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  • Introducing the First Global Web Experience Management Content Management System

    - by kellsey.ruppel
    By Calvin Scharffs, VP of Marketing and Product Development, Lingotek Globalizing online content is more important than ever. The total spending power of online consumers around the world is nearly $50 trillion, a recent Common Sense Advisory report found. Three years ago, enterprises would have to translate content into 37 language to reach 98 percent of Internet users. This year, it takes 48 languages to reach the same amount of users.  For companies seeking to increase global market share, “translate frequently and fast” is the name of the game. Today’s content is dynamic and ever-changing, covering the gamut from social media sites to company forums to press releases. With high-quality translation and localization, enterprises can tailor content to consumers around the world.  Speed and Efficiency in Translation When it comes to the “frequently and fast” part of the equation, enterprises run into problems. Professional service providers provide translated content in files, which company workers then have to manually insert into their CMS. When companies update or edit source documents, they have to hunt down all the translated content and change each document individually.  Lingotek and Oracle have solved the problem by making the Lingotek Collaborative Translation Platform fully integrated and interoperable with Oracle WebCenter Sites Web Experience Management. Lingotek combines best-in-class machine translation solutions, real-time community/crowd translation and professional translation to enable companies to publish globalized content in an efficient and cost-effective manner. WebCenter Sites Web Experience Management simplifies the creation and management of different types of content across multiple channels, including social media.  Globalization Without Interrupting the Workflow The combination of the Lingotek platform with WebCenter Sites ensures that process of authoring, publishing, targeting, optimizing and personalizing global Web content is automated, saving companies the time and effort of manually entering content. Users can seamlessly integrate translation into their WebCenter Sites workflows, optimizing their translation and localization across web, social and mobile channels in multiple languages. The original structure and formatting of all translated content is maintained, saving workers the time and effort involved with inserting the text translation and reformatting.  In addition, Lingotek’s continuous publication model addresses the dynamic nature of content, automatically updating the status of translated documents within the WebCenter Sites Workflow whenever users edit or update source documents. This enables users to sync translations in real time. The translation, localization, updating and publishing of Web Experience Management content happens in a single, uninterrupted workflow.  The net result of Lingotek Inside for Oracle WebCenter Sites Web Experience Management is a system that more than meets the need for frequent and fast global translation. Workflows are accelerated. The globalization of content becomes faster and more streamlined. Enterprises save time, cost and effort in translation project management, and can address the needs of each of their global markets in a timely and cost-effective manner.  About Lingotek Lingotek is an Oracle Gold Partner and is going to be one of the first Oracle Validated Integrator (OVI) partners with WebCenter Sites. Lingotek is also an OVI partner with Oracle WebCenter Content.  Watch a video about how Lingotek Inside for Oracle WebCenter Sites works! Oracle WebCenter will be hosting a webinar, “Hitachi Data Systems Improves Global Web Experiences with Oracle WebCenter," tomorrow, September 13th. To attend the webinar, please register now! For more information about Lingotek for Oracle WebCenter, please visit http://www.lingotek.com/oracle.

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  • How to fix black tooltips in Eclipse?

    - by Smotko
    I am having a weird problem with Eclipse documentation tooltips. When I startup Eclipse the tooltip works as expected: But after I press the down button the tooltip turns black: and stays like that for the rest of the session. I am using Eclipse Galileo and Ubuntu 11.04 with the classic desktop. EDIT: I am only experiencing this problem in PHP Development Tools. The tooltips work in Java and Python projects.

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  • 'Quickly': How can I use Ruby?

    - by ragu.pattabi
    Recently I came across Quickly. A very nice thing Ubuntu is doing in order to simplify creation of good looking applications that integrates well with Ubuntu desktop in every respect. While the demo was so cool and even motived me to learn Python, I am only familiar with Ruby. I would really love if there is a way to make Quickly do similar thing with Ruby. I read something about templates; but couldn't locate much details.

