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• How can I boot from .iso images stored on the harddrive ?

  - by user29701

  I want to put a .iso file of a bootable linux CD on the harddrive of my computer. I want to have it boot using grub (or lilo), and have it boot from the .iso file as if the .iso was a real CD in the CDROM drive. Here is a page that makes reference to doing this, but instead of a .iso file it is a .img file of a floppy or a whole harddisk installation: http://grub4dos.sourceforge.net/wiki/index.php/Grub4dos%5Ftutorial That page makes reference to "cdrom emulation is not supported", but I don't know if it is not supported in grub, or if what want to do is completely impossible. Apparently Epidemic Linux (and maybe Knoppix ?) have a "bootfrom" parameter: "Using the parameter “bootfrom=/partition/path” you can start Epidemic from an ISO image located anywhere on the HD without having to create a DVD. This is very handy for testing the system." (From www.epidemiclinux.org/ ) Drew P.S. I am NOT interested in installing the CD on the harddrive. If I could have a dozen .iso's on the harddrive, I would like to be able to select them from grub and boot each of them.

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• Backing up a Windos 7 partition from Macbook with no OS X

  - by mattcodes

  I have a 3 year macbook with Windows 7 installed as 40gb and OS X as 40gb (80gb HD). I want to remove OS X as Im at the limit of 40gb on Windows and I have not logged on to Mac OS X since installed Win7 (dont flame me). So I want to delete OS X partition and expand my win partition to 80gb BUT I still would like to be able to regularly (once a week/month) backup my Windows 7 partition - its took a while to setup everything up right - not just docs and programs - so when the hard drive dies I want to be able to restore the partition and boot away, (the daily volatile bits I can pull down from dropbox and project from soure control). With Mac OS X I could use Winclone - and this worked flawless last time the HD failed with XP but with the absence of OS X I will need something else. Im thinking can I use a Linux Live boot CD along with an external USB hard drive. Boot from CD and then dd? the partition to the USB? What linux distro live CD should I use? I say dd as if I know what am taking about (I dont) is this the best way to backup a partition (when it will be restored to same hardware as bootable) ? What command?

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• How do I prevent my computer from freezing when it starts to swap?

  - by cdauth

  I work as a Java programmer, so I often have to run several programs at the same time that consume a lot of memory. When my memory is full and Linux starts swapping, my computer almost completely freezes. I can see that it is heavily writing on the hard-disk and everything reacts really slowly, often not at all. Moving the mouse in X sometimes doesn’t work at all, sometimes it has a delay of several seconds, clicking usually has a delay of several minutes. Sometimes it is possible to change to the TTY (with a long delay), there I can usually type without delay, but when I try to log in, it takes several minutes after typing in the user name until the password prompt appears, and usually an error message appears that tells me that the login timed out. So the only possibility is usually to restart the computer. I noticed that other intensive writing to the hard disk also significantly slows down my computer. Sometimes, I used rsync to limit the bandwidth when I copied files around on my own computer, as else the system would be almost unusable. How can this be? At the moment it seems more useful to me to completely turn off swapping. That might crash some processes, which is unfortunate, but the alternative at the moment is to crash all processes by turning off my computer. I am using Gentoo Linux with kernel 3.6.2-gentoo, I have a 10 GB swap partition on a HDD.

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• Some doubts about the use of usermod and groupmod command

  - by AndreaNobili

  I am not yet a true "Linux guy" and I have the following doubts about how exactly do the following shell procedure (a list of commands steps) founded in a tutorial that I am following (I want deeply understand what I am doing before do it): sudo passwd root then login again as root usermod -l miner pi usermod -m -d /home/miner miner groupmod -n miner pi exit So at the beginning it enable the root account and I have to login again in the system as root...this is perfectly clear for me. And now I have the followings doubts: 1) The usermod command: usermod -l miner pi usermod -m -d /home/miner miner Reading the official documentation of the usermod command I understand that this command modify the informations related to an existing account Reading the documentation it seems to me that the -l parmether modify the name of the user pi in miner and then the -m -d paramether move the contents of the old home directory to the new one (named miner) and use this new directory as home directory My doubt is: what exactly do the executions of these operation? I think that: Rename the existing pi user in miner Then move the content of the old home directory (the pi home directory? or what?) into a new directory (/home/miner) that now is the home directory for the miner user. Is it right? The the second doubt is related to this command groupmod -n miner pi It seems to me that change the group name from pi in miner But what exactly is a group in Linux and why is it used? Tnx

