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• Simple Windows+Linux server provisioning? Chef/Puppet/Ansible etc

  - by Andrew

  I'm primarily a developer, part time devops; and manage servers here and there for my projects. I want to automate provisioning of web/app/database servers going forward for my projects I manage a mixture of both Windows and Linux servers (VPS, cloud and dedicated) I've looked at investigated Chef/Puppet/Ansible briefly; and I am wanting to find something that: Is easy to learn and understand. I don't want to invest weeks into understanding a complicated piece of tech. Ideally does not require a server ("master server") to hold the configurations Supports provisioning of Windows and Linux servers Comes with suitable documentation to get started Does anyone have any advice on what tool is best suited? Thanks

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• Apache user owns git project root, with git-http-backend setup, but still having permissions problems

  - by Luke

  I've setup git-http-backend on my vps server (CentOS), under one of its users. The apache user owns the git project root directory - /home/theuser/git/, as below: drwxrwxr-x 3 apache apache The apache user also owns everything inside that directory. But I'm still getting the following error in git when trying to push: error: unpack failed: unpack-objects abnormal exit The apache error log shows the following error: error: insufficient permission for adding an object to repository database ./objects I've tried every combination of user permissions and enabled read/write access, but not getting anywhere. Should the git user own this folder? Can someone explain exactly what user should own this folder, or what steps I might take to fix this problem?

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• Minimal Linux distribution with sshd and apt

  - by Sergey Mikhanov

  When I signed up for my Debian Linux VPS hosting and first logged on and invoked ps, there was the only user process running: sshd. As I can see, this was minimal Linux with only two things installed and configured: sshd and apt (plus all dependencies, of course). I want to build (or use existing) similar Linux distro, any advice on how to build (or pick) one? Googling "minimum linux", or "linux with sshd only" usually brings up Debian's netinstall, which is not what I want. Thanks in advance.

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• Blackberry Access to Powered Down Exchange

  - by Sam Cogan

  I work with a company (it's more of a charity really) who have a single Exchange Server, with a few Blackberry users, who download emails via POP3 or IMAP. They are in a developing country and so every night they turn off the Exchange server to save power. However, they now want the Blackberry users to be able to get mail at night. They have a Linux server (a rented VPS), so they are considering having the mail delivered here and then pulling this mail via a POP connector into Exchange. Therefore at night, the BES users (who will now be pulling their POP email from the Linux server) can still get their mail. Can anyone think of a better solution to this problem that I may have missed? Unfortunately there is no convincing the company to leave the machine on overnight.

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• linux intrusion detection software

  - by Sam Hammamy

  I have an Ubuntu VPS that I use for practice and deploying prototypes as I am a python developer. I recently started teaching my self sys admin tasks, like installing OpenLDAP. I happened to turn off the ufw firewall for just a minute, and when I ran an netstat command, I saw a foreign ip connected to ssh that I traced to china. I'd like to know a few things: 1) Is there any good network intrusion detection software, such that if any IP that's outside a specific range connects to the VPN, I can be notified? -- I am thinking about scripting this, but I'm pretty sure there's something useful out there and I believe in the wisdom of crowds. 2) How did this person gain access to my server? Is it because my firewall was down? Or is it because they browsed my LDAP directory and from there figured out a way to connect (there was a clear text password in the tree but it wasn't one used by the server's sshd)?

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• Pages partially load on rapid refresh

  - by user101570

  I recently set up a VPS slice with 256MB to run a LAMP stack (Ubuntu 11.04, Apache2, Mysql, PHP5). So far I'm only running a simple Wordpress site on an IP-based virtual host I set up. The performance is excellent, but I've noticed that if I send multiple HTTP requests from the same IP in a short time period, only partial pages are rendered. Then if I wait a bit and refresh the page, the entire page loads again. I noticed this behaviour when accessing the site from two browsers from my office desktop, but it also presents itself if I quickly navigate the site from a single browser (any browser). I'm guessing this is an Apache phenomenon, as the pages are rendered correctly except under the conditions above, but perhaps I'm wrong here. Could it be my hosting company with some kind of DOS protection in place? As a relative Linux/server noob, I'd really appreciate any insight into what settings in Apache could explain this behaviour, and how I might go about changing it.

