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• Confusion about Rotation matrices from Euler Angles

  - by xEnOn

  I am trying to learn more about Euler Angles so as to help myself in understanding how I can control my camera better in the game. I came across the following formula that converts Euler Angles to rotation matrices: In the equation, I could see that the first matrix from the left is the rotation matrix about x-axis, the second is about y-axis and the third is about z-axis. From my understanding about ordinary matrix transformations, the later transformation is always applied to the right hand side. And if I'm right about this, then the above equation should have a rotation order starting from rotating about z-axis, y-axis, then finally x-axis. But, from the symbols it seems that the rotation order start rotating about x-axis, then y-axis, then finally z-axis. What should the actual order of the rotation be? Also, I am confuse about if the input vector, in this case, would be a row vector on the left, or a column vector on the right?

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• Designing Videogame Character Parodies [duplicate]

  - by David Dimalanta

  This question already has an answer here: Is it legal to add a cameo appearance of a known video game character in my game? 2 answers Was it okay to make a playable character when making a videogame despite its resemblance? For example, I'm making a 3rd-person action-platform genre and I have to make a character design resembling like Megaman but not exactly the same as him since there is little alternate in color, details, and facial features.

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• How can I have multiple layers in my map array?

  - by Manl400

  How do I load Levels in my game, as in Layer 1 would be Objects, Layer 2 would be Characters and so on. I only need 3 layers, and they will all be put on top of each other. i.e having a flower with a transparent background to be put on grass or dirt on the layer below.I would like to Read From the same file too. How would i go about doing this? Any help would be appreciated. I load the map from a level file which are just numbers corresponding to a tile in the tilesheet. Here is the level file [Layer1] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 [Layer2] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 [Layer3] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 And here is the code that interprets it void LoadMap(const char *filename, std::vector< std::vector <int> > &map) { std::ifstream openfile(filename); if(openfile.is_open()) { std::string line, value; int space; while(!openfile.eof()) { std::getline(openfile, line); if(line.find("[TileSet]") != std::string::npos) { state = TileSet; continue; } else if (line.find("[Layer1]") != std::string::npos) { state = Map; continue; } switch(state) { case TileSet: if(line.length() > 0) tileSet = al_load_bitmap(line.c_str()); break; case Map: std::stringstream str(line); std::vector<int> tempVector; while(!str.eof()) { std::getline(str, value, ' '); if(value.length() > 0) tempVector.push_back(atoi(value.c_str())); } map.push_back(tempVector); break; } } } else { } } and this is how it draws the map. Also the tile sheet is 1280 by 1280 and the tilesizeX and tilesizeY is 64 void DrawMap(std::vector <std::vector <int> > map) { int mapRowCount = map.size(); for(int i, j = 0; i < mapRowCount; i ++) { int mapColCount = map[i].size(); for (int j = 0; j < mapColCount; ++j) { int tilesetIndex = map[i][j]; int tilesetRow = floor(tilesetIndex / TILESET_COLCOUNT); int tilesetCol = tilesetIndex % TILESET_COLCOUNT; al_draw_bitmap_region(tileSet, tilesetCol * TileSizeX, tilesetRow * TileSizeY, TileSizeX, TileSizeY, j * TileSizeX, i * TileSizeX, NULL); } } } EDIT: http://i.imgur.com/Ygu0zRE.jpg

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• Collision in PyGame for spinning rectangular object.touching circles

  - by OverAchiever

  I'm creating a variation of Pong. One of the differences is that I use a rectangular structure as the object which is being bounced around, and I use circles as paddles. So far, all the collision handling I've worked with was using simple math (I wasn't using the collision "feature" in PyGame). The game is contained within a 2-dimensional continuous space. The idea is that the rectangular structure will spin at different speed depending on how far from the center you touch it with the circle. Also, any extremity of the rectangular structure should be able to touch any extremity of the circle. So I need to keep track of where it has been touched on both the circle and the rectangle to figure out the direction it will be bounced to. I intend to have basically 8 possible directions (Up, down, left, right and the half points between each one of those). I can work out the calculation of how the objected will be dislocated once I get the direction it will be dislocated to based on where it has been touch. I also need to keep track of where it has been touched to decide if the rectangular structure will spin clockwise or counter-clockwise after it collided. Before I started coding, I read the resources available at the PyGame website on the collision class they have (And its respective functions). I tried to work out the logic of what I was trying to achieve based on those resources and how the game will function. The only thing I could figure out that I could do was to make each one of these objects as a group of rectangular objects, and depending on which rectangle was touched the other would behave accordingly and give the illusion it is a single object. However, not only I don't know if this will work, but I also don't know if it is gonna look convincing based on how PyGame redraws the objects. Is there a way I can use PyGame to handle these collision detections by still having a single object? Can I figure out the point of collision on both objects using functions within PyGame precisely enough to achieve what I'm looking for? P.s: I hope the question was specific and clear enough. I apologize if there were any grammar mistakes, English is not my native language.

