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  • Swapping 3Ware Raid Card - Best Procedure

    - by Brian Lee Jackson
    We have a server running an old firmware version and driver (just took this position) on the 3Ware 9650SE Raid Controller... We have been having issues with the server and seemed to have narrowed it down to the Raid Card... I will be replacing the Raid card with the same model of 3Ware 9650SE, however, the card ordered most likely will have newer firmware on it. I managed to backup all the data to a very large drive. My plan is to update the firmware/driver on the current setup (which is still booting) and verify that everything works.. Then throw in the new Raid Card, check the firmware version (not letting it post). And update to newest firmware if needed via Java management utility on the card? Is this the best route? Thanks!

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  • ssh login successful, but scp password gives me "Permission denied"

    - by YANewb
    I'm trying to get some blogging software up on an organizational remote server. I tried to set up a SSH Key but was having problems and decided that getting the blog up and running was more important than dealing with the SSH Key issue, so I ssh-keygen -R remoteserver.com. Now I can successfully login with ssh -v [email protected] and the correct password. Once logged in I can move around and read any file and directory that I should be able to read. But when I try to edit an existing -rw-r--r-- file with VIM, it shows up as read-only, if I try to edit permissions I get chmod: file.ext: Operation not permitted, and if I try to scp a new file from my local machine I'm prompted for the remote user's password, and then get scp: /home/path/to/file.ext: Permission denied. Since I didn't have any of these problems before I tried to set up the ssh key, I suspect these anomalies are a side effect of that, but I don't know how to troubleshoot this. So what does a foolish server-newb, such as myself, need to do to get edit capability back as a remote user? Addendum 1: My userids are different between my local machine and the remote server. For ssh I ssh -v [email protected]. if I whoami I get remoteuser For scp I scp file.ext [email protected]:/path/to/file.ext from the local directory with file.ext while logged in as the local user. if I whoami I get localuser The ls -l for two different files I've tried scp: -rw-r--r--@ 1 localuser localgroup 20 Feb 11 21:03 phpinfo.php -rw-r--r-- 1 root localgroup 4 Feb 11 22:32 test.txt The ls -l for the file I've tried to VIM: -rw-r--r-- 1 remoteuser remotegroup 76 Jul 27 2009 info.txt Addendum 2: In the past I've set up ssh-keys for git repositories. I don't want to completely destroy them, so in an attempt to follow a deer's train of thinking I renamed my ~/.ssh/ to ~/.ssh-bak/, then tested the different types of access. The abridged version of the terminal commands and results is below; I think everything is working until the 8th line from the end. localcomputer:~ localuser$ ssh -v [email protected] OpenSSH_5.2p1, OpenSSL 0.9.8l 5 Nov 2009 debug1: Reading configuration data /etc/ssh_config debug1: Connecting to remoteserver.com [###.###.###.###] port 22. debug1: Connection established. debug1: identity file /Users/localuser/.ssh/identity type -1 debug1: identity file /Users/localuser/.ssh/id_rsa type -1 debug1: identity file /Users/localuser/.ssh/id_dsa type -1 debug1: Remote protocol version 2.0, remote software version OpenSSH_5.8p2 FreeBSD-20110503 debug1: match: OpenSSH_5.8p2 FreeBSD-20110503 pat OpenSSH* debug1: Enabling compatibility mode for protocol 2.0 debug1: Local version string SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_5.2 debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT sent debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT received debug1: kex: server->client aes128-ctr hmac-md5 none debug1: kex: client->server aes128-ctr hmac-md5 none debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_REQUEST(1024<1024<8192) sent debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_GROUP debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_INIT sent debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_REPLY The authenticity of host 'remoteserver.com (###.###.###.###)' can't be established. RSA key fingerprint is ##:##:##:##:##:##:##:##:##:##:##:##:##:##:##:##. Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes Warning: Permanently added 'remoteserver.com,###.###.###.