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• Compatibility of Fedora install on a Hybrid drive

  - by kjh

  I recently bought un ultrabook with a 500gb/32gb sdd hdd hybrid drive, and I'm having trouble replacing windows on it with fedora seventeen. it errors out saying there was an unhandled exception. Is linux compatible with hybrid drives? or can the operating system on a hybrid drive not be replaced? Edit: here are the steps I select special storage devices because it ignores my hard drives otherwise at this point i get the message: "Disk contains bios raid meta data, disk sda will be ignored" I can pick a hostname, select my timezone and set a password at the install type screen, no matter what I select (use all free space, replace linux systems, create custom partition etc..) once I click next, it says "an unhandled exception" has occured. and I can no longer proceed with installation. Here is the error message: anaconda 17.29 exception report Traceback (most recent call first); File "/usr/lib64/python2.7/size-packages/pyanaconda/bootloader.py"; line 183 self.stage1_drive=self_drives[0] File "/usr/lib64/python2.7/site-packages/pyanaconda/rw/cleardisks_gui.ph"; line... and tons of more lines like that

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• which virtualization technology is right for me?

  - by Chris

  I need a little help with this getting this sorted out. I want to setup a linux virtual server that I can use to run both sever and desktop systems. I want a linux system that is minimalist in nature as all the main os will be doing is acting as a hypervisor. The system I'm trying to setup will be running a file server, windows 7, ubuntu 10.04, windows xp and a firewall/gateway security system. All the client OS'es accessing and storing files on the file server. Also all network traffic will be routed through the gateway guest os. The file sever will need direct disk access while the other guests can run one disk images. All of this will be running on the same computer so I wont be romoting in to access the guests OS'es. Also if possible I would like to be able to use my triple head setup in the guest OS'es. I've looked at Xen, kvm and virtualbox but I don't know which is the best for me. I'm really debating between kvm and virtual box as kvm seem to support direct hardware access.

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• How large is the performance loss for a 64-bit VirtualBox guest running on a 32-bit host?

  - by IllvilJa

  I have a 64-bit Virtualbox guest running Gentoo Linux (amd64) and it is currently hosted on a 32-bit Gentoo laptop. I've noticed that the performance of the VM is very slow compared to the performance of the 32-bit host itself. Also when I compare with another 32-bit Linux VM running on the same host, performance is significantly less on the 64-bit VM. I know that running a 64-bit VM on a 32-bit host does incur some performance penalties for the VM, but does anyone have any deeper knowledge of how large a penalty one might expect in this scenario, roughly speaking? Is a 10% slowdown something to expect, or should it be a slowdown in the 90% range (running at 1/10 the normal speed)? Or to phrase it in another way: would it be reasonable to expect that the performance improvement for the 64-bit VM increases so much that it is worth reinstalling the host machine to run 64-bit Gentoo instead? I'm currently seriously considering that upgrade, but am curious about other peoples experience of the current scenario. I am aware that the host OS will require more RAM when running in 64-bit, but that's OK for me. Also, I do know that one usually don't run a 64-bit VM on a 32-bit server (I'm surprised I even got the VM started in the first place) but things turned out that way when I tried to future proof the VM I was setting up and decided to make it 64-bit anyway.

