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  • Queue Data structure app crash with front() method

    - by Programer
    I am implementing queue data strcutre but my app gets crashed, I know I am doing something wrong with Node pointer front or front() method of queue class #include <iostream> using namespace std; class Node { public: int get() { return object; }; void set(int object) { this->object = object; }; Node * getNext() { return nextNode; }; void setNext(Node * nextNode) { this->nextNode = nextNode; }; private: int object; Node * nextNode; }; class queue{ private: Node *rear; Node *front; public: int dequeue() { int x = front->get(); Node* p = front; front = front->getNext(); delete p; return x; } void enqueue(int x) { Node* newNode = new Node(); newNode->set(x); newNode->setNext(NULL); rear->setNext(newNode); rear = newNode; } int Front() { return front->get(); } int isEmpty() { return ( front == NULL ); } }; main() { queue q; q.enqueue(2); cout<<q.Front(); system("pause"); }

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  • C++ data member initializer is not allowed

    - by user1435915
    I totally new to C++ so bear with me. I want to make a class with a static array, and access to this array from the main. Here is what i want to do in C#. namespace ConsoleApplication1 { class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { Class a = new Class(); Console.WriteLine(a.arr[1]); } } } ===================== namespace ConsoleApplication1 { class Class { public static string[] s_strHands = new string[]{"one","two","three"}; } } Here is what i have tried: // justfoolin.cpp : Defines the entry point for the console application. // #include "stdafx.h" #include <string> #include <iostream> using namespace std; class Class { public: static string arr[3] = {"one", "two", "three"}; }; int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[]) { Class x; cout << x.arr[2] << endl; return 0; } But i got: IntelliSense: data member initializer is not allowed

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  • No "redefinition of default parameter error" for class template member function?

    - by STingRaySC
    Why does the following give no compilation error?: // T.h template<class T> class X { public: void foo(int a = 42); }; // Main.cpp #include "T.h" #include <iostream> template<class T> void X<T>::foo(int a = 13) { std::cout << a << std::endl; } int main() { X<int> x; x.foo(); // prints 42 } It seems as though the 13 is just silently ignored by the compiler. Why is this? The cooky thing is that if the template declaration is in Main.cpp instead of a header file, I do indeed get the default parameter redefinition error. Now I know the compiler will complain about this if it were just an ordinary (non-template) function. What does the standard have to say about default parameters in class template member functions or function templates?

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  • Newbie question: When to use extern "C" { //code } ?

    - by Russel
    Hello, Maybe I'm not understanding the differences between C and C++, but when and why do we need to use: extern "C" { ? Apparently its a "linkage convention"? I read about it briefly and noticed that all the .h header files included with MSVS surround their code with it. What type of code exactly is "C code" and NOT "C++ code"? I thought C++ included all C code? I'm guessing that this is not the case and that C++ is different and that standard features/functions exist in one or the other but not both (ie: printf is C and cout is C++), but that C++ is backwards compatible though the extern "C" declaration. Is this correct? My next question depends on the answer to the first, but I'll ask it here anyway: Since MSVS header files that are written in C are surrounded by extern "C" { ... }, when would you ever need to use this yourself in your own code? If your code is C code and you are trying to compile it in a C++ compiler, shouldn't it work without problem because all the standard h files you include will already have the extern "C" thing in them with the C++ compiler? Do you have to use this when compiling in C++ but linking to alteady built C libraries or something? Please help clarify this for me... Thanks! --Keith

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  • Unhandled Exception error message

    - by Joshua Green
    Does anyone know why including a term such as: t = PL_new_term_ref(); would cause an Unhandled Exception error message: 0xC0000005: Access violation reading location 0x0000000c. (Visual Studio 2008) I have a header file: class UserTaskProlog : public ArAction { public: UserTaskProlog( const char* name = " sth " ); ~UserTaskProlog( ); AREXPORT virtual ArActionDesired *fire( ArActionDesired currentDesired ); private: term_t t; }; and a cpp file: UserTaskProlog::UserTaskProlog( const char* name ) : ArAction( name, " sth " ) { char** argv; argv[ 0 ] = "libpl.dll"; PL_initialise( 1, argv ); PlCall( "consult( 'myProg.pl' )" ); } UserTaskProlog::~UserTaskProlog( ) { } ArActionDesired *UserTaskProlog::fire( ArActionDesired currentDesired ) { cout << " something " << endl; t = PL_new_term_ref( ); } Without t=PL_new_term_ref() everything works fine, but when I start adding my Prolog code (declarations first, such as t=PL_new_term_ref), I get this Access Violation error message. I'd appreciate any help. Thanks,

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  • Boost link error when using "--layout=system" on VS2005