###' (RSA) to the list of known hosts. debug1: ssh_rsa_verify: signature correct debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS sent debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS received debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_REQUEST sent debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_ACCEPT received debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,password debug1: Next authentication method: publickey debug1: Trying private key: /Users/localuser/.ssh/identity debug1: Trying private key: /Users/localuser/.ssh/id_rsa debug1: Trying private key: /Users/localuser/.ssh/id_dsa debug1: Next authentication method: password [email protected]'s password: debug1: Authentication succeeded (password). debug1: channel 0: new [client-session] debug1: Requesting [email protected] debug1: Entering interactive session. Last login: Sun Feb 12 18:00:54 2012 from 68.69.164.123 FreeBSD 6.4-RELEASE-p8 (VKERN) #1 r101746: Mon Aug 30 10:34:40 MDT 2010 [remoteuser@remoteserver /home]$ ls -l total ### -rw-r--r-- 1 remoteuser remotegroup 76 Aug 12 2009 info.txt [remoteuser@remoteserver /home]$ vim info.txt ~ {at the bottom of the VIM screen it tells me it's [read only]} [remoteuser@remoteserver /home]$ whoami remoteuser [remoteuser@remoteserver /home]$ logout debug1: client_input_channel_req: channel 0 rtype exit-status reply 0 debug1: client_input_channel_req: channel 0 rtype [email protected] reply 0 debug1: channel 0: free: client-session, nchannels 1 Connection to remoteserver.com closed. Transferred: sent 3872, received 12496 bytes, in 107.4 seconds Bytes per second: sent 36.1, received 116.4 debug1: Exit status 0 localcomputer:localdirectory name$ scp -v phpinfo.php [email protected]:/home/www/remotedirectory/phpinfo.php Executing: program /usr/bin/ssh host remoteserver.com, user remoteuser, command scp -v -t /home/www/remotedirectory/phpinfo.php OpenSSH_5.2p1, OpenSSL 0.9.8l 5 Nov 2009 debug1: Reading configuration data /etc/ssh_config debug1: Connecting to remoteserver.com [###.###.###.###] port 22. debug1: Connection established. debug1: identity file /Users/localuser/.ssh/identity type -1 debug1: identity file /Users/localuser/.ssh/id_rsa type -1 debug1: identity file /Users/localuser/.ssh/id_dsa type -1 debug1: Remote protocol version 2.0, remote software version OpenSSH_5.8p2 FreeBSD-20110503 debug1: match: OpenSSH_5.8p2 FreeBSD-20110503 pat OpenSSH* debug1: Enabling compatibility mode for protocol 2.0 debug1: Local version string SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_5.2 debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT sent debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT received debug1: kex: server->client aes128-ctr hmac-md5 none debug1: kex: client->server aes128-ctr hmac-md5 none debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_REQUEST(1024<1024<8192) sent debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_GROUP debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_INIT sent debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_REPLY debug1: Host 'remoteserver.com' is known and matches the RSA host key. debug1: Found key in /Users/localuser/.ssh/known_hosts:1 debug1: ssh_rsa_verify: signature correct debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS sent debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS received debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_REQUEST sent debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_ACCEPT received debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,password debug1: Next authentication method: publickey debug1: Trying private key: /Users/localuser/.ssh/identity debug1: Trying private key: /Users/localuser/.ssh/id_rsa debug1: Trying private key: /Users/localuser/.ssh/id_dsa debug1: Next authentication method: password [email protected]'s password: debug1: Authentication succeeded (password). debug1: channel 0: new [client-session] debug1: Requesting [email protected] debug1: Entering interactive session. debug1: Sending command: scp -v -t /home/www/remotedirectory/phpinfo.php Sending file modes: C0644 20 phpinfo.php Sink: C0644 20 phpinfo.php scp: /home/www/remotedirectory/phpinfo.php: Permission denied debug1: client_input_channel_req: channel 0 rtype exit-status reply 0 debug1: channel 0: free: client-session, nchannels 1 debug1: fd 0 clearing O_NONBLOCK debug1: fd 1 clearing O_NONBLOCK Transferred: sent 1456, received 2160 bytes, in 0.6 seconds Bytes per second: sent 2322.3, received 3445.1 debug1: Exit status 1

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  • Recycle Bin for Windows Server 2003 File Shares

    - by Joseph Sturtevant
    One of the networks I administrate uses Windows Server 2003 File Shares to provide network storage for users. To prevent against accidental deletion, I use Shadow Copies to create snapshots twice a day. This method is only effective, however, for files which were on the share during the last snapshot. When users accidentally deleted files recently placed on the share, I have no recourse except to remote desktop into the server and attempt retrieval with an undelete utility (this is only effective if the file has not been overwritten). Is there a feature like the Windows Recycle Bin for Windows Server 2003 File Shares? What is the best way to protect my users against accidental file deletion in this scenario?