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  • Why was Scala not implemented with C or C++

    - by jpartogi
    Does anybody know why was Scala implemented in Java and .NET instead of C or C++? Most languages are implemented with Cor C++ [i.e Erlang, Python, PHP, Ruby, Perl]. What are the advantages for Scala implemented in Java and .NET other than giving access to Java and .NET libraries? UPDATE Woudln't Scala gain more benefit if it is implemented in C because it can be tuned better rather than relying on JVM?

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  • YouTube Developers Live: Playlist Party Picker

    YouTube Developers Live: Playlist Party Picker Submit your questions here: goo.gl Danny Hermes, Jeff Posnick and JJ Behrens discuss how they built Party Playlist Picker, a Python App Engine application that lets Google+ users collaboratively edit YouTube Playlists. More details are at apiblog.youtube.com Helpful Links: OAuth2 for GData APIs - googleappsdeveloper.blogspot.com Channel API - developers.google.com Memcache - developers.google.com From: GoogleDevelopers Views: 141 18 ratings Time: 40:14 More in Science & Technology

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  • Why are there no package management systems for C and C++?

    - by m0nhawk
    There are some programming languages for which exist their own package management systems: CTAN for TeX CPAN for Perl Pip & Eggs for Python Maven for Java cabal for Haskell Gems for Ruby Is there any other languages with such systems? What about C and C++? (that's the main question!) Why there are no such systems for them? And isn't creating packages for yum, apt-get or other general package management systems better?

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  • How i can fix " E: Internal Error, No file name for libc6 "

    - by SMAOUH
    Hello all please i need your help to fix this problem i have 2 broken packages system and i can't reinstall them or make any other option : update , upgrade , install & remove app .... Ubuntu 12.04.3 I have not found any solutions please help me sudo apt-get install -f smaouh@Linux:~$ sudo apt-get install -f [sudo] password for smaouh: Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required: libopenal1 libpam-winbind libao-common gnome-exe-thumbnailer libqca2-plugin-ossl gir1.2-champlain-0.12 libmagickcore4 libmagickwand4 libmagickcore4-extra libcapi20-3 python-unidecode libopenal-data liblqr-1-0 gir1.2-gtkchamplain-0.12 unixodbc wine-gecko2.21 libchamplain-0.12-0 python-glade2 imagemagick-common libosmesa6 oss-compat gimp-help-common esound-common gimp-help-en libmpg123-0 ttf-mscorefonts-installer imagemagick winbind libodbc1 fonts-droid fonts-unfonts-core libchamplain-gtk-0.12-0 libclutter-gtk-1.0-0 gir1.2-gtkclutter-1.0 Use 'apt-get autoremove' to remove them. 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 386 not upgraded. 4 not fully installed or removed. After this operation, 0B of additional disk space will be used. dpkg: error processing libc6 (--configure): libc6:amd64 2.15-0ubuntu10.5 cannot be configured because libc6:i386 is in a different version (2.15-0ubuntu10.4) dpkg: dependency problems prevent configuration of libc-dev-bin: libc-dev-bin depends on libc6 (>> 2.15); however: Package libc6 is not configured yet. libc-dev-bin depends on libc6 (<< 2.16); however: Package libc6 is not configured yet. dpkg: error processing libc-dev-bin (--configure): dependency problems - leaving unconfigured dpkg: dependency problems prevent configuration of libc6-dev: libc6-dev depends on libc6 (= 2.15-0ubuntu10.5); however: Package libc6 is not configured yet. libc6-dev depends on libc-dev-bin (= 2.15-0ubuntu10.5); however: Package libc-dev-bin is not configured yet. dpkg: error processing libc6-dev (--configure): dependency problems - leaving unconfigured dpkg: dependency problems prevent configuration of libc6-i386: libc6-i386 depends on libc6 (= 2.15-0ubuntu10.5); however: Package libc6 is not configured yet. dpkg: error processing libc6-i386 (--configure): dependency problems - leaving unconfigured No apport report written because the error message indicates its a followup error from a previous failure. No apport report written because the error message indicates its a followup error from a previous failure. No apport report written because MaxReports is reached already Errors were encountered while processing: libc6 libc-dev-bin libc6-dev libc6-i386 E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1) smaouh@Linux:~$

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  • Why don't we just fix Javascript?