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• Objects won't render when Texture Compression + Mipmapping is Enabled

  - by felipedrl

  I'm optimizing my game and I've just implemented compressed (DXTn) texture loading in OpenGL. I've worked my way removing bugs but I can't figure out this one: objects w/ DXTn + mipmapped textures are not being rendered. It's not like they are appearing with a flat color, they just don't appear at all. DXTn textured objs render and mipmapped non-compressed textures render just fine. The texture in question is 256x256 I generate the mips all the way down 4x4, i.e 1 block. I've checked on gDebugger and it display all the levels (7) just fine. I'm using GL_LINEAR_MIPMAP_NEAREST for min filter and GL_LINEAR for mag one. The texture is being compressed and mipmaps being created offline with Paint.NET tool using super sampling method. (I also tried bilinear just in case) Source follow: [SNIPPET 1: Loading DDS into sys memory + Initializing Object] // Read header DDSHeader header; file.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&header), sizeof(DDSHeader)); uint pos = static_cast<uint>(file.tellg()); file.seekg(0, std::ios_base::end); uint dataSizeInBytes = static_cast<uint>(file.tellg()) - pos; file.seekg(pos, std::ios_base::beg); // Read file data mData = new unsigned char[dataSizeInBytes]; file.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(mData), dataSizeInBytes); file.close(); mMipmapCount = header.mipmapcount; mHeight = header.height; mWidth = header.width; mCompressionType = header.pf.fourCC; // Only support files divisible by 4 (for compression blocks algorithms) massert(mWidth % 4 == 0 && mHeight % 4 == 0); massert(mCompressionType == NO_COMPRESSION || mCompressionType == COMPRESSION_DXT1 || mCompressionType == COMPRESSION_DXT3 || mCompressionType == COMPRESSION_DXT5); // Allow textures up to 65536x65536 massert(header.mipmapcount <= MAX_MIPMAP_LEVELS); mTextureFilter = TextureFilter::LINEAR; if (mMipmapCount > 0) { mMipmapFilter = MipmapFilter::NEAREST; } else { mMipmapFilter = MipmapFilter::NO_MIPMAP; } mBitsPerPixel = header.pf.bitcount; if (mCompressionType == NO_COMPRESSION) { if (header.pf.flags & DDPF_ALPHAPIXELS) { // The only format supported w/ alpha is A8R8G8B8 massert(header.pf.amask == 0xFF000000 && header.pf.rmask == 0xFF0000 && header.pf.gmask == 0xFF00 && header.pf.bmask == 0xFF); mInternalFormat = GL_RGBA8; mFormat = GL_BGRA; mDataType = GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE; } else { massert(header.pf.rmask == 0xFF0000 && header.pf.gmask == 0xFF00 && header.pf.bmask == 0xFF); mInternalFormat = GL_RGB8; mFormat = GL_BGR; mDataType = GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE; } } else { uint blockSizeInBytes = 16; switch (mCompressionType) { case COMPRESSION_DXT1: blockSizeInBytes = 8; if (header.pf.flags & DDPF_ALPHAPIXELS) { mInternalFormat = GL_COMPRESSED_RGBA_S3TC_DXT1_EXT; } else { mInternalFormat = GL_COMPRESSED_RGB_S3TC_DXT1_EXT; } break; case COMPRESSION_DXT3: mInternalFormat = GL_COMPRESSED_RGBA_S3TC_DXT3_EXT; break; case COMPRESSION_DXT5: mInternalFormat = GL_COMPRESSED_RGBA_S3TC_DXT5_EXT; break; default: // Not Supported (DXT2, DXT4 or any compression format) massert(false); } } [SNIPPET 2: Uploading into video memory] massert(mData != NULL); glGenTextures(1, &mHandle); massert(mHandle!=0); glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, mHandle); commitFiltering(); uint offset = 0; Renderer* renderer = Renderer::getInstance(); switch (mInternalFormat) { case GL_RGB: case GL_RGBA: case GL_RGB8: case GL_RGBA8: for (uint i = 0; i < mMipmapCount + 1; ++i) { uint width = std::max(1U, mWidth >> i); uint height = std::max(1U, mHeight >> i); glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, i, mInternalFormat, width, height, mHasBorder, mFormat, mDataType, &mData[offset]); offset += width * height * (mBitsPerPixel / 8); } break; case GL_COMPRESSED_RGB_S3TC_DXT1_EXT: case GL_COMPRESSED_RGBA_S3TC_DXT1_EXT: case GL_COMPRESSED_RGBA_S3TC_DXT3_EXT: case GL_COMPRESSED_RGBA_S3TC_DXT5_EXT: { uint blockSize = 16; if (mInternalFormat == GL_COMPRESSED_RGB_S3TC_DXT1_EXT || mInternalFormat == GL_COMPRESSED_RGBA_S3TC_DXT1_EXT) { blockSize = 8; } uint width = mWidth; uint height = mHeight; for (uint i = 0; i < mMipmapCount + 1; ++i) { uint nBlocks = ((width + 3) / 4) * ((height + 3) / 4); // Only POT textures allowed for mipmapping massert(width % 4 == 0 && height % 4 == 0); glCompressedTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, i, mInternalFormat, width, height, mHasBorder, nBlocks * blockSize, &mData[offset]); offset += nBlocks * blockSize; if (width <= 4 && height <= 4) { break; } width = std::max(4U, width / 2); height = std::max(4U, height / 2); } break; } default: // Not Supported massert(false); } Also I don't understand the "+3" in the block size computation but looking for a solution for my problema I've encountered people defining it as that. I guess it won't make a differente for POT textures but I put just in case. Thanks.