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  • Decrypting Windows XP encrypted files from an old disk

    - by Uri Cohen
    I had an old Windows XP machine with an encrypted directory. When moving to a new Win7 machine I connected the old disk as a slave in the new machine, and hence cannot access the encrypted files. Chances don't seem good as documentation warns you: "Do not Delete or Rename a User's account from which will want to Recover the Encrypted Files. You will not be able to de-crypt the files using the steps outlined above." On the other hand, I have full access to the machine, so maybe there's a utility which can extract the keys and use the to decrypt the files... BTW, I didn't have a password in the old machine, if it's relevant. Ideas, anyone? Thanks!

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  • Windows zip error: Windows cannot complete the extraction. The destination file could not be created

    - by Snake Eyes
    I have a strange error in Windows 7 when I want to execute/open a file inside ZIP archive. I have two files: File1.dwg File2.dwg The archive is not corrupted ( I checked with 7zip utility ) When I double click on the any file inside ZIP (I opened ZIP with Windows Explorer), the error occured: Ok. If I open zip file with 7-zip or WinRAR every file could be opened(executed) without error and the AutoCAD is opened to see the dwg content. Why in Windows ZIP ? What points have I to see to manage/remove this error ? Thank you. UPDATE If I click Extract all from Windows ZIP, the error occured as unspecified error:

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  • Need help solving "Disk Error Press any key to restart" after blue screen in XP.

    - by Dennis
    I have had a couple of BSOD's lately and after the last one I got the disk error message. The disk shows up during the BIOS portion of the boot. It is in a Dell Precision 690 so the F12 key gives me a boot menu. I can boot from the utility partition, and if I specifically select the hard drive from the boot menu it will boot fine. Any ideas why if I just try to do an unattended boot, it give the error listed in the title?

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  • Trouble upgrading OS X, because HD doesn't use GUID Partition Table Scheme

    - by Erik Vold
    So I have a MacBook with Mac OS X 10.5 and I'm trying to upgrade to 10.6, but when I run the upgrade 'install' I quickly get to a page where I am supposed to 'Select the disk where you want to install Mac OS X' and there is only the one hard drive, so it is auto selected, and below that I see a warning message and the only button available is the 'Go Back' button. The warning message says: "Macintosh HD" can't be used because it doesn't use the GUID Partition Table scheme. Use Disk Utility to change the partition scheme. Select the disk, choose the Partition tab, select the Volume Scheme and then click Options. So I followed the above instructions, and I got to the last step, where I'm supposed to click the 'Options' button, the problem is that I cannot click that button, it is disabled.. So what am I supposed to do?

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  • Teamed network cards on a Proliant Server

    - by Matt
    We have 4 network cards in a Proliant server with Server 2008R2 running Exchange 2010, with 1 card set to a static IP address and the other 3 set to DHCP. I just need some clarification as I have not teamed network cards. Do all the network cards need to have a static IP when I set as a team. The connection that has the static IP is the IP that I need to use for the Server. Is it possible to set the teamed cards to the same static IP or do I have to change the static IP to another IP then use it for the teamed IP? I will be using HP Network Configuration Utility to set this up.

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  • How to copy files pointed to (not the shortcut files themselves)

    - by Ivo Bosticky
    I have a folder containing shortcuts that point to files that are located in various directories and drives. I would like to copy the files pointed to (NOT the shortcut files themselves) to a single destination folder. Is there a way in windows (XP, Vista, 7), file manager, or some utility I can use to do this? I've heard you can do this with various multi-step custom scripts. However, I've heard rumors there is a one click way to do this without having to fabricate a custom script each time, where regardless where the shortcuts point to, I can select the group of shortcuts and do a copy operation that will grab the files they point to. Then, I can paste or otherwise put the actual files (not shortcuts) into one directory. It would be very time consuming to manually find each file pointed to by a shortcut and one by one copy them to the target folder. Note that I've seen this question asked before on the internet but haven't seen a good answer.