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• Efficient mirroring of directories using hardlinks

  - by zoqaeski

  I'm backing up my music collection on to a number of NTFS-formatted external hard-drives; however, as I store my main collection in FLAC and have my library on my laptop as MP3s to save space, I want to be able to back up both sets, because mass conversion between formats is time-consuming. The "music" directory can contain any format; the "mp3s" directory contains only MP3s converted from files in the "music" directory. The music collection on the laptop contains only MP3s, but they come from both sources. When I backup my laptop's library to the "mp3s" directory, I want to only copy across MP3 files that don't exist in the "music" directory; those that do should be hard-linked to the "music" directory. All directories have an identical hierarchy, sorted by artist, album, date, discnumber if applicable, etc, and I use a tagging editor to ensure consistency across all these locations. I'm also using a Linux computer, but keeping the music collections on NTFS-formatted partitions so that they are readable by both Linux and Windows. At the moment, I use the following command to perform the backups, but this is time-consuming due to the expensive nature of finding hard links. rsync -avu --progress --relative --ignore-existing --link-dest=../music/ **/*.mp3 /media/ntfspocket/mp3s Is there a way to perform this backup more efficiently, taking advantage of the directory hierarchy?

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• lamp -- edit PHP file but doesn't change web output -- including die()

  - by Reid W

  Server is standard Linux server on Amazon Web Services. Cent OS 5/Apache/PHP 5.3. No APC. It's worked fine for over a year, but now when I edit some but not all PHP files on the server using vi, the changes don't affect the web output. For example, I edit myfile.php and put a die() at the top, but when I load the page in my web browser, instead of the die() I see the content that would show up if the die() weren't there. svn updating the file in question doesn't help either. Files are on an Amazon EBS partition symlinked to /var/www/html. Just to reiterate -- this has worked fine for a long time. Restarting apache didn't help, nor did rebooting the server. What's weird is that it's just some of the files but not all. File ownership/permissions are the same for the "good" and "problem" files. I'm not a Linux newbie but am at a complete loss with this, and couldn't find anything on Google either. Any hints would be much appreciated!

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• Wireless performance on Ubuntu 9.10

  - by Brian

  Is there something I should do to my networking configuration in Ubuntu to better the performance of my wireless connection? I'm on a netbook dual-booting Windows 7 and Ubuntu 9.10. I pick up much stronger wifi signal when in Windows than Ubuntu. As soon as I boot Ubuntu, it will connect to the network with a stronger signal, and then loses signal very quickly. After it dies, I can't reconnect. I've tested this on a couple of different networks with the same outcome.

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• INACCESSIBLE_BOOT_DEVICE after installing Linux on same drive

  - by kdgregory

  History: My PC was configured with two drives: an 80G on IDE 0 Primary that was running Win2K, and a 320G on IDE 0 Secondary that was running Linux (Ubuntu). I decided to pull the 80Gb drive out of the system, so dd'd the entire 80 G drive (/dev/sda) onto the 320 (/dev/sdb) -- this included the MBR and partition table. Then I pulled the drive, plugged the 320 into IDE 0 Primary, and rebooted. The Windows partition worked at this point. Then I installed Ubuntu into the remaining space on the 320. It works. However, when I try to boot into Windows, I get a BSOD with the following message: *** STOP: 0x0000007B (0x89055030,0xC000014F,0x00000000,0x00000000) INACCESSILE_BOOT_DEVICE Before the BSOD I see the Win2K splash screen, and it claims to be "starting windows" for a couple of seconds -- so it appears that the first stage boot loader is working as expected. Ditto when I try booting in Safe Mode. After reading the Microsoft KB article, I booted into the recovery console and tried running chkdsk /r. It refused to run, claiming that the drive was corrupted (sorry, didn't write down the exact error message). However, I can mount the drive from Linux, and access all files. And for what it's worth, I can scan the drive using the Linux "Disk Utility" (this is Ubuntu, the menus don't show real program names), it claims the drive to be clean. The KB article mentioned that boot.ini could be the problem, so here it is: timeout=10 default=multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\WINDOWS [operating systems] multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\WINDOWS="Microsoft Windows 2000 Professional" /fastdetect Any pointers on what to do next?