    - by Jan Meyer
    Javascript sucks because of a few fatalities well pointed out by Douglas Crockford. We talk a lot about it. But the point here is, why we don't fix it? Coffeescript of course does that and a lot more. But the question here is another: if we provide a webservice that can convert one version of Javascript to the next, and so on, we can keep the language up to date. Such a conversion allows old code to run, albeit with an ever-increasing startup delay, as newer browsers convert old code to the new syntax. To avoid that delay, the site only needs to take the output of the code-transform and paste it in! The effort has immediate benefits for those businesses interested in the results. The rest can sleep tight: their code will continue to run. If we provide backward code-transformation also, then elder browsers can also run ANY new code! Migration scripts should be created by those that make changes to a language. Today they don't, which is in itself a fundamental omission! It should be am obvious part of their job to provide them, as their job isn't really done without them. The onus of making it work should be on them. With this system Any site will be able to run in Any browser, but new code will run best on the newest browsers. This way we reap the benefit of an up-to-date and productive development environment, where today we suffer, supposedly because of yesterday. This is a misconception. We are all trapped in committee-thinking, and we drag along things that only worsen our performance over time! We cause an ever increasing complexity that is hard to underestimate. Javascript is easily fixed. The fact is we don't. As an example, I have seen Patrick Michaud tackle the migration problem in PmWiki. It included forward migration scripts. Whenever syntax changes were made, a migration script was added to transform pages to the new syntax. As far as I know, ALL migrations have worked flawlessly. In other words, we don't tackle the migration problem, we just drag it along. We are incompetent! And why is that? Because technically incompetent people feel they must decide for us. Because they are incompetent, fear rules them. They are obnoxiously conservative, and we suffer the consequence of bad leadership. But the competent don't need to play by the same rules. They can (and must) change them. They are the path forward. It is about time to leave the past behind, and pursue the leanest meanest, no, eternal functionality. That would in and of itself revolutionize programming. So, why don't we stop whining and fix programming? Begin with Javascript and change the world. Even if the browser doesn't hook into this system, coders could. So language updaters should take it upon them to provide migration scripts. Once they exist, browsers may take advantage of them.

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  • Learning the GO programming language and its prospects [closed]

    - by SHOUBHIK BOSE
    Possible Duplicate: What are the chances of Google's Go becoming a mainstream language? Recently I've started experimenting with The GO programming language by Google. Its a programmer-friendly language having the simplicity of Python. I was wondering whether companies other than Google would also start using Go for development, and if they do , what would be the prospects of being a Go programmer?

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  • Paid Website Code Review

    - by clifgray
    I have written a pretty extensive webapp and it is going to go live in the next fews weeks and before I really publicize it I want to get some professionals to review it for optimization and best practices. Is there any online service or way to find local software engineers who would be willing to do this? Just to give some specifics that may be helpful, my site is on Google App Engine and written in Python and it is tough to find someone with extensive experience in that area.

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  • Looking for a short book on C# 2010 for experienced programmers

    - by Gaz Davidson
    Hi I'm an experienced programmer (C++, Java, Python, C, Objective-C, and others) and need to take a crash course in C# for my current job. I've never done any C# programming before though have read a bit about the syntax etc, I'm looking for a guide that quickly introduces advanced topics so I can get a handle on the language and begin hacking ASAP. Does anyone know of such a book? Amazon and Google are drawing a blank. Thanks in advance!

