This will apply mostly for an asp.net application where the data is not accessed via soa. Meaning that you get access
to the objects loaded from the framework, not Transfer Objects, although some recommendation still apply.
This is a community post, so please add
to it as you see fit.
Applies to: Entity Framework 1.0 shipped with Visual Studio 2008 sp1.
Why pick EF in the first place?
Considering it is a young technology with plenty of problems (see below), it may be a hard sell
to get on the EF bandwagon for your project. However, it is the technology Microsoft is pushing (at the expense of Linq2Sql, which is a subset of EF). In addition, you may not be satisfied with NHibernate or other solutions out there. Whatever the reasons, there are people out there (including me) working with EF and life is not bad.make you think.
EF and inheritance
The first big subject is inheritance. EF does support mapping for inherited classes that are persisted in 2 ways: table per class and table the hierarchy. The modeling is easy and there are no programming issues with that part.
(The following applies
to table per class model as I don't have experience with table per hierarchy, which is, anyway, limited.) The real problem comes when you are trying
to run queries that include one or many objects that are part of an inheritance tree: the generated sql is incredibly awful, takes a long time
to get parsed by the EF and takes a long time
to execute as well. This is a real show stopper. Enough that EF should probably not be used with inheritance or as little as possible.
Here is an example of how bad it was. My EF model had ~30 classes, ~10 of which were part of an inheritance tree. On running a query
to get one item from the Base class, something as simple as Base.Get(id), the generated SQL was over 50,000 characters. Then when you are trying
to return some Associations, it degenerates even more, going as far as throwing SQL exceptions about not being able
to query more than 256 tables at once.
Ok, this is bad, EF concept is
to allow you
to create your object structure without (or with as little as possible) consideration on the actual database implementation of your table. It completely fails at this.
So, recommendations? Avoid inheritance if you can, the performance will be so much better. Use it sparingly where you have
to. In my opinion, this makes EF a glorified sql-generation tool for querying, but there are still advantages
to using it. And ways
to implement mechanism that are similar
to inheritance.
Bypassing inheritance with Interfaces
First thing
to know with trying
to get some kind of inheritance going with EF is that you cannot assign a non-EF-modeled class a base class. Don't even try it, it will get overwritten by the modeler. So what
to do?
You can use interfaces
to enforce that classes implement some functionality. For example here is a IEntity interface that allow you
to define Associations between EF entities where you don't know at design time what the type of the entity would be.
public enum EntityTypes{ Unknown = -1, Dog = 0, Cat }
public interface IEntity
{
int EntityID { get; }
string Name { get; }
Type EntityType { get; }
}
public partial class Dog : IEntity
{
// implement EntityID and Name which could actually be fields
// from your EF model
Type EntityType{ get{ return EntityTypes.Dog; } }
}
Using this IEntity, you can then work with undefined associations in other classes
// lets take a class that you defined in your model.
// that class has a mapping
to the columns: PetID, PetType
public partial class Person
{
public IEntity GetPet()
{
return IEntityController.Get(PetID,PetType);
}
}
which makes use of some extension functions:
public class IEntityController
{
static public IEntity Get(int id, EntityTypes type)
{
switch (type)
{
case EntityTypes.Dog: return Dog.Get(id);
case EntityTypes.Cat: return Cat.Get(id);
default: throw new Exception("Invalid EntityType");
}
}
}
Not as neat as having plain inheritance, particularly considering you have
to store the PetType in an extra database field, but considering the performance gains, I would not look back.
It also cannot model one-to-many, many-to-many relationship, but with creative uses of 'Union' it could be made
to work. Finally, it creates the side effet of loading data in a property/function of the object, which you need
to be careful about. Using a clear naming convention like GetXYZ() helps in that regards.
Compiled Queries
Entity Framework performance is not as good as direct database access with ADO (obviously) or Linq2SQL. There are ways
to improve it however, one of which is compiling your queries. The performance of a compiled query is similar
to Linq2Sql.
What is a compiled query? It is simply a query for which you tell the framework
to keep the parsed tree in memory so it doesn't need
to be regenerated the next time you run it. So the next run, you will save the time it takes
to parse the tree. Do not discount that as it is a very costly operation that gets even worse with more complex queries.