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• Frame Independent Movement

  - by ShrimpCrackers

  I've read two other threads here on movement: Time based movement Vs Frame rate based movement?, and Fixed time step vs Variable time step but I think I'm lacking a basic understanding of frame independent movement because I don't understand what either of those threads are talking about. I'm following along with lazyfoo's SDL tutorials and came upon the frame independent lesson. http://lazyfoo.net/SDL_tutorials/lesson32/index.php I'm not sure what the movement part of the code is trying to say but I think it's this (please correct me if I'm wrong): In order to have frame independent movement, we need to find out how far an object (ex. sprite) moves within a certain time frame, for example 1 second. If the dot moves at 200 pixels per second, then I need to calculate how much it moves within that second by multiplying 200 pps by 1/1000 of a second. Is that right? The lesson says: "velocity in pixels per second * time since last frame in seconds. So if the program runs at 200 frames per second: 200 pps * 1/200 seconds = 1 pixel" But...I thought we were multiplying 200 pps by 1/1000th of a second. What is this business with frames per second? I'd appreciate if someone could give me a little bit more detailed explanation as to how frame independent movement works. Thank you.

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• Lightning whip particle effects

  - by Fibericon

  I'm currently using Mercury Particle Engine for the particle effects in my game, and I'm trying to create a sort of lightning whip - basically a lightning effect bound to a line that curves when the player moves. I know how to use the editor, and I have particle effects working in game. However, I'm completely lost as to where I should start for this specific particle effect. Perhaps if I could find the code for it in a different particle engine, I could convert it, but I can't seem to find that either. What I did find was a lot of tutorials for creating the lines associated with lightning programmatically, which doesn't help in this case because I don't want it to be rigid. Perhaps it would be more like some sort of laser beam with crackling effects around it? I'm running into a wall as far as even beginning to implement this goes.

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• Intersection points of plane set forming convex hull

  - by Toji

  Mostly looking for a nudge in the right direction here. Given a set of planes (defined as a normal and distance from origin) that form a convex hull, I would like to find the intersection points that form the corners of that hull. More directly, I'm looking for a way to generate a point cloud appropriate to provide to Bullet. Bonus points if someone knows of a way I could give bullet the plane list directly, since I somewhat suspect that's what it's building on the backend anyway.