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  • is it worth defragging an iPod

    - by alimack
    Essentially my 5G iPod was cutting tracks off and generally misbehaving. So I did the following: 1) Use Diskwarrior - heavy directory fragmentation which it fixed; 2) Use iDefrag - some fragmentation but it kept halting as it couldn't move files; 3) Try to write out drive with Disk Utility - got a warning from DU so gave up before I started; 4) Completely restored using iTunes; 5) Reran Diskwarrior - still heavy directory fragmentation; 6) Reran iDefrag, still fragmentation although limited to two bands; The iPod is much quicker to traverse menus and no more track skipping. My question is this - is defragging worth it or does the heat generated by the process kill the drive and make it a self-defeating process. Anyone have any metrics/ figures? Clearly it's a bad idea for solid state drives like the nano & touch.

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  • Monitor sleep in Windows XP does not work. Is there an add on to force it?

    - by bert
    I have an EEE box with XP Home and a DVI connected TFT, and it does not sleep the monitor. It only starts working after I go to the energy control panel and turn it off and on again. Then the timed sleep works for the current session of computer use. After a shut down and boot next day, sleep does not work again (it is still set in the preferences however). What can hold the sleep function from working? Are there issues with Skype or MSN? Is there a utility to be less critic to processes interrupting sleep and offer a more reliable monitor sleep function for XP?

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  • Stop RAID 5 from Initializing

    - by Antz
    Hi, I am trying to follow Ictinike's guide on Recovering Intel RAID "Non-Member Disk" Error found here, Ictinike's RAID recovery Guide I have recreated my RAID array as per the instructions. However my RAID array status is then automatically set to: INITIALIZE When I boot back into my Windows XP desktop, the Intel Matrix Storage Utility begins to "Initialize" my drives. This is a long slow process that will take about 20 hours. I suspect all my data will be lost. I have gone back into my bios and disabled my RAID controller to prevent any further initialization and data loss. I have read that initialization will cause data loss. I've also read somewhere that it won't. I am not so confident in the latter. Is there anyway to stop this initialization process so I can continue to follow the steps in the recovery guide? Some system specs: ABIT IP35 Pro Motherboard ICH9R on board RAID controller

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  • Renaming Z drive in DOSBox

    - by Jay Kominek
    DOSBox makes a virtual drive, which it names Z:, for storing utility stuff on. Clearly they're trying to stay out of your way, so you can do whatever you want with the C: drive. Swell, I understand that. But I've got some old database accessing software I really, really want to run which assumes it lives on the Z drive. So I need to get DOSBox's Z called anything else. (C would be fine with me.) I've seen mentions that it is possible, but no actual indication of how to do it. Anything that gets the job done is appreciated.

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  • SSH broken after homedir permissions and hostname change on EC2-hosted Ubuntu

    - by dimadima
    I changed my instance's hostname using the hostname utility and then set it in /etc/hostname so that the new name survives reboot. My main motivation was for differentiating between instances at the prompt using the \h format in PS1. EDIT I also changed permissions on my home directory. I made my home directory group writeable. Now I can no longer SSH into the machine. The short of it is the error Permission denied (publickey). Running ssh -v, the more verbose output is: debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey debug1: Next authentication method: publickey debug1: Offering RSA public key: /Users/dmitry/.ssh/id_rsa debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey debug1: Trying private key: /Users/dmitry/.ssh/ec2key.pem debug1: read PEM private key done: type RSA debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey debug1: No more authentication methods to try. Permission denied (publickey). Should I have done something after changing the hostname? Now I can't get into the instance! :(

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  • getUserPrincipal() in JCIFS / Lan-Manager authentitation level setting in Windows 2k8