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• D-Link wireless router losing outbound data

  - by gsteinert

  I have a Linux box running the Apache web server behind a D-Link wireless router (nothing fancy, just standard kit that comes with Virgin Media broadband). My issue is that when requesting web pages (from within the network or via the web), the back end of the page seems to be being dropped. For example, I tried to display a text-only file, and all I could get was the first 40-70% of the file (it changed slightly with each refresh). The apache access logs show that only part of the data was being sent (~6000 bytes instead of the 12000+ bytes of the file). Removing my router from the equation fixes the issue and I can download any files no matter the size with no problems. My theory is that the uploaded packets are either being dropped or held up by the config of the router. Is there anything I can do to alleviate the problem? (Perhaps a way of reconfiguring the router to upload packets harder/better/faster/stronger or an option in apache that provides a workaround) As a last resort I will get a second NIC for my Linux box and turn it into a router, but that would mean the box will be on 24/7... not the most ideal of circumstances. Gary

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• HP DL380 G3 2U For Basic Web Server in 2012

  - by ryandlf

  I have an opportunity to pick up a used HP DL380 G3 2U for $100. I'm looking for a basic entry level web server that I can host a small - medium size website on and more or less learn the ins and outs of running my own web server before I bite the bullet and spend a couple grand on a server. The specs are: Dual (2) Intel Xeon 2.4GHz 400MHz 512KB Cache 4GB PC2100 ECC Registered Memory 6 x 72GB 10K U320 SCSI Hard Drives Smart Array 5i RAID Controller Redundant Power Supplies DVD/Floppy, Dual Intel GB NIC's, USB Or would I be better off spending a couple hundred bucks on something like: this new HP Seems like the only major difference is SATA and a bit of storage, but I will likely be implementing a separate storage system of some sort anyways. I guess it also wouldn't hurt to mention that I plan on running a linux server distro, so would the hardware be likely to support linux with a system that is 4 generations old? I don't mind spending a couple hundred extra dollars if its a better solution, but as mentioned previously I am simple looking for a server to learn on and probably use for a year or so while I put together a small - medium size website.

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• Static DHCP binding

  - by Alex

  Good time of day, SF people. I have created a manual DHCP binding entry on a Cisco router so that a client would always get leased to it. The clients wants to get the same address on both of his dual-boot linux systems. He tries to get an IP address leased and he succeeds on one of the dual-boot operating systems. When he reboots to another one he gets a lease for a completely different one. I don't get it. The MAC addresses are the same (we checked in ifconfig, so what could be happening here? Why is the router confused? Or is it something else? Also, how can I check DHCP server IP address who I have got an IP address from (on Linux)? Configuration on Cisco: ip dhcp pool MANUAL_BINDING0001 host 192.168.0.64 255.255.255.0 hardware-address dead.beef.1337 dns-server 192.168.8.11 default-router 192.168.0.254 domain-name verynicedomainigothere.cn PS. Is it mandatory to use client-name configuration line?

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• Unwanted blank lines when committing from SVN

  - by Alon_A

  I'm using CentOS Linux 5.8 as a web server and tortoise SVN for synchronizing version of our code. We write the code in Windows 7 professional 64BIT with NetBeans and NotePad++. I'm committing the code files (.php) from the Linux Shell by this command: svn co svnFolder serverFolder --username **** --password **** The problem is, after committing the files, when I'm opening them directly from the server (for debugging) by NotePad++ (I'm doing View/Edit from Filezilla) I have extra blank lines. A code that looks like this on the localhost (On NotePad++): private $producer; private $account; private $admin; private $producerEvents; private $accountProducers; private $adminAccounts; Will look like this after committing to the server (Again, on NotePad++): private $producer; private $account; private $admin; private $producerEvents; private $accountProducers; private $adminAccounts; If I upload files by FTP, No blank lines are being added. How can I solve it ? Thanks.