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• Player sprite moving slower on iPhone 4

  - by nvillec

  I just finished getting movement/jump animation for a player sprite in Xcode using Cocos2D. The basic movement algorithm is a timer that updates every 0.01 sec, changing the sprite position to (sprite.position.x + xVel, sprite.position.y + yVel). Each time a movement button is tapped, the appropriate velocity (initialized to 0) is changed to whatever speed I choose, then a stop movement button returns the velocity to 0. It's not an ideal solution but I'm very new at this and stoked to at least have that working with little help from the internet. So I may not have explained that perfectly, but it is in fact working to my satisfaction in Xcode's iPhone Simulator, however when I build it for my device and run it on my phone, the sprite's movement speed is noticeably slower than in Xcode. At first I thought it must have to do with the resolution of the iPhone 4, making the sprite's movement path twice as long, but I found that if I pull up the multitask bar, then return to the app the speed will sometimes jump back to normal. My second theory was that the code is just inefficient and is bogging the processes down, but I would see this reflected in the frame rate wouldn't I? It stays at 59-60 the whole time, and the spritesheet animation runs at the correct speed. Has anyone experienced this? Is this a really obvious issue that I'm completely missing? Any help (or tips for optimizing my approach to movement) would be much appreciated!

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• Geometry Shader : points + Triangles

  - by CmasterG

  I have different Shaders and for each Shader a instance of the ShaderClass class, which initializes the Shaders, Renders the Shaders, etc. I use most of the Shaderclasses without Geometry Shader, but in one Shader Class i also use a Geometry Shader. The problem is, that when I render one object with the Shaderclass that uses the Geometry shader, all other object are rendered with the same geometry that I create in the Geometry Shader. Can you help me? Is it possible that I have to use a Geometry Shader for each object, when I use one for one object? I use DirectX 11 with C++.

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• Problems using easing equations in C# XNA

  - by codinghands

  I'm having some trouble using the easing equations suggested by Robert Penner for ActionScript (http://www.robertpenner.com/easing/, and a Flash demo here) in my C# XNA game. Firstly, what is the definition of the following variables passed in as arguments to each equation? float t, float b, float c, float d I'm currently calculating the new X position of a sprite in the Update() loop, however even for the linear tween equation I'm getting some odd results. I'm using the following values: float t = gameTime.TotalGameTime.TotalMilliseconds; float d = 8000f; float b = x.Position.X; float c = (ScreenManager.Game.GraphicsDevice.Viewport.Width >> 1) - (x.Position.X + x.frameSize.X / 2); And this equation for linear easing: float val = c*t/d + b;

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• How can I achieve a 3D-like effect with spritebatch's rotation and scale parameters

  - by Alic44

  I'm working on a 2d game with a top-down perspective similar to Secret of Mana and the 2D Final Fantasy games, with one big difference being that it's an action rpg using a 3-dimensional physics engine. I'm trying to draw an aimer graphic (basically an arrow) at my characters' feet when they're aiming a ranged weapon. At first I just converted the character's aim vector to radians and passed that into spritebatch, but there was a problem. The position of every object in my world is scaled for perspective when it's drawn to the screen. So if the physics engine coordinates are (1, 0, 1), the screen coords are actually (1, .707) -- the Y and Z axis are scaled by a perspective factor of .707 and then added together to get the screen coordinates. This meant that the direction the aimer graphic pointed (thanks to its rotation value passed into spritebatch) didn't match up with the direction the projectile actually traveled over time. Things looked fine when the characters fired left, right, up, or down, but if you fired on a diagonal the perspective of the physics engine didn't match with the simplistic way I was converting the character's aim direction to a screen rotation. Ok, fast forward to now: I've got the aimer's rotation matched up with the path the projectile will actually take, which I'm doing by decomposing a transform matrix which I build from two rotation matrices (one to represent the aimer's rotation, and one to represent the camera's 45 degree rotation on the x axis). My question is, is there a way to get not just rotation from a series of matrix transformations, but to also get a Vector2 scale which would give the aimer the appearance of being a 3d object, being warped by perspective? Orthographic perspective is what I'm going for, I think. So, the aimer arrow would get longer when facing sideways, and shorter when facing north and south because of the perspective. At the same time, it would get wider when facing north and south, and less wide when facing right or left. I'd like to avoid actually drawing the aimer texture in 3d because I'm still using spritebatch's layerdepth parameter at this point in my project, and I don't want to have to figure out how to draw a 3d object within the depth sorting system I already have. I can provide code and more details if this is too vague as a question... This is my first post on stack exchange. Thanks a lot for reading! Note: (I think) I realize it can't be a technically correct 3D perspective, because the spritebatch's vector2 scaling argument doesn't allow for an object to be skewed the way it actually should be. What I'm really interested in is, is there a good way to fake the effect, or should I just drop it and not scale at all? Edit to clarify without the help of a picture (apparently I can't post them yet): I want the aimer arrow to look like it has been painted on the ground at the character's feet, so it should appear to be drawn on the ground plane (in my case the XZ plane) which should be tilted at a 45 degree angle (around the X axis) from the viewing perspective. Alex