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• .bashrc doesn't get sourced after su'ing to root

  - by Ian Dunn

  I've got a CentOS 5.6 VPS and both root and my normal user account have identical copies of a .bashrc file in their home directories. The file contains a few basic aliases, etc. If I login to root, root's copy gets sourced. If I login to myuser, myuser's copy gets sourced If I su to root after logging into myuser, then all the aliases, etc inside myuser's copy get removed, and root's copy doesn't get sourced. If I then manually source root's copy, the command completes without any errors, but none of the aliases's etc get applied. I've searched Google and Server Fault, but haven't found any solutions. Does anyone know how to fix that?

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• reinstall PHP as apache module

  - by Ewan

  Hi sorry for the newbie question, I am not a sys admin by any means. I recently set up a VPS with webmin/virtualmin. Our CMS of choice says that PHP needs to be run as an Apache module in order to run. It says: Recompile PHP with the flag --with-apxs I've googled but can't find how to do this particularly. I think I installed PHP using "yum install php" or thru webmin, but can't remember exactly. Appreciate if anyone can point me in the right direction.

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• Nameserver Problem

  - by Ruel

  I installed Virtualmin GPL with BIND, etc. I created a virtual host for my main domain, and edited the zone file, added the A records for the nameservers ns1.mydomain.com and ns2.mydomain.com. All looks good from the VPS, whenever I do a dig or nslookup, all seems fine, returning correct details. But when I test externally, there are no results. I tried several sites such as intodns, etc. It says my nameservers doesn't point to any IP. I have registered my nameservers with the appropriate IP in my registrar, and I even contacted support to verify this, and they told me that the registration was successful, but when they dig my nameservers, there's no ip address. I can also connect to my server IP's port 53. Also, I know that the DNS propagation is 24-48 hours. But there has to be some server that can return the correct results by now. Please lead me to the right direction, thanks.

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• Why does Exim puts emails on hold if there are frozen messages in the queue?

  - by user51932

  I've a CentOS with CPanel server working as a SMTP server, which currently uses 20 different hostnames and IP addresses to deliver email for an email newsletter service. However, it's extremely slow in sending emails. It's sending like 10 emails per minute, which I check by running the "exim -bpc" command. What could be affecting this? One thing I'm supposing, is that there are frozen messages in the queue, which are slowing down the sending until they're sent out, and are putting new messages on hold. What are the most common reasons a message can get frozen? Also, would it be more efficient to use 20 different small VPSs to send out email rather than use one large VPS with the 20 different hostnames and IPs in it?

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• Simple mail server setup for a user-based website.

  - by Absolute0

  I am working on a simple website that has user registration. All I need to do is confirm email addresses by emailing a confirmation email and maybe send out periodic emails regarding various information. I am also considering having a [email protected] email for user questions and comments. The application is written in django and I am running it on ArchLinux on a VPS. I have no knowledge of mail servers. I tried setting up postfix and qmail but had no luck. They are complicated and require a lot of configuration to get them working properly. My use case is super simple and doesn't not require anything fancy. Is there any simple mailing setup that will enable me to quickly get emailing working with my django app with minimal work?

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• moving my site, IP change worries...

  - by Sherif Buzz

  Hi all, my site has outgrown the shared hosting account it's on and i've setup a VPS that i'll be moving to soon. I cannot keep the same IP between my new account and the old one and I'm a bit at loss as to how to minimize user downtime while the new IP is reflected in all DNS caches. Note I cannot have the site running on both accounts at the same time as it's a dating site and this would cause data inconsistency. Here's what i am planning to do : Put up a 'under maintenance' page on old host Get the site up and running on new host, and update domain to point to new host. Hope downtime isn't too long. Would it be a good idea to have a link on the page in (1) that opens the new site but using it's ip ? Or even redirect all requests at the old host, to the new one (again by ip) ? Any advice much appreciated.