    - by Chris
    I have to find out in which exact format JCIFS stores the user principal in the "getUserPrincipal()" property. Therefor i created a test Environment like this: Windows Server 2008 Domain Controller Domain named "MYDOMAIN" Many Testusers in Active Directory Tomcat Application Server with my Web Application (which simply reads the user Principal and displays its values). The user should be logged in to the web-application with SSO therefor i need the format that jcifs is using to store the user. (For example user@MYDOMAIN or MYDOMAIN\user...) I tested the Authentication with other SSO frameworks with Kerberos Method and it works as expected. I'm now trying to use SSO through the NTLMHttpFilter of JCIFS. When i try to login i get the following error message: jcifs.smb.SmbException: The parameter is incorrect. jcifs.smb.SmbTransport.checkStatus(SmbTransport.java:541) jcifs.smb.SmbTransport.send(SmbTransport.java:641) jcifs.smb.SmbSession.sessionSetup(SmbSession.java:322) jcifs.smb.SmbSession.send(SmbSession.java:224) jcifs.smb.SmbTree.treeConnect(SmbTree.java:176) jcifs.smb.SmbSession.logon(SmbSession.java:153) jcifs.smb.SmbSession.logon(SmbSession.java:146) jcifs.http.NtlmHttpFilter.negotiate(NtlmHttpFilter.java:189) jcifs.http.NtlmHttpFilter.doFilter(NtlmHttpFilter.java:121) Regarding to the documentation i'm using to configure this, this is a know issue with the Group policy. It is stated there, that i have to change the Group policy "Networkaccess: lan-manager authentication level" to respond to NTLMv1 request. I have done this, but it's still not working. So what i also have to configure is the same policy on the client computer. I have to change the policy, so that the client computer sends NTLMv1. But it is always sending NTLMv2 tokens. The problem now is that i'm somehow not able to change this setting. (I already was before) because the dropdown box to choose the authentication method is "greyed out". edit: just to make this clear, this dialog is on the client-side in the "local-security policies" As you can see from this screenshot, the chosen method is "Only send NTLMv2 responses" which is the wrong setting and i'm pretty sure that this is causing the error above. My question is now, why can't i change this setting? Why is it greyd out?

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  • What are "Missing thread recordng" erros when running fsck -fy ?

    - by Horace Ho
    There is some error reported when I run Disk Utility and verify the root volume on my OS X MacBook. So I boot and CMD-S into the shell mode and run /sbin/fsck -fy. Errors are like: ** Checking catalog file. Missing thread record (id = ...) In correct number of thread records ** Checking catalog hierarchy. Invalid volume file count (It should be ... instead of ...) ** Repairing Volume Missing directory record (id = ...) I'd like to know what is the cause of the above errors? Hopefully I will be more careful in the future to prevent them from happening again. p.s. I am using a SSD and so I assume mechanical hard disk error is less likely. Thanks!

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  • What are "Missing thread recordng" erros when running fsck -fy ?

    - by user32616
    There is some error reported when I run Disk Utility and verify the root volume on my OS X MacBook. So I boot and CMD-S into the shell mode and run /sbin/fsck -fy. Errors are like: ** Checking catalog file. Missing thread record (id = ...) In correct number of thread records ** Checking catalog hierarchy. Invalid volume file count (It should be ... instead of ...) ** Repairing Volume Missing directory record (id = ...) I'd like to know what is the cause of the above errors? Hopefully I will be more careful in the future to prevent them from happening again. p.s. I am using a SSD and so I assume mechanical hard disk error is less likely. Thanks!

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  • What is a 'best practice' backup plan for a website?

    - by HollerTrain
    I have a website which is very large and has a large user-base. I am trying to think of a 'best practice' way to create a back up or mirror website, so if something happens on domain.com, I can quickly point the site to backup.domain.com via 401 redirect. This would give me time to troubleshoot domain.com while everyone is viewing backup.domain.com and not knowing the difference. Is my method the ideal method, or have you enacted better methods to creating a backup site? I don't want to have the site go down and then get yelled at every minute while I'm trying to fix it. Ideally I would just 'flip the switch' and it would redirect the user to a backup. Any insight would be greatly appreciated.