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• Javascript A* path finding

  - by Veyha

  I am trying to learn A* path finding. I am using this library - https://github.com/qiao/PathFinding.js But there is one thing I don't understand how to do. To find a path from player.x/player.y (player.x and player.y are both 0) to 10/10 I use this code var path = finder.findPath(player.x, player.y, 10, 10, grid); This gives an array of where I need to move, but how do I apply this array to my player.x and player.y? The path structure looks like this path = [[0, 0], [1, 0], [1, 1], ..., [10, 10]]

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• Many sources of movement in an entity system

  - by Sticky

  I'm fairly new to the idea of entity systems, having read a bunch of stuff (most usefully, this great blog and this answer). Though I'm having a little trouble understanding how something as simple as being able to manipualate the position of an object by an undefined number of sources. That is, I have my entity, which has a position component. I then have some event in the game which tells this entity to move a given distance, in a given time. These events can happen at any time, and will have different values for position and time. The result is that they'd be compounded together. In a traditional OO solution, I'd have some sort of MoveBy class, that contains the distance/time, and an array of those inside my game object class. Each frame, I'd iterate through all the MoveBy, and apply it to the position. If a MoveBy has reached its finish time, remove it from the array. With the entity system, I'm a little confused as how I should replicate this sort of behavior. If there were just one of these at a time, instead of being able to compound them together, it'd be fairly straightforward (I believe) and look something like this: PositionComponent containing x, y MoveByComponent containing x, y, time Entity which has both a PositionComponent and a MoveByComponent MoveBySystem that looks for an entity with both these components, and adds the value of MoveByComponent to the PositionComponent. When the time is reached, it removes the component from that entity. I'm a bit confused as to how I'd do the same thing with many move by's. My initial thoughts are that I would have: PositionComponent, MoveByComponent the same as above MoveByCollectionComponent which contains an array of MoveByComponents MoveByCollectionSystem that looks for an entity with a PositionComponent and a MoveByCollectionComponent, iterating through the MoveByComponents inside it, applying/removing as necessary. I guess this is a more general problem, of having many of the same component, and wanting a corresponding system to act on each one. My entities contain their components inside a hash of component type - component, so strictly have only 1 component of a particular type per entity. Is this the right way to be looking at this? Should an entity only ever have one component of a given type at all times?

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• How can I get accurate collision resolution on the corners of rectangles?

  - by ssb

  I have a working collision system implemented, and it's based on minimum translation vectors. This works fine in most cases except when the minimum translation vector is not actually in the direction of the collision. For example: When a rectangle is on the far edge on any side of another rectangle, a force can be applied, in this example down, the pushes one rectangle into the other, particularly a static object like a wall or a floor. As in the picture, the collision is coming from above, but because it's on the very edge, it translates to the left instead of back up. I've searched for a while to find an approach but everything I can find deals with general corner collisions where my problem is only in this one limited case. Any suggestions?

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• Easiest Way To Implement "Slow Motion" and variable game speed in XNA?

  - by TerryB

  I have an XNA 4.0 game that I want to be able to switch into slow motion and back again to full speed every now and then. So if you kill an enemy the game switches into slow motion as they explode and then goes back to normal. What is the easiest way to do this in XNA 4.0 without having to alter all my existing code that relies on GameTime? I have some code that relies on the TotalGameTime, which will be wrong unless I get XNA to slow down. Is there anyway to avoid refactoring that code? Thanks!