There are 2 ways
to compile a query: creating an ObjectQuery with EntitySQL and using CompiledQuery.Compile() function. (Note that by using an EntityDataSource in your page, you will in fact be using ObjectQuery with EntitySQL, so that gets compiled and cached).
An aside here in case you don't know what EntitySQL is. It is a string-based way of writing queries against the EF. Here is an example: "select value dog from Entities.DogSet as dog where dog.ID = @ID". The syntax is pretty similar
to SQL syntax. You can also do pretty complex object manipulation, which is well explained [here][1].
Ok, so here is how
to do it using ObjectQuery<
string query = "select value dog " +
"from Entities.DogSet as dog " +
"where dog.ID = @ID";
ObjectQuery<Dog> oQuery = new ObjectQuery<Dog>(query, EntityContext.Instance));
oQuery.Parameters.Add(new ObjectParameter("ID", id));
oQuery.EnablePlanCaching = true;
return oQuery.FirstOrDefault();
The first time you run this query, the framework will generate the expression tree and keep it in memory. So the next time it gets executed, you will save on that costly step. In that example EnablePlanCaching = true, which is unnecessary since that is the default option.
The other way
to compile a query for later use is the CompiledQuery.Compile method. This uses a delegate:
static readonly Func<Entities, int, Dog> query_GetDog =
CompiledQuery.Compile<Entities, int, Dog>((ctx, id) =>
ctx.DogSet.FirstOrDefault(it => it.ID == id));
or using
linq
static readonly Func<Entities, int, Dog> query_GetDog =
CompiledQuery.Compile<Entities, int, Dog>((ctx, id) =>
(from dog in ctx.DogSet where dog.ID == id select dog).FirstOrDefault());
to call the query:
query_GetDog.Invoke( YourContext, id );
The advantage of CompiledQuery is that the syntax of your query is checked at compile time, where as EntitySQL is not. However, there are other consideration...
Includes
Lets say you want
to have the data for the dog owner
to be returned by the query
to avoid making 2 calls
to the database. Easy
to do, right?
EntitySQL
string query = "select value dog " +
"from Entities.DogSet as dog " +
"where dog.ID = @ID";
ObjectQuery<Dog> oQuery = new ObjectQuery<Dog>(query, EntityContext.Instance)).Include("Owner");
oQuery.Parameters.Add(new ObjectParameter("ID", id));
oQuery.EnablePlanCaching = true;
return oQuery.FirstOrDefault();
CompiledQuery
static readonly Func<Entities, int, Dog> query_GetDog =
CompiledQuery.Compile<Entities, int, Dog>((ctx, id) =>
(from dog in ctx.DogSet.Include("Owner") where dog.ID == id select dog).FirstOrDefault());
Now, what if you want
to have the Include parametrized? What I mean is that you want
to have a single Get() function that is called from different pages that care about different relationships for the dog. One cares about the Owner, another about his FavoriteFood, another about his FavotireToy and so on. Basicly, you want
to tell the query which associations
to load.
It is easy
to do with EntitySQL
public Dog Get(int id, string include)
{
string query = "select value dog " +
"from Entities.DogSet as dog " +
"where dog.ID = @ID";
ObjectQuery<Dog> oQuery = new ObjectQuery<Dog>(query, EntityContext.Instance))
.IncludeMany(include);
oQuery.Parameters.Add(new ObjectParameter("ID", id));
oQuery.EnablePlanCaching = true;
return oQuery.FirstOrDefault();
}
The include simply uses the passed string. Easy enough. Note that it is possible
to improve on the Include(string) function (that accepts only a single path) with an IncludeMany(string) that will let you pass a string of comma-separated associations
to load. Look further in the extension section for this function.
If we try
to do it with CompiledQuery however, we run into numerous problems:
The obvious
static readonly Func<Entities, int, string, Dog> query_GetDog =
CompiledQuery.Compile<Entities, int, string, Dog>((ctx, id, include) =>
(from dog in ctx.DogSet.Include(include) where dog.ID == id select dog).FirstOrDefault());
will choke when called with:
query_GetDog.Invoke( YourContext, id, "Owner,FavoriteFood" );
Because, as mentionned above, Include() only wants
to see a single path in the string and here we are giving it 2: "Owner" and "FavoriteFood" (which is not
to be confused with "Owner.FavoriteFood"!).