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  • Filtres d'écran en 2D avec OpenGL dans le Blender Game Engine, une traduction de Guillaume Belz

    Bonjour à tous Blender est à l'origine un logiciel libre de dessin 3D, mais propose de plus en plus de fonctionnalités avancées d'animation. En particulier, Blender intègre un moteur de jeux appelé Blender Game Engine (BGE), qui permet aux utilisateurs d'écrire leurs propres shaders en utilisant les langages Python et OpenGL Shading Language (GLSL). Dans cet article, l'auteur présente les bases pour écrire ses propres shaders et les paramétrer dans Blender à partir d'un exemple simple : un filtre de flou. Filtres d'écran en 2D avec OpenGL dans le Blender Game Engine A...

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  • Gartner PCC: A Shovel & Some Ah-Ha's

    - by kellsey.ruppel
    When Gartner Vice President and leading analyst Whit Andrews kicked off the Gartner Portals, Content & Collaboration Summit on Monday, March 12 at the Gaylord Palms in Orlando, FL by bringing a shovel to the stage, eyebrows raised and a few thoughts went through my head. Either this guy plans to go help the construction workers outside construct that new pool at the Gaylord or he took a wrong turn and is at the wrong conference. Oh and how did he get that shovel through airport security? As Whit explained more his objective became more clear…take everything anyone has ever told you about portals and throw it out the window, as portals have evolved and times they are most certainly changing. The future Web is here, available not only on browsers but also via a broad spectrum of access points, including automobiles, consumer electronics and more and more mobile devices. Not merely prevalent, the future Web is also multimedia-driven and operates in real time, driven by mobility, social media, streaming video and other dynamic services. Applications and user experiences are in the midst of an evolution — from the early, simple mobile Web models to today’s Web 2.0 mobile apps and, ultimately, to a world of predominantly Web apps. Additionally, cloud services will forever change how portals and user experience are designed, built, delivered, sourced and managed. So what does this mean for you? Today’s organizations need software that will enable them to not just do their jobs, but to do it in a way that is familiar and easy for them.  What does this mean for IT? Use software and technology as an enabler, not as a roadblock. Overall, we had a great week in Orlando learning about how to improve the user experience, manage content explosion, launch social initiatives, transition to mobile environments and understand cloud and SaaS options.  We had some great conversations throughout the conference and at the Oracle booth. Lots of demonstrations were given of Oracle WebCenter Sites and Oracle Social Network. And as Christie mentioned earlier this week, our Vice President of Product Management and Strategy for WebCenter Loren Weinberg presented on the topic of customer engagement and talked about how organization’s relationships with their customers have fundamentally changed today and the resulting impact that has on their priorities.  Loren also talked about the importance of customer engagement, why that matters now more than ever, and what you can do to help your company or organization succeed in this new world. The question asked in every keynote and session was a simple one: What is your “ah-ha” moment? I personally had quite a few, some of which I’ve captured below. 70% of internal social initiatives eventually fail. By 2014, refusing to communicate with consumers via social media will be as harmful as ignoring emails/phone calls is today. Customer engagement = multi-channel + social & interactive + personal & relevant + optimized. If people choose to talk about your product/company/service, it's because it's remarkable. -- Seth Godin's keynote (one of the highlights of the conference!) The Web will become the primary method used for delivering content and applications to mobile devices. By 2015, 20% of smart phone users worldwide will conduct commerce using context-enriched services on a weekly basis.  86% of customers will pay more for a better customer experience. 6 P's of Quality User Experience. Product. Enabled by: People, Patterns, Process, Profit, Priorities. Did you attend the Gartner Summit? What were your ah-ha moments?