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• exact point on a rotating sphere

  - by nkint

  I have a sphere that represents the Earth textured with real pictures. It's rotating around the x axis, and when user click down it has to show me the exact place he clicked on. For example if he clicked on Singapore the system should be able to: understand that user clicked on the sphere (OK, I'll do it with unProject) understand where user clicked on the sphere (ray-sphere collision?) and take into account the rotation transform sphere-coordinate to some coordinate system good for some web-api service ask to api (OK, this is the simpler thing for me ;-) some advice?

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• Game ideas for a platformer

  - by user5925

  I have created a platformer which currently has the features listed below. I would greatly appreciate any further ideas which I could implement! (I don't play a lot of games which is why I require help) -- Walking/jumping/movement -- player can shoot lasers -- enemies also walk, fly, and shoot lasers -- water (you can swim in this) -- mud (slows you down on contact, and stops you from jumping) -- ladders -- damage when falling from a large height, unless falling into water -- moving platforms -- springboards (jumping on them shoot you into the air) -- growing platforms (allow you to reach new places) -- key and door system -- gem and coin collection system

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• Problem when scaling game screen in Libgdx

  - by Nicolas Martel

  Currently, I'm able to scale the screen by applying this bit of code onto an OrthographicCamera Camera.setToOrtho(true, Gdx.graphics.getWidth() / 2, Gdx.graphics.getHeight() / 2); But something quite strange is happening with this solution, take a look at this picture of my game below Seems fine right? But upon further investigation, many components are rendered off by one pixels, and the tiles all are. Take a closer look I circled a couple of the errors. Note that the shadow of the warrior I circled appears fine for the other warriors. Also keep in mind that everything is rendered at pixel-perfect precision when I disable the scaling. I actually thought of a possible source for the problem as I'm writing this but I decided to still post this because I would assume somebody else might run into the same issue.

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• How to create custom bitmap .fnt font? [duplicate]

  - by Kolesnikovich Dmitry

  This question already has an answer here: Tool to create a bitmap font from a true type font 12 answers Bitmap font generator http://www.angelcode.com/products/bmfont can creates fonts in black and white only. I'm looking for more advanced tool. Share you experience on it please. Thanks in advance. (Output file format is .fnt)

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• My frustum culling is culling from the wrong point [SOLVED]

  - by Xbetas

  I'm having problems with my frustum being in the wrong origin. It follows the rotation of my camera but not the position. In my camera class I'm generating a view-matrix: void Camera::Update() { UpdateViewMatrix(); glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW); //glLoadIdentity(); glLoadMatrixf(GetViewMatrix().m); } Then extracting the planes using the projection matrix and modelview matrix: void UpdateFrustum() { Matrix4x4 projection, model, clip; glGetFloatv(GL_PROJECTION_MATRIX, projection.m); glGetFloatv(GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX, model.m); clip = model * projection; m_Planes[RIGHT][0] = clip.m[ 3] - clip.m[ 0]; m_Planes[RIGHT][1] = clip.m[ 7] - clip.m[ 4]; m_Planes[RIGHT][2] = clip.m[11] - clip.m[ 8]; m_Planes[RIGHT][3] = clip.m[15] - clip.m[12]; NormalizePlane(RIGHT); m_Planes[LEFT][0] = clip.m[ 3] + clip.m[ 0]; m_Planes[LEFT][1] = clip.m[ 7] + clip.m[ 4]; m_Planes[LEFT][2] = clip.m[11] + clip.m[ 8]; m_Planes[LEFT][3] = clip.m[15] + clip.m[12]; NormalizePlane(LEFT); m_Planes[BOTTOM][0] = clip.m[ 3] + clip.m[ 1]; m_Planes[BOTTOM][1] = clip.m[ 7] + clip.m[ 5]; m_Planes[BOTTOM][2] = clip.m[11] + clip.m[ 9]; m_Planes[BOTTOM][3] = clip.m[15] + clip.m[13]; NormalizePlane(BOTTOM); m_Planes[TOP][0] = clip.m[ 3] - clip.m[ 1]; m_Planes[TOP][1] = clip.m[ 7] - clip.m[ 5]; m_Planes[TOP][2] = clip.m[11] - clip.m[ 9]; m_Planes[TOP][3] = clip.m[15] - clip.m[13]; NormalizePlane(TOP); m_Planes[NEAR][0] = clip.m[ 3] + clip.m[ 2]; m_Planes[NEAR][1] = clip.m[ 7] + clip.m[ 6]; m_Planes[NEAR][2] = clip.m[11] + clip.m[10]; m_Planes[NEAR][3] = clip.m[15] + clip.m[14]; NormalizePlane(NEAR); m_Planes[FAR][0] = clip.m[ 3] - clip.m[ 2]; m_Planes[FAR][1] = clip.m[ 7] - clip.m[ 6]; m_Planes[FAR][2] = clip.m[11] - clip.m[10]; m_Planes[FAR][3] = clip.m[15] - clip.m[14]; NormalizePlane(FAR); } void NormalizePlane(int side) { float length = 1.0/(float)sqrt(m_Planes[side][0] * m_Planes[side][0] + m_Planes[side][1] * m_Planes[side][1] + m_Planes[side][2] * m_Planes[side][2]); m_Planes[side][0] *= length; m_Planes[side][1] *= length; m_Planes[side][2] *= length; m_Planes[side][3] *= length; } And check against it with: bool PointInFrustum(float x, float y, float z) { for(int i = 0; i < 6; i++) { if( m_Planes[i][0] * x + m_Planes[i][1] * y + m_Planes[i][2] * z + m_Planes[i][3] <= 0 ) return false; } return true; } Then i render using: camera->Update(); UpdateFrustum(); int numCulled = 0; for(int i = 0; i < (int)meshes.size(); i++) { if(!PointInFrustum(meshCenter.x, meshCenter.y, meshCenter.z)) { meshes[i]->SetDraw(false); numCulled++; } else meshes[i]->SetDraw(true); } Matrices look like (Camera is at (5, 0, 0)): ModelView [0,0,0.99,0] [0,1,0,0] [-0.99,0,0,0] [0,0,-5,1] Projection [0.814,0,0,0] [0,1.303,0,0] [0,0,-1,0] [0,0,-0.02,0] Clip [0,0,-1,-0.999] [0,1.30,0,0] [-0.814,0,0,0] [0,0,4.98,4.99] What am i doing wrong?