    - by Kevin
    I'm new to boost, and thought I'd try it out with some realistic deployment scenarios for the .dlls, so I used the following command to compile/install the libraries: .\bjam install --layout=system variant=debug runtime-link=shared link=shared --with-date_time --with-thread --with-regex --with-filesystem --includedir=<my include directory> --libdir=<my bin directory> > installlog.txt That seemed to work, but my simple program (taken right from the "Getting Started" page) fails: #include <boost/regex.hpp> #include <iostream> #include <string> // Place your functions after this line int main() { std::string line; boost::regex pat( "^Subject: (Re: |Aw: )*(.*)" ); while (std::cin) { std::getline(std::cin, line); boost::smatch matches; if (boost::regex_match(line, matches, pat)) std::cout << matches[2] << std::endl; } } This fails with the following linker error: fatal error LNK1104: cannot open file 'libboost_regex-vc80-mt-1_42.lib' I'm sure that both the .lib and the .dlls are in that directory, and named how I want them to be (ie: boost_regex.lib, etc, all unversioned, as the --layout=system says). So why is it looking for the versioned type of it? And how do I get it to look for the unversioned type of the library? I've tried this with more "normal" options, such as below: .\bjam stage --build-type=complete --with-date_time --with-thread --with-filesystem --with-regex > mybuildlog.txt And that works fine. I made sure my compiler saw the "stage\lib" directory, and it compiled and ran fine with nothing beyond having the environment looking into the right lib directory. But when I took those "testing" directories away, and wanted to use these others (unversioned), then it failed. I'm under VS2005 here on XP. Any ideas?

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  • C++ operator lookup rules / Koenig lookup

    - by John Bartholomew
    While writing a test suite, I needed to provide an implementation of operator<<(std::ostream&... for Boost unit test to use. This worked: namespace theseus { namespace core { std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& ss, const PixelRGB& p) { return (ss << "PixelRGB(" << (int)p.r << "," << (int)p.g << "," << (int)p.b << ")"); } }} This didn't: std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& ss, const theseus::core::PixelRGB& p) { return (ss << "PixelRGB(" << (int)p.r << "," << (int)p.g << "," << (int)p.b << ")"); } Apparently, the second wasn't included in the candidate matches when g++ tried to resolve the use of the operator. Why (what rule causes this)? The code calling operator<< is deep within the Boost unit test framework, but here's the test code: BOOST_AUTO_TEST_SUITE(core_image) BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_output) { using namespace theseus::core; BOOST_TEST_MESSAGE(PixelRGB(5,5,5)); // only compiles with operator<< definition inside theseus::core std::cout << PixelRGB(5,5,5) << "\n"; // works with either definition BOOST_CHECK(true); // prevent no-assertion error } BOOST_AUTO_TEST_SUITE_END() For reference, I'm using g++ 4.4 (though for the moment I'm assuming this behaviour is standards-conformant).

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  • C++ explicit template specialization of templated constructor of templated class

    - by Victor Liu
    I have a class like template <class T> struct A{ template <class U> A(U u); }; I would like to write an explicit specialization of this for a declaration like A<int>::A(float); In the following test code, if I comment out the specialization, it compiles with g++. Otherwise, it says I have the wrong number of template parameters: #include <iostream> template <class T> struct A{ template <class U> A(T t, U *u){ *u += U(t); } }; template <> template <> A<int>::A<int,float>(int t, float *u){ *u += U(2*t); } int main(){ float f = 0; int i = 1; A<int>(i, &f); std::cout << f << std::endl; return 0; }

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  • Launch a QWidget from a QMain window

    - by Opera
    Hello everyone ! I'm doing my first C++ - Qt4 application and I'm having some trouble "connecting" my different uis. I have a main window with several buttons and when I click on one, I want another window to open. The MyMainWindowClass inherits from QMainWindow and the other from QWidget. Here is the code I have written so far : #include <iostream #include "MyWidgetClass.hpp" #include "MyMainWindowClass.hpp" #include "ui_MyMainWindowClassUi.h" MyMainWindowClass::MyMainWindowClass(QWidget *parent) : QMainWindow(parent), m_ui(new Ui::MyMainWindowClassUi) { m_ui-setupUi(this); initConnect(); } void MyMainWindowClass::initConnect() { QObject::connect(m_ui-SomeBtn, SIGNAL(clicked()), this, SLOT(SomeBtnClicked())); // Some other QObject::connect calls return; } void MyMainWindowClass::SomeBtnClicked() { std::cout << "Some Btn has been clicked" << std::endl; this-setEnabled(false); MyWidgetClass mwc(this); mwc.show(); return; } This calls the Ctor and the Dtor from MyWidgetClass, disables the MyMainWindowClassUi, but doesn't show my other GUI. What am I missing to have the window showed when I click on the button ?