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  • Pitivi video editor (gstreamer errors)

    - by The Programmer
    The error messages are not helpful in diagnosing what's broken here: What can be done to make Pitivi and gstreamer work better together? Should I just give up on Pitivi and go with another tool? ERROR [15963] [0x7fb986aed700] "" pipeline Sep 18 19:31:14 _errorObject: error from /GstPipeline:pipeline1/GstBin:bin1/GnlComposition:gnlcomposition3/GnlSource:gnlsource: AudioTestSourceFactory3/GstBin:bin5/GstAudioTestSrc:real-audiotestsrc (main.GstAudioTestSrc): GStreamer encountered a general stream error. (gstbasesrc.c(2507): gst_base_src_loop (): /GstPipeline:pipeline1/GstBin:bin1/GnlComposition:gnlcomposition3/GnlSource:gnlsource: AudioTestSourceFactory3/GstBin:bin5/GstAudioTestSrc:real-audiotestsrc: streaming task paused, reason not-negotiated (-4)) (/usr/lib/pitivi/python/pitivi/log/loggable.py:30)

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  • Question about MochaHost.com Hosting Plans [duplicate]

    - by Wassim
    This question already has an answer here: How to find web hosting that meets my requirements? 5 answers This is not an advertising, I've just found this website (MochaHost) that offers a great things just for 3$/m like : 2 LifeTime FREE Domains UNLIMITED Space and bandwidth SVN (subversion) support SSH access PHP 5, Perl, Python, and Rails I need to know if any of you had taken from them a hosting plans, what do you think about it?

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  • How do I make my application startable from the terminal?

    - by Ralf Hersel
    I've created several Python applications wherefore I know how to create a DEB and how to push an application into my PPA in Launchpad. What I never found out is how to make the application startable from the terminal by just entering its name like you use to do with any other Linux application. I guess that I have to create a link to the application's shell script in /usr/bin/ but I don't know how to do this in my rules file which looks like this: #!/usr/bin/make -f # -*- makefile -*- %: dh $@ override_dh_install: dh_install nota/* /usr/share/nota/ dh_install applications/nota.desktop /usr/share/applications/

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  • Learn Many Languages

    - by Phil Factor
    Around twenty-five years ago, I was trying to solve the problem of recruiting suitable developers for a large business. I visited the local University (it was a Technical College then). My mission was to remind them that we were a large, local employer of technical people and to suggest that, as they were in the business of educating young people for a career in IT, we should work together. I anticipated a harmonious chat where we could suggest to them the idea of mentioning our name to some of their graduates. It didn’t go well. The academic staff displayed a degree of revulsion towards the whole topic of IT in the world of commerce that surprised me; tweed met charcoal-grey, trainers met black shoes. However, their antipathy to commerce was something we could have worked around, since few of their graduates were destined for a career as university lecturers. They asked me what sort of language skills we needed. I tried ducking the invidious task of naming computer languages, since I wanted recruits who were quick to adapt and learn, with a broad understanding of IT, including development methodologies, technologies, and data. However, they pressed the point and I ended up saying that we needed good working knowledge of C and BASIC, though FORTRAN and COBOL were, at the time, still useful. There was a ghastly silence. It was as if I’d recommended the beliefs and practices of the Bogomils of Bulgaria to a gathering of Cardinals. They stared at me severely, like owls, until the head of department broke the silence, informing me in clipped tones that they taught only Modula 2. Now, I wouldn’t blame you if at this point you hurriedly had to look up ‘Modula 2′ on Wikipedia. Based largely on Pascal, it was a specialist language for embedded systems, but I’ve never ever come across it in a commercial business application. Nevertheless, it was an excellent teaching language since it taught modules, scope control, multiprogramming and the advantages of encapsulating a set of related subprograms and data structures. As long as the course also taught how to transfer these skills to other, more useful languages, it was not necessarily a problem. I said as much, but they gleefully retorted that the biggest local employer, a defense contractor specializing in Radar and military technology, used nothing but Modula 2. “Why teach any other programming language when they will be using Modula 2 for all their working lives?” said a complacent lecturer. On hearing this, I made my excuses and left. There could be no meeting of minds. They were providing training in a specific computer language, not an education in IT. Twenty years later, I once more worked nearby and regularly passed the long-deserted ‘brownfield’ site of the erstwhile largest local employer; the end of the cold war had led to lean times for defense contractors. A digger was about to clear the rubble of the long demolished factory along with the accompanying growth of buddleia and thistles, in order to lay the infrastructure for ‘affordable housing’. Modula 2 was a distant memory. Either those employees had short working lives or they’d retrained in other languages. The University, by contrast, was thriving, but I wondered if their erstwhile graduates had ever cursed the narrow specialization of their training in IT, as they struggled with the unexpected variety of their subsequent careers.