Then, let's use IncludeMany(), which is an extension function
static readonly Func<Entities, int, string, Dog> query_GetDog =
CompiledQuery.Compile<Entities, int, string, Dog>((ctx, id, include) =>
(from dog in ctx.DogSet.IncludeMany(include) where dog.ID == id select dog).FirstOrDefault());
Wrong again, this time it is because the EF cannot parse IncludeMany because it is not part of the functions that is recognizes: it is an extension.
Ok, so you want
to pass an arbitrary number of paths
to your function and Includes() only takes a single one. What
to do? You could decide that you will never ever need more than, say 20 Includes, and pass each separated strings in a struct
to CompiledQuery. But now the query looks like this:
from dog in ctx.DogSet.Include(include1).Include(include2).Include(include3)
.Include(include4).Include(include5).Include(include6)
.[...].Include(include19).Include(include20) where dog.ID == id select dog
which is awful as well. Ok, then, but wait a minute. Can't we return an ObjectQuery< with CompiledQuery? Then set the includes on that? Well, that what I would have thought so as well:
static readonly Func<Entities, int, ObjectQuery<Dog>> query_GetDog =
CompiledQuery.Compile<Entities, int, string, ObjectQuery<Dog>>((ctx, id) =>
(ObjectQuery<Dog>)(from dog in ctx.DogSet where dog.ID == id select dog));
public Dog GetDog( int id, string include )
{
ObjectQuery<Dog> oQuery = query_GetDog(id);
oQuery = oQuery.IncludeMany(include);
return oQuery.FirstOrDefault;
}
That should have worked, except that when you call IncludeMany (or Include, Where, OrderBy...) you invalidate the cached compiled query because it is an entirely new one now! So, the expression tree needs
to be reparsed and you get that performance hit again.
So what is the solution? You simply cannot use CompiledQueries with parametrized Includes. Use EntitySQL instead. This doesn't mean that there aren't uses for CompiledQueries. It is great for localized queries that will always be called in the same context. Ideally CompiledQuery should always be used because the syntax is checked at compile time, but due
to limitation, that's not possible.
An example of use would be: you may want
to have a page that queries which two dogs have the same favorite food, which is a bit narrow for a BusinessLayer function, so you put it in your page and know exactly what type of includes are required.
Passing more than 3 parameters
to a CompiledQuery
Func is limited
to 5 parameters, of which the last one is the return type and the first one is your Entities object from the model. So that leaves you with 3 parameters. A pitance, but it can be improved on very easily.
public struct MyParams
{
public string param1;
public int param2;
public DateTime param3;
}
static readonly Func<Entities, MyParams, IEnumerable<Dog>> query_GetDog =
CompiledQuery.Compile<Entities, MyParams, IEnumerable<Dog>>((ctx, myParams) =>
from dog in ctx.DogSet where dog.Age == myParams.param2 && dog.Name == myParams.param1 and dog.BirthDate > myParams.param3 select dog);
public List<Dog> GetSomeDogs( int age, string Name, DateTime birthDate )
{
MyParams myParams = new MyParams();
myParams.param1 = name;
myParams.param2 = age;
myParams.param3 = birthDate;
return query_GetDog(YourContext,myParams).ToList();
}
Return Types (this does not apply
to EntitySQL queries as they aren't compiled at the same time during execution as the CompiledQuery method)
Working with
Linq, you usually don't force the execution of the query until the very last moment, in case some other functions downstream wants
to change the query in some way:
static readonly Func<Entities, int, string, IEnumerable<Dog>> query_GetDog =
CompiledQuery.Compile<Entities, int, string, IEnumerable<Dog>>((ctx, age, name) =>
from dog in ctx.DogSet where dog.Age == age && dog.Name == name select dog);
public IEnumerable<Dog> GetSomeDogs( int age, string name )
{
return query_GetDog(YourContext,age,name);
}
public void DataBindStuff()
{
IEnumerable<Dog> dogs = GetSomeDogs(4,"Bud");
// but I want the dogs ordered by BirthDate
gridView.DataSource = dogs.OrderBy( it => it.BirthDate );
}
What is going
to happen here? By still playing with the original ObjectQuery (that is the actual return type of the
Linq statement, which implements IEnumerable), it will invalidate the compiled query and be force
to re-parse. So, the rule of thumb is
to return a List< of objects instead.