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• Sending a large number of mails causing problems on CentOS 6 / Plesk 10

  - by papakost

  I have a VPS running CentOS 6. When the system tries to send daily newsletter, after some time (e.g. after sending about 2000 emails), I get error "Unable to send mail" and the system memory goes really high. Till this moment, the mails are delivered normally. The rest symptoms are: I cannot see anything on /var/log/maillog (File seems not to be written) All files on /var/spool/mail have 0 bytes size. From time to time on httpd log I get errors like: /usr/sbin/sendmail: error while loading shared libraries: libc.so.6: cannot open shared object file: Error 23 "Activate mail service on domain" setting in Plesk is deactivated. Any idea on what's going wrong here?

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• Getting started with VNC

  - by Stephen

  I have subscribed to a VPS service for the purpose of running some remote applications. To do this I'm going to need a remote desktop of one sort or another. With this in mind it was suggested that I try Ubuntu. The installation that was prepared for me was Ubuntu 11.10 64 bit (Ubuntu 11.10 (GNU/Linux 2.6.18-348.4.1.el5.028stab107.1 x86_64)) From here I used apt-get install ubuntu-desktop which completed successfully. I rebooted the machine and reconnected via ssh. When I attempt to connect from TightVNC on my Windows machine I get a message about the session being actively refused. What should I do to confirm the service is running? Do I need to setup a firewall rule to allow the ports to pass through? (I am a linux newb so explicitness is appreciated)

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• Migrate servers and mailboxes?

  - by johnnietheblack

  I am moving a website from one hosting provider to another, and this of course means that I need to migrate all the mailboxes as well. Do I have to manually move all the old emails from one server to another, or will all the email clients "save" a copy of the old emails on each computer? UPDATE Pardon, the naivety - I hope this additional info helps: I'm doing this remotely, so I am not sure which email client(s) people will be using at the office, but I will need to be prepared for both POP and IMAP setups. Also, the server they currently have is on VPS.net (cPanel), and we are migrating to a MediaTemple Dedicated Virtual (Plesk). Both Linux.

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• Running two Magentos installations, one of which has 3 stores set up as multi-store. Which server?

  - by Pedro Peixoto

  I want to run 4 Magento stores in 2 different installations. 1 is a standalonne installation with 3 languages. The other is a multi-store with 3 different online stores in different domains. At the moment we have a VPS with 1GB memory, would that be enough? I ask because I've finished the standalone store and already put it online, and the server is already running on 62% memory. The ideal would be that this is enough as my company wouldn't like to move to a Dedicated Server (as it involves costs). I'm sure I can try to optimize Magento to run on lower memory (I'm expecting visits averaging 2000/day on all sites), if I could have some tips on the best way to do that Id appreciate it too.

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• Zeroing SSD drives

  - by jtnire

  We host VPSes for customers. Each customer VPS is given an LVM LV on a standard spindle hard disk. If the customer were to leave, we zero out this LV ensuring that their data does not leak over to another customers. We are thinking of going with SSDs for our hosting business. Given that SSDs have the "wear levelling" technology, does that make zeroing pointless? Does this make this SSD idea unfeasable, given we can't allow customer data to leak over to another customer? Thanks

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• How can I change shell in Ubuntu?

  - by Sanoj

  I have a Ubuntu Server VPS and I want to use /bin/bash/ as my shell. How can I change my shell? I have root access but I don't work as root. So dash is my default shell now. I have read How do I make Bash my default shell on Ubuntu? and chsh seams to be the preferred way to go. But when I type chsh /bin/bash I get this message: chsh: unknown user /bin/bash And if I just type /bin/bash the Bash shell seams to work fine. How to change it?

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• SSL issues with puppet agent at openSUSE

  - by Roman Grazhdan

  I have a master running at my vps, and it has a simple helloworld manifest which works fine with any ubuntu machine I have. It connects, exchanges keys and creates test file allright, so I'm sure it's not server issue. The agent which is running at a virtual machine with openSUSE says: err: Could not request certificate: SSL_connect returned=1 errno=0 state=SSLv3 read server certificate B: certificate verify failed. This is often because the time is out of sync on the server or client I believe it's probably a broken or missing lib, since the package is not built very accurately - it wouldn't start out of the box because of wrong path to lockfile, for example. So how do I figure out what exactly is wrong here? The time is allright, I've checked it. I probably could do without SSL if it's possible, since that SUSE machines are just for training, but it's the last opportunity.

