_files.log.0, and with some accuracy, I could compare the backup time with the last modification time to the file, but that method appears to be somewhat dubious. A couple of methods I could think of, but I don't know how: Compare the current file to CrashPlan's metadata about that file. This needs knowledge about the format of CrashPlan's "cache" files as well as the hashing system used. This might be achievable through the CLI, but the CLI is just a portal into the GUI, and I need something that's scriptable. Restore the file to a temporary directory, and compare it. Unfortunately, there is no CLI to do restores; the GUI is the only way. I'll describe what I'm trying to achieve. It would be nice to know how to do the above, even if there are alternative methods for the following: I'm using CrashPlan for continuous backups to my PostgreSQL database, using WAL archives. In the current configuration, the archive command copies the files to an archive directory, which is backed up by CrashPlan. Every so often I manually confirm (or just trust) a group of WALs are backed up, and remove them from the archive directory, and occasionally do a restore through the GUI to ensure I can retrieve current and "deleted" WALs. The xlog directory is backed-up, too, so I have a good chance of doing a near-full restore even if a particular xlog hasn't been archived by PostgreSQL yet. I'd like to be able to automate this process, which necessitates either confirming the backup status and recency, or automating a restore for comparison purposes. (As a bonus, if the method is trustworthy, I could turn the "archive_command" from "copy to archive directory" into "confirm CrashPlan has backed up the current version", and do away with the archive directory completely). (And, yes, I'm doing regular pg_dumpall's, in addition to the above.)

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• Iptables: "-p udp --state ESTABLISHED"

  - by chris_l

  Hi, let's look at these two iptables rules which are often used to allow outgoing DNS: iptables -A OUTPUT -p udp --sport 1024:65535 --dport 53 -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT iptables -A INPUT -p udp --sport 53 --dport 1024:65535 -m state --state ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT My question is: How exactly should I understand the ESTABLISHED state in UDP? UDP is stateless. Here is my intuition - I'd like to know, if or where this is incorrect: The man page tells me this: state This module, when combined with connection tracking, allows access to the connection tracking state for this packet. --state ... So, iptables basically remembers the port number that was used for the outgoing packet (what else could it remember for a UDP packet?), and then allows the first incoming packet that is sent back within a short timeframe? An attacker would have to guess the port number (would that really be too hard?) About avoiding conflicts: The kernel keeps track of which ports are blocked (either by other services, or by previous outgoing UDP packets), so that these ports will not be used for new outgoing DNS packets within the timeframe? (What would happen, if I accidentally tried to start a service on that port within the timeframe - would that attempt be denied/blocked?) Please find all errors in the above text :-) Thanks, Chris

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