static readonly Func<Entities, int, string, IEnumerable<Dog>> query_GetDog =
CompiledQuery.Compile<Entities, int, string, IEnumerable<Dog>>((ctx, age, name) =>
from dog in ctx.DogSet where dog.Age == age && dog.Name == name select dog);
public List<Dog> GetSomeDogs( int age, string name )
{
return query_GetDog(YourContext,age,name).ToList(); //<== change here
}
public void DataBindStuff()
{
List<Dog> dogs = GetSomeDogs(4,"Bud");
// but I want the dogs ordered by BirthDate
gridView.DataSource = dogs.OrderBy( it => it.BirthDate );
}
When you call ToList(), the query gets executed as per the compiled query and then, later, the OrderBy is executed against the objects in memory. It may be a little bit slower, but I'm not even sure. One sure thing is that you have no worries about mis-handling the ObjectQuery and invalidating the compiled query plan.
Once again, that is not a blanket statement. ToList() is a defensive programming trick, but if you have a valid reason not
to use ToList(), go ahead. There are many cases in which you would want
to refine the query before executing it.
Performance
What is the performance impact of compiling a query? It can actually be fairly large. A rule of thumb is that compiling and caching the query for reuse takes at least double the time of simply executing it without caching. For complex queries (read inherirante), I have seen upwards
to 10 seconds.
So, the first time a pre-compiled query gets called, you get a performance hit. After that first hit, performance is noticeably better than the same non-pre-compiled query. Practically the same as Linq2Sql
When you load a page with pre-compiled queries the first time you will get a hit. It will load in maybe 5-15 seconds (obviously more than one pre-compiled queries will end up being called), while subsequent loads will take less than 300ms. Dramatic difference, and it is up
to you
to decide if it is ok for your first user
to take a hit or you want a script
to call your pages
to force a compilation of the queries.
Can this query be cached?
{
Dog dog = from dog in YourContext.DogSet where dog.ID == id select dog;
}
No, ad-hoc
Linq queries are not cached and you will incur the cost of generating the tree every single time you call it.
Parametrized Queries
Most search capabilities involve heavily parametrized queries. There are even libraries available that will let you build a parametrized query out of lamba expressions. The problem is that you cannot use pre-compiled queries with those. One way around that is
to map out all the possible criteria in the query and flag which one you want
to use:
public struct MyParams
{
public string name;
public bool checkName;
public int age;
public bool checkAge;
}
static readonly Func<Entities, MyParams, IEnumerable<Dog>> query_GetDog =
CompiledQuery.Compile<Entities, MyParams, IEnumerable<Dog>>((ctx, myParams) =>
from dog in ctx.DogSet
where (myParams.checkAge == true && dog.Age == myParams.age)
&& (myParams.checkName == true && dog.Name == myParams.name )
select dog);
protected List<Dog> GetSomeDogs()
{
MyParams myParams = new MyParams();
myParams.name = "Bud";
myParams.checkName = true;
myParams.age = 0;
myParams.checkAge = false;
return query_GetDog(YourContext,myParams).ToList();
}
The advantage here is that you get all the benifits of a pre-compiled quert. The disadvantages are that you most likely will end up with a where clause that is pretty difficult
to maintain, that you will incur a bigger penalty for pre-compiling the query and that each query you run is not as efficient as it could be (particularly with joins thrown in).
Another way is
to build an EntitySQL query piece by piece, like we all did with SQL.
protected List<Dod> GetSomeDogs( string name, int age)
{
string query = "select value dog from Entities.DogSet where 1 = 1 ";
if( !String.IsNullOrEmpty(name) )
query = query + " and dog.Name == @Name ";
if( age > 0 )
query = query + " and dog.Age == @Age ";
ObjectQuery<Dog> oQuery = new ObjectQuery<Dog>( query, YourContext );
if( !String.IsNullOrEmpty(name) )
oQuery.Parameters.Add( new ObjectParameter( "Name", name ) );
if( age > 0 )
oQuery.Parameters.Add( new ObjectParameter( "Age", age ) );
return oQuery.ToList();
}
Here the problems are:
- there is no syntax checking during compilation
- each different combination of parameters generate a different query which will need
to be pre-compiled when it is first run. In this case, there are only 4 different possible queries (no params, age-only, name-only and both params), but you can see that there can be way more with a normal world search.