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• How can i use one Domain Controller to manage 3 separate small firms

  - by Plamen Jordanov

  currently we have one Domain Controller that have 15 users and cup off services(hMailServer, IIS, DNS, Active Directory). Now the owners of the firm created two new firms which computers and networks are my responsibility. Now i wonder how exactly to join users in existing domain. Did you think that is a good idea to just include all computers and user from all firms under one domain or there is another solution ? Did some of you run into this kind of situation and what did you do ? ---Edit--- Brent, Dan thank for info guys. For now i will follow Brent advice until we get the new server witch we will virtualize and the old server will be our second DC on different location. Heck we even might think some Pay-as-you-go VPS solution for DC redundancy.

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• Only allow root to change filesystem

  - by Uejji

  The VPS I manage uses a simple hard link rsync archive daily backup system saved to a loop file. This is great, because each backup only takes up as much space as what has changed each day, and all user/group permissions are kept. I would like to give users direct access to their home directories in each backup, but I'm worried about intentional or accidental backup data destruction, as how it stands now users can actually change, destroy or add to backed up data they originally owned. I've been looking for a way to mount this filesystem similar to an ro mount option, but something that would still allow rw access to root, but I've had absolutely no luck. In other words, I want users to be able to view and copy their backed up data without actually being able to change it, and have that data maintain the original permissions. I've got no real preferences as far as filesystem, as long as it's a standard unix filesystem that can preserve permissions, support hard links and deny write access to users without actually stripping the w permission from everything.

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• Don't run cron job if already running

  - by webnoob

  Hi All, I know this question has been asked already but I either didn't understand the answer or it didn't apply to me. I have a php script that I am calling every 1 minute using CPanel to set up the Cron Job. The nature of the script means that it could overrun for just over the minute so I need to know how to stop the next one running if the first one hasn't completed. I have a VPS running CENTOS 5.5 and have access to WHM and CPanel. I have never used Linux before (only just got the server yesterday) so I have no idea what I am doing and would appreciate some help if possible. If I need to provide more information please let me know (I don't know what info you would need at the moment). Thanks.

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• CSF Unresolved issue

  - by josephmarhee

  I began receiving service failures for CSF/LFD once the limit was reached in iptables preventing the service from working properly. I flushed all iptables rules, and redid by rules using CIDR rather than the individual IPs that were listed and the issue persists. Error: The VPS iptables rule limit (numiptent) is too low (1527/1536) - stopping firewall to prevent iptables blocking all connections, at line 1459 This is after restarting CSF, which gave me: You have an unresolved error when starting csf. You need to restart csf successfully to remove this warning CSF still seems to be trying to enforce rules that no longer exists (lists entire chains upon trying to be restarted,only to fail with that error). Any idea of what's going on?

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• How to make a secure MongoDB server?

  - by Earlz

  Hello, I'm wanting my website to use MongoDB as it's datastore. I've used MongoDB in my development environment with no worries, but I'm worried about security with a public server. My server is a VPS running Arch Linux. The web application will also be running on it, so it only needs to accept connections from localhost. And no other users(by ssh or otherwise) will have direct access to my server. What should I do to secure my instance of MongoDB?

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• Best way to restrict FTP access to a single directory?

  - by John Debs

  I have a VPS running Ubuntu 10.04, and I'd like to give someone SFTP access to a single directory, but prevent them from seeing anything else on the system. What's the best way to pull this off? I considered removing "everyone" permissions from everything on the system, but that seems like a really blunt tool for this problem (and one that'll cause other issues) - I'm hoping there's a better option here. Edit: I appreciate the answers! (And I learned a bunch reading/researching through them). I ended up finding and using this guide from Linode as it spelled all the steps: http://library.linode.com/security/sftp-jails/

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