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  • alias with parameters

    - by dustyprogrammer
    I was recently starting to setup my usual alias. I ended up needing to pass more information than my alias originally needed $ alias runserver = 'python manage.py runserver' $ runserver 80 // turns out you need sudo $ sudo runserver 80 $ sudo: runserver: command not found Now as I was writing this i realized maybe the alias isn't set for root. Could that be it? If not, could someone explain why this doesn't work. Please and thank you

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  • C++ track or Java track in college?

    - by sq1020
    I'm starting some CS classes at a community college and they have two tracks. Either you take three courses in C++ or three courses in Java. Both cover the same fundamental material e.g. data structures, algorithms etc. Which would you recommend considering that I know python and may be consider doing a masters in CS some time down the road....my undergrad degree is in something else. And advice would be appreciated.

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  • How do you author code

    - by garbagecollector
    This is something I was never taught. I have seen alot of different types of authoring styles. I code primarily in Java and Python. I was wondering if there was a standard authoring style or if everything is freestyle. Also if you answer would you mind attaching the style you use to author files that your create at home or at work. I usually just go @author garbagecollector @company garbage inc.

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  • How to identify doc, ppt, xls files

    - by Shelby. S
    So I was wondering how would you differentiate ppt, xls and doc files from each other in linux regardless of extensions. I tried 'file' but from the looks of it, all of MSOffice files are categorized under the same file type. Similarly I'm having trouble with docx, xlsx and pptx files, since they're essentially all zip files containing a bunch of xml. Thank you for your help! P.S. I also tried a python script importing the magic module, but no go.

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  • Application indicator + entry widget

    - by Jan Jeseter
    I would like write my own application indicator via guide in http://unity.ubuntu.com/projects/appindicators/ (in python) My question - Is there any chance add next to icon indicator entry widget (see below) on top panel? ( window = gtk.Window(gtk.WINDOW_TOPLEVEL) vbox = gtk.VBox(False, 0) window.add(vbox) vbox.show() entry = gtk.Entry() entry.set_max_length(50) entry.set_text("hello") vbox.pack_start(entry, True, True, 0) entry.show() window.show() ) Thanks

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  • Why do programming languages allow shadowing/hiding of variables and functions?

    - by Simon
    Many of the most popular programming languges (such as C++, Java, Python etc.) have the concept of hiding / shadowing of variables or functions. When I've encountered hiding or shadowing they have been the cause of hard to find bugs and I've never seen a case where I found it necessary to use these features of the languages. To me it would seem better to disallow hiding and shadowing. Does anybody know of a good use of these concepts?

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  • Finding a new programming language for web development?