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• why is this happening?-"dhcpcd will not work correctly unless run as root"

  - by user330317

  i have installed archlinux and gnome on virtualbox. had no problem connecting to internet but now after installing gnome and rebooting there is no internet connection after following instructions from archwiki,i have tried . but i cant figure out the problem please help. host-63drhd% sudo netctl status enp0s3 ? [email protected] - Networking for netctl profile enp0s3 Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/[email protected]; static) Active: inactive (dead) Docs: man:netctl.profile(5) host-63drhd% sudo netctl enable enp0s3 Profile 'enp0s3' does not exist or is not readable host-63drhd% sudo dhcpcd dhcpcd[1486]: sending commands to master dhcpcd process host-63drhd% dhcpcd dhcpcd[1543]: control_open: Permission denied dhcpcd[1543]: dhcpcd will not work correctly unless run as root dhcpcd[1543]: open `/run/dhcpcd.pid': Permission denied dhcpcd[1543]: control_start: Permission denied dhcpcd[1543]: version 6.3.2 starting dhcpcd[1543]: enp0s3: if_init: Permission denied dhcpcd[1543]: enp0s8: if_init: Permission denied dhcpcd[1543]: no valid interfaces found dhcpcd[1543]: no interfaces have a carrier dhcpcd[1543]: forked to background, child pid 1544

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• Reread partition table without rebooting?

  - by Teddy

  Sometimes, when resizing or otherwise mucking about with partitions on a disk, cfdisk will say: Wrote partition table, but re-read table failed. Reboot to update table. (This also happens with other partitioning tools, so I'm thinking this is a Linux issue rather than a cfdisk issue.) Why is this, and why does it only happens sometimes, and what can I do to avoid it? Note: Please assume that none of the partitions I am actually editing are opened, mounted or otherwise in use. Update: cfdisk uses ioctl(fd, BLKRRPART, NULL) to tell Linux to reread the partition table. Two of the other tools recommended so far (hdparm -z DEVICE, sfdisk -R DEVICE) does exactly the same thing. The partprobe DEVICE command, on the other hand, seems to use a new ioctl called BLKPG, which might be better; I don't know. (It also falls back on BLKRRPART if BLKPG fails.) BLKPG seems to be a "this partition has changed; here is the new size" operation, and it looked like partprobe called it individually on all the partitions on the device passed, so it should work if the individual partitions are unused. However, I have not had the opportunity to try it.

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• Port 80 not accessible Amazon ec2

  - by Jasper

  I have started a Amazon EC2 instance (Linux Redhat)... And Apache as well. But when i try: http://MyPublicHostName I get no response. I have ensured that my Security Group allows access to port 80. I can reach port 22 for sure, as i am logged into the instance via ssh. Within the Amazon EC2 Linux Instance when i do: $ wget http://localhost i do get a response. This confirms Apache and port 80 is indeed running fine. Since Amazon starts instances in VPC, do i have to do anything there... Infact i cannot even ping the instance, although i can ssh to it! Any advice? EDIT: Note that i had edited /etc/hosts file earlier to make 389-ds (ldap) installation work. My /etc/hosts file looks like this(IP addresses as shown as w.x.y.z ) 127.0.0.1   localhost.localdomain localhost w.x.y.z   ip-w-x-y-z.us-west-1.compute.internal w.x.y.z   ip-w-x-y-z.localdomain

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• Using iptables to make a VPN router