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• Algorithms for rainfall + river creation in procedurally generated terrain

  - by Peck

  I've recently become fascinated by the things that can be done with procedurally terrain and have started experimenting with world building a bit. I'd like to be able to make worlds something like Dwarf fortress with biomes created from meshing together various maps. So first step has been done. Using the diamond-square algorithm I've created some nice hieghtmaps. Next step is I would like to add some water features and have them somewhat realistically generated with rainfall. I've read about a few different approaches such as starting at the high points of the map, and "stepping" down to the lowest neighboring point, pooling/eroding as it works its way down to sea level. Are there any documented algorithms with this or are they more off the cuff? Would love any advice/thoughts.

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• OpenGL 3 and the Radeon HD 4850x2

  - by rotard

  A while ago, I picked up a copy of the OpenGL SuperBible fifth edition and slowly and painfully started teaching myself OpenGL the 3.3 way, after having been used to the 1.0 way from school way back when. Making things more challenging, I am primarily a .NET developer, so I was working in Mono with the OpenTK OpenGL wrapper. On my laptop, I put together a program that let the user walk around a simple landscape using a couple shaders that implemented per-vertex coloring and lighting and texture mapping. Everything was working brilliantly until I ran the same program on my desktop. Disaster! Nothing would render! I have chopped my program down to the point where the camera sits near the origin, pointing at the origin, and renders a square (technically, a triangle fan). The quad renders perfectly on my laptop, coloring, lighting, texturing and all, but the desktop renders a small distorted non-square quadrilateral that is colored incorrectly, not affected by the lights, and not textured. I suspect the graphics card is at fault, because I get the same result whether I am booted into Ubuntu 10.10 or Win XP. I did find that if I pare the vertex shader down to ONLY outputting the positional data and the fragment shader to ONLY outputting a solid color (white) the quad renders correctly. But as SOON as I start passing in color data (whether or not I use it in the fragment shader) the output from the vertex shader is distorted again. The shaders follow. I left the pre-existing code in, but commented out so you can get an idea what I was trying to do. I'm a noob at glsl so the code could probably be a lot better. My laptop is an old lenovo T61p with a Centrino (Core 2) Duo and an nVidia Quadro graphics card running Ubuntu 10.10 My desktop has an i7 with a Radeon HD 4850 x2 (single card, dual GPU) from Saphire dual booting into Ubuntu 10.10 and Windows XP. The problem occurs in both XP and Ubuntu. Can anyone see something wrong that I am missing? What is "special" about my HD 4850x2? string vertexShaderSource = @" #version 330 precision highp float; uniform mat4 projection_matrix; uniform mat4 modelview_matrix; //uniform mat4 normal_matrix; //uniform mat4 cmv_matrix; //Camera modelview. Light sources are transformed by this matrix. //uniform vec3 ambient_color; //uniform vec3 diffuse_color; //uniform vec3 diffuse_direction; in vec4 in_position; in vec4 in_color; //in vec3 in_normal; //in vec3 in_tex_coords; out vec4 varyingColor; //out vec3 varyingTexCoords; void main(void) { //Get surface normal in eye coordinates //vec4 vEyeNormal = normal_matrix * vec4(in_normal, 