- Noone likes
to concatenate strings!
Another option is
to query a large subset of the data and then narrow it down in memory. This is particularly useful if you are working with a definite subset of the data, like all the dogs in a city. You know there are a lot but you also know there aren't that many... so your CityDog search page can load all the dogs for the city in memory, which is a single pre-compiled query and then refine the results
protected List<Dod> GetSomeDogs( string name, int age, string city)
{
string query = "select value dog from Entities.DogSet where dog.Owner.Address.City == @City ";
ObjectQuery<Dog> oQuery = new ObjectQuery<Dog>( query, YourContext );
oQuery.Parameters.Add( new ObjectParameter( "City", city ) );
List<Dog> dogs = oQuery.ToList();
if( !String.IsNullOrEmpty(name) )
dogs = dogs.Where( it => it.Name == name );
if( age > 0 )
dogs = dogs.Where( it => it.Age == age );
return dogs;
}
It is particularly useful when you start displaying all the data then allow for filtering.
Problems:
- Could lead
to serious data transfer if you are not careful about your subset.
- You can only filter on the data that you returned. It means that if you don't return the Dog.Owner association, you will not be able
to filter on the Dog.Owner.Name
So what is the best solution? There isn't any. You need
to pick the solution that works best for you and your problem:
- Use lambda-based query building when you don't care about pre-compiling your queries.
- Use fully-defined pre-compiled
Linq query when your object structure is not too complex.
- Use EntitySQL/string concatenation when the structure could be complex and when the possible number of different resulting queries are small (which means fewer pre-compilation hits).
- Use in-memory filtering when you are working with a smallish subset of the data or when you had
to fetch all of the data on the data at first anyway (if the performance is fine with all the data, then filtering in memory will not cause any time
to be spent in the db).
Singleton access
The best way
to deal with your context and entities accross all your pages is
to use the singleton pattern:
public sealed class YourContext
{
private const string instanceKey = "On3GoModelKey";
YourContext(){}
public static YourEntities Instance
{
get
{
HttpContext context = HttpContext.Current;
if( context == null )
return Nested.instance;
if (context.Items[instanceKey] == null)
{
On3GoEntities entity = new On3GoEntities();
context.Items[instanceKey] = entity;
}
return (YourEntities)context.Items[instanceKey];
}
}
class Nested
{
// Explicit static constructor
to tell C# compiler
// not
to mark type as beforefieldinit
static Nested()
{
}
internal static readonly YourEntities instance = new YourEntities();
}
}
NoTracking, is it worth it?
When executing a query, you can tell the framework
to track the objects it will return or not. What does it mean? With tracking enabled (the default option), the framework will track what is going on with the object (has it been modified? Created? Deleted?) and will also link objects together, when further queries are made from the database, which is what is of interest here.
For example, lets assume that Dog with ID == 2 has an owner which ID == 10.
Dog dog = (from dog in YourContext.DogSet where dog.ID == 2 select dog).FirstOrDefault();
//dog.OwnerReference.IsLoaded == false;
Person owner = (from o in YourContext.PersonSet where o.ID == 10 select dog).FirstOrDefault();
//dog.OwnerReference.IsLoaded == true;
If we were
to do the same with no tracking, the result would be different.
ObjectQuery<Dog> oDogQuery = (ObjectQuery<Dog>)
(from dog in YourContext.DogSet where dog.ID == 2 select dog);
oDogQuery.MergeOption = MergeOption.NoTracking;
Dog dog = oDogQuery.FirstOrDefault();
//dog.OwnerReference.IsLoaded == false;
ObjectQuery<Person> oPersonQuery = (ObjectQuery<Person>)
(from o in YourContext.PersonSet where o.ID == 10 select o);
oPersonQuery.MergeOption = MergeOption.NoTracking;
Owner owner = oPersonQuery.FirstOrDefault();
//dog.OwnerReference.IsLoaded == false;
Tracking is very useful and in a perfect world without performance issue, it would always be on. But in this world, there is a price for it, in terms of performance. So, should you use NoTracking
to speed things up? It depends on what you are planning
to use the data for.