    - by Xeoncross
    I'm wondering if there are any un-biased resources that give good, specific overviews of programming languages and their intended goals. I would like to learn a new language, but visiting the sites of each language isn't working. Each one talks about how great it is without much mention of it's weaknesses or specific goals. Ruby is a dynamic, open source programming language with a focus on simplicity and productivity. Python is a programming language that lets you work more quickly and integrate your systems more effectively. Having been a PHP developer for years, Vic Cherubini sums up my plight well: I knew PHP well, had my own framework, and could work quickly to get something up and running. I programmed like this throughout the MVC revolution. I got better and better jobs (read: better paying, better title) as a PHP developer, but all along the way realizing that the code I wrote on my own time was great, and the code I worked with at work was horrible. Like, worse than horrible. Atrocious. OS Commerce level bad. Having side projects kept me sane, because the code I worked with at work made me miserable. This is why I'm retiring from PHP for my side projects and new programming ventures. I'm spent with PHP. Exhausted, if you will. I've reached a level where I think I'm at the top with it as a language and if I don't move on to a new language soon, I'll be done completely with programming and I do not want that. Languages I've looked at include JavaScript (for node.js), Ruby, Python, & Erlang. I've even thought about Scala or C++. The problem is figuring out which ones are built to handle my needs the best. So where can I go to skip the hype and get real information about the maturity of a platform, the size of the community, and the strengths & weaknesses of that language. If I know these then picking a language to continue my web development should be easy.

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  • Learn Many Languages

    - by Jeff Foster
    My previous blog, Deliberate Practice, discussed the need for developers to “sharpen their pencil” continually, by setting aside time to learn how to tackle problems in different ways. However, the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, a contested and somewhat-controversial concept from language theory, seems to hold reasonably true when applied to programming languages. It states that: “The structure of a language affects the ways in which its speakers conceptualize their world.” If you’re constrained by a single programming language, the one that dominates your day job, then you only have the tools of that language at your disposal to think about and solve a problem. For example, if you’ve only ever worked with Java, you would never think of passing a function to a method. A good developer needs to learn many languages. You may never deploy them in production, you may never ship code with them, but by learning a new language, you’ll have new ideas that will transfer to your current “day-job” language. With the abundant choices in programming languages, how does one choose which to learn? Alan Perlis sums it up best. “A language that doesn‘t affect the way you think about programming is not worth knowing“ With that in mind, here’s a selection of languages that I think are worth learning and that have certainly changed the way I think about tackling programming problems. Clojure Clojure is a Lisp-based language running on the Java Virtual Machine. The unique property of Lisp is homoiconicity, which means that a Lisp program is a Lisp data structure, and vice-versa. Since we can treat Lisp programs as Lisp data structures, we can write our code generation in the same style as our code. This gives Lisp a uniquely powerful macro system, and makes it ideal for implementing domain specific languages. Clojure also makes software transactional memory a first-class citizen, giving us a new approach to concurrency and dealing with the problems of shared state. Haskell Haskell is a strongly typed, functional programming language. Haskell’s type system is far richer than C# or Java, and allows us to push more of our application logic to compile-time safety. If it compiles, it usually works! Haskell is also a lazy language – we can work with infinite data structures. For example, in a board game we can generate the complete game tree, even if there are billions of possibilities, because the values are computed only as they are needed. Erlang Erlang is a functional language with a strong emphasis on reliability. Erlang’s approach to concurrency uses message passing instead of shared variables, with strong support from both the language itself and the virtual machine. Processes are extremely lightweight, and garbage collection doesn’t require all processes to be paused at the same time, making it feasible for a single program to use millions of processes at once, all without the mental overhead of managing shared state. The Benefits of Multilingualism By studying new languages, even if you won’t ever get the chance to use them in production, you will find yourself open to new ideas and ways of coding in your main language. For example, studying Haskell has taught me that you can do so much more with types and has changed my programming style in C#. A type represents some state a program should have, and a type should not be able to represent an invalid state. I often find myself refactoring methods like this… void SomeMethod(bool doThis, bool doThat) { if (!(doThis ^ doThat)) throw new ArgumentException(“At least one arg should be true”); if (doThis) DoThis(); if (doThat) DoThat(); } …into a type-based solution, like this: enum Action { DoThis, DoThat, Both }; void SomeMethod(Action action) { if (action == Action.DoThis || action == Action.Both) DoThis(); if (action == Action.DoThat || action == Action.Both) DoThat(); } At this point, I’ve removed the runtime exception in favor of a compile-time check. This is a trivial example, but is just one of many ideas that I’ve taken from one language and implemented in another.

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