0); //Get vertex position in eye coordinates //vec4 vPosition4 = modelview_matrix * vec4(in_position, 0); //vec3 vPosition3 = vPosition4.xyz / vPosition4.w; //Get vector to light source in eye coordinates //vec3 lightVecNormalized = normalize(diffuse_direction); //vec3 vLightDir = normalize((cmv_matrix * vec4(lightVecNormalized, 0)).xyz); //Dot product gives us diffuse intensity //float diff = max(0.0, dot(vEyeNormal.xyz, vLightDir.xyz)); //Multiply intensity by diffuse color, force alpha to 1.0 //varyingColor.xyz = in_color * diff * diffuse_color.xyz; varyingColor = in_color; //varyingTexCoords = in_tex_coords; gl_Position = projection_matrix * modelview_matrix * in_position; }"; string fragmentShaderSource = @" #version 330 //#extension GL_EXT_gpu_shader4 : enable precision highp float; //uniform sampler2DArray colorMap; //in vec4 varyingColor; //in vec3 varyingTexCoords; out vec4 out_frag_color; void main(void) { out_frag_color = vec4(1,1,1,1); //out_frag_color = varyingColor; //out_frag_color = vec4(varyingColor, 1) * texture(colorMap, varyingTexCoords.st); //out_frag_color = vec4(varyingColor, 1) * texture(colorMap, vec3(varyingTexCoords.st, 0)); //out_frag_color = vec4(varyingColor, 1) * texture2DArray(colorMap, varyingTexCoords); }"; Note that in this code the color data is accepted but not actually used. The geometry is outputted the same (wrong) whether the fragment shader uses varyingColor or not. Only if I comment out the line varyingColor = in_color; does the geometry output correctly. Originally the shaders took in vec3 inputs, I only modified them to take vec4s while troubleshooting.

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• Odds For Fighting Game

  - by thinkfuture

  I'm creating a fighting game where two opponents face off against each other in the ring. While I've been able to figure out the odds of a player winning based on previous wins/losses, I have yet to find a formula which modifies those odds based on opponent. For example: Player 1: W:5 L:5 - 1/1 odds Player 2: W:5 L:0 - 1/5 odds I want to calculate the odds that Player 1 will wins against player 2. Compounding this the players could be of different levels: if the players are within a few levels of each other, the odds should map closely to wins/losses. However, as the levels diverge, the odds of the lower level player winning reduce. As a swag: Player 1 - W:5 L:5 - 1:1 odds Against a level 8 - 1:2 Against a level 9 - 2:3 Against a level 10 - 1:1 Against a level 11 - 3:2 Against a level 12 - 2:1 These are just estimates, my sense is that there is a math formula out there which will calculate that - can anyone out there point me to what this could be? Thanks...Chris

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• Debugging Minimum Translation Vector

  - by SyntheCypher

  I implemented the minimum translation vector from codezealot's tutorial on SAT (Separating Axis Theorem) but I'm having an issue I can't quite figure out. Here's the example I have: As you can see in top and bottom left images regardless of the side the of the green car which red car is penetrating the MTV for the red car still remains as a negative number also here is the same example when the front of the red car is facing the opposite direction the number will always be positive. When the red car is past the half way through the green car it should switch polarity. I thought I'd compensated for this in my code, but apparently not either that or it's a bug I can find. Here is my function for finding and returning the MTV, any help would be much appreciated: Code

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