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  • How to find date/time used by Cassandra

    - by JDI Lloyd
    Earlier this morning I noticed that one of the nodes in our Cassandra cluster is writing logs an hour in the future, despite the date/time being correct on the OS. A couple of other nodes I checked via logs appear to be writing logs at the correct time. I now need to go through and check each node in our 80 node cluster and ensure cassandra is running on the correct time, problem being is some of the nodes don't write to the logs very often as they aren't doing much... the question is, is there some form of tool/utility (ie nodetool) that can tell me the time that cassandra is running on? All the systems date/times are correct, ntpdate cron in place has been for a while. Servers are set to Belize timezone to avoid DST changes so its nothing to do with that.

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  • How to add a web folder via command line (Windows)

    - by Ryan
    I am trying to add a web folder via command line in windows. At first I though I should use the "net use" command, but when I tried I kept getting System error 67: C:net use * http://dev.subdomain.domain.tdl/dav/ the user name for 'dev.subdomain.domain.tdl': correctusername the password for dev.subdomain.domain.tdl: System error 67 has occurred. The network name cannot be found. The url I used works in a browser. It's an Apache dav on basic auth LDAP authentication method being used. Here's the thing... I CAN create a web folder when I use the "Add a network place" wizard. When I do net use, I don't see it listed in the prompt that follows. What utility do I need to use to mount a web folder in command line?

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  • Sharing external storage between different operating systems?

    - by CT
    I just received a Lacie 1TB external usb/firewire/esata drive. I have 2 machines. A macbook running osx 10.6 and a desktop running windows 7. I would like to rip my dvd collection to iso and store on my external. Right now I use my macbook's disk utility to rip dvds to iso. However my desktop is what is connected to my hdtv. I mainly just use the desktop for media. I'd like to format the external with a 200 GB partition for time machine backups and have the rest for storage. DVD iso are often above 8GB so that sort of eliminates FAT file systems correct? Do I have any options to be able to have my mac and pc both see the drive?

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  • Can I set up a COM Port that Connects via TCP/IP?

    - by Kristopher Johnson
    I have an RS232 device connected to a Digi PortServer on my network. I can telnet to the Digi's IP and port number to communicate with that RS232 device. I have a Windows application that knows how to talk to the device, but it wants to connect directly to an RS232 port. So, my question: Is there some way to set up a COM port so that when this application connects to it, it goes through the network to the Digi to communicate with the device? I have run across the utility TCP-Com, which seems like it might be a solution. Is this the best option?

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  • Fixing mac user file permissions, not the system

    - by Cawas
    Usually those files get wrong permission when coming from the network, even when I copy them from it, but mostly through "file sharing". So, definitely not talking about Disk Utility repair here, please. But regardless of how the file got wrong permission, I know of two bad ways to fix them. One is CMD+I and the other is chown / chmod. The command line isn't all bad but isn't practical either. Some times it's just 1 file I need to repair, sometimes it's a bunch of them. By "repair" I mean 644 for files, 755 for folders, and current user:group for all of them. Isn't there any app / script / automator out there to do that?

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  • Get the number of tiffs in a multi-tiff with command line ImageMagick?

    - by Anders
    Is there a way to get the number of tiffs in a multi-tiff with a command line utility in ImageMagick? What I want to to is to extract (split) the multi-tiff into single files. However if the tiff only contains one tiff (is not a multi-tiff), I would like to do nothing at all... Also if I use the "%d"-option to name the output files I get the "%d" in the file name if it is only one. ...or is there another way to use ImageMagick to avoid strange filenames when converting?

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  • How to securely delete files stored on a SSD?

    - by Chris Neuroth
    From a (very long, but definitely worth to read) article on SSDs: When you delete a file in your OS, there is no reaction from either a hard drive or SSD. It isn’t until you overwrite the sector (on a hard drive) or page (on a SSD) that you actually lose the data. File recovery programs use this property to their advantage and that’s how they help you recover deleted files. The key distinction between HDDs and SSDs however is what happens when you overwrite a file. While a HDD can simply write the new data to the same sector, a SSD will allocate a new (or previously used) page for the overwritten data. The page that contains the now invalid data will simply be marked as invalid and at some point it’ll get erased. So, what would be the best way to securely erase files stored on a SSD? Overwriting with random data as we are used to from hard disks (e.g. using the "shred" utility) won't work unless you overwrite the WHOLE drive...

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