  - by lost_in_the_sauce

  I am attempting to make a VPN connection to a third party VPN site, then forward traffic from my internal computers (ssh and ping for now) out to the VPN site using IPTables. 3rd Party <- (tun0/eth0)Linux VPN Box(eth1) <- Windows7TestBox I am running on CentOS 6.3 Linux and have two network connections eth0-public eth1-private. I am running vpnc-0.5.3-4 which is currently connecting to my destination. When I connect I am able to ping the destination IPAddresses but that is as far as I can get. ping -I tun0 10.1.33.26 success ping -I eth0 10.1.33.26 fail ping -I eth1 10.1.33.26 fail I have my private network Windows 7 test box set up to have the eth1 (private) network of my VPN Server as its gateway and can ping him fine. I need IPTables to send the Windows 7 traffic out the VPN tunnel. I have tried for a few days many different IPTables configurations from this site and others, either the other examples are too simple or overly complicated. The only thing this server is doing is connecting to the VPN and forwarding all traffic. So we can "flush" everything and start from scratch here. It is a blank slate. #!/bin/bash echo "Define variables" ipt="/sbin/iptables" echo "Zero out all counters" $ipt -Z $ipt -t nat -Z $ipt -t mangle -Z echo "Flush all active rules, delete all chains" $ipt -F $ipt -X $ipt -t nat -F $ipt -t nat -X $ipt -t mangle -F $ipt -t mangle -X $ipt -P INPUT ACCEPT $ipt -P FORWARD ACCEPT $ipt -P OUTPUT ACCEPT $ipt -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o tun0 -j MASQUERADE $ipt -A FORWARD -i eth1 -o eth0 -j ACCEPT $ipt -A FORWARD -i eth0 -o eth1 -j ACCEPT $ipt -A FORWARD -i eth0 -o tun0 -j ACCEPT $ipt -A FORWARD -i tun0 -o eth0 -j ACCEPT Again I have done many variations of the above and many other rules from other posts but haven't been able to move forward. It seems like such a simple task, and yet....

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• locale: What is the LANGUAGE variable used for? (and when?)

  - by seya

  I am trying to understand the locales used in Linux. On my Ubuntu 11.10 system locale puts out the following: LANG=en_DK.UTF-8 LANGUAGE=en_GB:en LC_CTYPE=en_GB.UTF-8 LC_NUMERIC="en_DK.UTF-8" LC_TIME="en_DK.UTF-8" LC_COLLATE=en_GB.UTF-8 LC_MONETARY="en_DK.UTF-8" LC_MESSAGES=en_GB.UTF-8 LC_PAPER="en_DK.UTF-8" LC_NAME="en_DK.UTF-8" LC_ADDRESS="en_DK.UTF-8" LC_TELEPHONE="en_DK.UTF-8" LC_MEASUREMENT="en_DK.UTF-8" LC_IDENTIFICATION="en_DK.UTF-8" LC_ALL= (en_dk is for using international day format, continental European number formatting (1.234,56) etc.) I think I understand what the LC_* family does, that LANG is the fallback if one of them is not set and that LC_ALL sets all of the LC_* variables to its value. What I don't know yet, is what LANGUAGE is used for. The notation en_GB:en reminds me of the Accept-Language HTTP header. With the settings above it would mean, British English is used, if a translation for it exists. Otherwise any existing English translation (en_US, en_AU, ..., whatever) would be used. Am I right so far? Also what programs actually obey the LANGUAGE setting? In how far is it different from LC_MESSAGES? Unfortunately, man locale only documents the LC_* family. And searching the web for 'linux locale LANGUAGE' or similar is a mute point. (Of course language is a word often used when talking about locales, and it may also be shown just in the output of locale without being discussed). Does anybody of you can help me out there?

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• schroot build environment setup how to avoid bind-mount home

  - by minghua

  The recent linux distributions such as Fedora and Ubuntu all use chroot environment to make the build. Because when making the build often it needs to install some special tools, and to install to the existing system. Using chroot avoids making any changes to the host system. To set up such a build environment, the first step is to make a chroot. I'm following the setup guide at https://wiki.debian.org/Schroot [wheezy-test] description=Contains the SPICE program aliases=test type=directory directory=/srv/chroot/test users=jsmith root-groups=root script-config=desktop/config personality=linux preserve-environment=true In the host on my setup the /home is on /dev/mapper. When schroot is entered, the same home is bind-mounted. Is there a way to avoid this? I prefer to use a different /home inside chroot. When changing the type from directory to plain, the binding is not performed. However that also loses /proc, /sys, etc. You'd have to manually bind-mount them. That does not seem to be a good solution. If a simple configuration change is unavailable, any idea where the script is for type=directory? Probably I'll manually modify the script. Thanks in advance for any answers or hints!