Is there any chance that the data your query with NoTracking can be used
to make update/insert/delete in the database? If so, don't use NoTracking because associations are not tracked and will causes exceptions
to be thrown.
In a page where there are absolutly no updates
to the database, you can use NoTracking.
Mixing tracking and NoTracking is possible, but it requires you
to be extra careful with updates/inserts/deletes. The problem is that if you mix then you risk having the framework trying
to Attach() a NoTracking object
to the context where another copy of the same object exist with tracking on. Basicly, what I am saying is that
Dog dog1 = (from dog in YourContext.DogSet where dog.ID == 2).FirstOrDefault();
ObjectQuery<Dog> oDogQuery = (ObjectQuery<Dog>)
(from dog in YourContext.DogSet where dog.ID == 2 select dog);
oDogQuery.MergeOption = MergeOption.NoTracking;
Dog dog2 = oDogQuery.FirstOrDefault();
dog1 and dog2 are 2 different objects, one tracked and one not. Using the detached object in an update/insert will force an Attach() that will say "Wait a minute, I do already have an object here with the same database key. Fail". And when you Attach() one object, all of its hierarchy gets attached as well, causing problems everywhere. Be extra careful.
How much faster is it with NoTracking
It depends on the queries. Some are much more succeptible
to tracking than other. I don't have a fast an easy rule for it, but it helps.
So I should use NoTracking everywhere then?
Not exactly. There are some advantages
to tracking object. The first one is that the object is cached, so subsequent call for that object will not hit the database. That cache is only valid for the lifetime of the YourEntities object, which, if you use the singleton code above, is the same as the page lifetime. One page request == one YourEntity object. So for multiple calls for the same object, it will load only once per page request. (Other caching mechanism could extend that).
What happens when you are using NoTracking and try
to load the same object multiple times? The database will be queried each time, so there is an impact there. How often do/should you call for the same object during a single page request? As little as possible of course, but it does happens.
Also remember the piece above about having the associations connected automatically for your? You don't have that with NoTracking, so if you load your data in multiple batches, you will not have a link
to between them:
ObjectQuery<Dog> oDogQuery = (ObjectQuery<Dog>)(from dog in YourContext.DogSet select dog);
oDogQuery.MergeOption = MergeOption.NoTracking;
List<Dog> dogs = oDogQuery.ToList();
ObjectQuery<Person> oPersonQuery = (ObjectQuery<Person>)(from o in YourContext.PersonSet select o);
oPersonQuery.MergeOption = MergeOption.NoTracking;
List<Person> owners = oPersonQuery.ToList();
In this case, no dog will have its .Owner property set.
Some things
to keep in mind when you are trying
to optimize the performance.
No lazy loading, what am I
to do?
This can be seen as a blessing in disguise. Of course it is annoying
to load everything manually. However, it decreases the number of calls
to the db and forces you
to think about when you should load data. The more you can load in one database call the better. That was always true, but it is enforced now with this 'feature' of EF.
Of course, you can call
if( !ObjectReference.IsLoaded ) ObjectReference.Load();
if you want
to, but a better practice is
to force the framework
to load the objects you know you will need in one shot. This is where the discussion about parametrized Includes begins
to make sense.
Lets say you have you Dog object
public class Dog
{
public Dog Get(int id)
{
return YourContext.DogSet.FirstOrDefault(it => it.ID == id );
}
}
This is the type of function you work with all the time. It gets called from all over the place and once you have that Dog object, you will do very different things
to it in different functions. First, it should be pre-compiled, because you will call that very often. Second, each different pages will want
to have access
to a different subset of the Dog data. Some will want the Owner, some the FavoriteToy, etc.
Of course, you could call Load() for each reference you need anytime you need one. But that will generate a call
to the database each time. Bad idea. So instead, each page will ask for the data it wants
to see when it first request for the Dog object:
static public Dog Get(int id) { return GetDog(entity,"");}
static public Dog Get(int id, string includePath)
{
string query = "select value o " +
" from YourEntities.DogSet as o " +