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• Linux servers in a (primarily) Windows (AD) environment

  - by HannesFostie

  When I arrived at my current position, our environment existed almost exclusively of Windows servers. However, I am a big fan of using Linux for certain applications, like the webgallery I was asked to set up, a simple SFTP server, Nagios for monitoring etc. I do fine setting these up, but not being the Linux expert, I am not sure how to properly join these servers to the domain and was therefor wondering what procedures or guidelines other people follow. We often use ping -a to quickly figure out the hostname of a certain server, but this does not seem to work for the linux machines, most likely because of the whole WINS/NetBios thing I assume. I just joined one server to the domain, but probably missed something cause it's not working even after a dnsflush. Next to that, the couple procedures I've found so far are pretty extensive and most of the time don't seem worth the time. Best case scenario, I download some kind of client (smbclient?), enter the domain name and maybe the server to use, supply an administrator password and that's it. Is that possible at all? Thanks

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• Centos 5.5 install PearDB

  - by John Gardeniers

  Disclaimer: I use Linux for some jobs but I am not a Linux admin. I have a Centos 5.4 machine which performs some server duties and doubles as a web site development machine. PHP 5.3.3 was installed from RPM with the --without-pear option. I now wish to use PearDB but can't figure out how to install it. If I run yum install php-pear-db, it comes back with Error: Missing Dependency: php = 5.1.6-27.el5_5.3 is needed by package php-devel-5.1.6-27.el5_5.3.i386 (updates). The only RPM I've found that looks like it might be close currently has a dead link, so I can't even try that. What would be the best way to go about this? Is there a way to reinstall from the RPM and include pear? Can I install the dependency without breaking the current installation? Should I try to uninstall the original PHP and reinstall it from source, complete with pear? I thought this might have been an SU question but the FAQ over there suggests otherwise.

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• Dedicated server given, how to start?

  - by eduardito

  Hello, I've been given a dedicated server. Unfortunately, I have no idea what to do / how to manage it. I have background in many fields on Computer Science but never got to focus on networking, server management, etc. What I'm asking is for recommended books, Basically, I would like to be able to be proficient and understand well how to manage domain names, zones, setting up mail servers, being able to install easily any web server, and such. Everything needed for proper server management through the shell. I will probably stick with Parallels, or Cpanel for a bit. But I dislike those, especially how it add a lot of intruding user accounts and configs on the file system. Thank you

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• Efficient mirroring of directories using hard links [closed]

  - by zoqaeski

  I'm backing up my music collection on to a number of NTFS-formatted external hard-drives; however, as I store my main collection in FLAC and have my library on my laptop as MP3s to save space, I want to be able to back up both sets, because mass conversion between formats is time-consuming. The "music" directory can contain any format; the "mp3s" directory contains only MP3s converted from files in the "music" directory. The music collection on the laptop contains only MP3s, but they come from both sources. When I backup my laptop's library to the "mp3s" directory, I want to only copy across MP3 files that don't exist in the "music" directory; those that do should be hard-linked to the "music" directory. All directories have an identical hierarchy, sorted by artist, album, date, discnumber if applicable, etc, and I use a tagging editor to ensure consistency across all these locations. I'm also using a Linux computer, but keeping the music collections on NTFS-formatted partitions so that they are readable by both Linux and Windows. At the moment, I use the following command to perform the backups, but this is time-consuming due to the expensive nature of finding hard links. rsync -avu --progress --relative --ignore-existing --link-dest=../music/ **/*.mp3 /media/ntfspocket/mp3s Is there a way to perform this backup more efficiently, taking advantage of the directory hierarchy?

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