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  • Why can I call a non-const member function pointer from a const method?

    - by sdg
    A co-worker asked about some code like this that originally had templates in it. I have removed the templates, but the core question remains: why does this compile OK? #include <iostream> class X { public: void foo() { std::cout << "Here\n"; } }; typedef void (X::*XFUNC)() ; class CX { public: explicit CX(X& t, XFUNC xF) : object(t), F(xF) {} void execute() const { (object.*F)(); } private: X& object; XFUNC F; }; int main(int argc, char* argv[]) { X x; const CX cx(x,&X::foo); cx.execute(); return 0; } Given that CX is a const object, and its member function execute is const, therefore inside CX::execute the this pointer is const. But I am able to call a non-const member function through a member function pointer. Are member function pointers a documented hole in the const-ness of the world? What (presumably obvious to others) issue have we missed?

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  • Error handling in C++, constructors vs. regular methods

    - by Dennis Ritchie
    I have a cheesesales.txt CSV file with all of my recent cheese sales. I want to create a class CheeseSales that can do things like these: CheeseSales sales("cheesesales.txt"); //has no default constructor cout << sales.totalSales() << endl; sales.outputPieChart("piechart.pdf"); The above code assumes that no failures will happen. In reality, failures will take place. In this case, two kinds of failures could occur: Failure in the constructor: The file may not exist, may not have read-permissions, contain invalid/unparsable data, etc. Failure in the regular method: The file may already exist, there may not be write access, too little sales data available to create a pie chart, etc. My question is simply: How would you design this code to handle failures? One idea: Return a bool from the regular method indicating failure. Not sure how to deal with the constructor. How would seasoned C++ coders do these kinds of things?

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  • How to define and use a friend function to a temlate class with the same template?

    - by Narek
    I have written the following code: #include <iostream> using namespace std; template <class T> class AA { T a; public: AA() { a = 7; } friend void print(const AA<T> & z); }; template <class T> void print(const AA<T> & z) { cout<<"Print: "<<z.a<<endl; } void main() { AA<int> a; print<int>(a); } And getting the following error: error C2248: 'AA<T>::a' : cannot access private member declared in class 'AA<T>' 1> with 1> [ 1> T=int 1> ] 1> c:\users\narek\documents\visual studio 2008\projects\aaa\aaa\a.cpp(7) : see declaration of 'AA<T>::a' 1> with 1> [ 1> T=int 1> ] 1> c:\users\narek\documents\visual studio 2008\projects\aaa\aaa\a.cpp(30) : see reference to function template instantiation 'void print<int>(const AA<T> &)' being compiled 1> with 1> [ 1> T=int 1> ] What's wrong?

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  • Garbled text when constructing emails with vmime

    - by Klaus Fiedler
    Hey, my Qt C++ program has a part where it needs to send the first 128 characters or so of the output of a bash command to an email address. The output from the tty is captured in a text box in my gui called textEdit_displayOutput and put into my message I built using the Message Builder ( the object m_vmMessage ) Here is the relevant code snippet: m_vmMessage.getTextPart()->setCharset( vmime::charsets::US_ASCII ); m_vmMessage.getTextPart()->setText( vmime::create < vmime::stringContentHandler > ( ui->textEdit_displayOutput->toPlainText().toStdString() ) ); vmime::ref < vmime::message > msg = m_vmMessage.construct(); vmime::utility::outputStreamAdapter out( std::cout ); msg->generate( out ); Giving bash 'ls /' and a newline makes vmime give terminal output like this: ls /=0Abin etc=09 initrd.img.old mnt=09 sbin=09 tmp=09 vmlinuz.o= ld=0Aboot farts=09 lib=09=09 opt=09 selinux usr=0Acdrom home=09 = lost+found=09 proc srv=09 var=0Adev initrd.img media=09 root = Whereas it should look more like this: ls / bin etc initrd.img.old mnt sbin tmp vmlinuz.old boot farts lib opt selinux usr cdrom home lost+found proc srv var dev initrd.img media root sys vmlinuz 18:22> How do I encode the email properly? Does vmime just display it like that on purpose and the actual content of the email is ok?

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  • Factorial in Prolog and C++

    - by Joshua Green
    I would like to work out a number's factorial. My factorial rule is in a Prolog file and I am connecting it to a C++ code. Can someone tell me what is wrong with my C++ interface please? % factorial.pl factorial( 1, 1 ):- !. factorial( X, Fac ):- X > 1, Y is X - 1, factorial( Y, New_Fac ), Fac is X * New_Fac. // factorial.cpp # headerfiles term_t t1; term_t t2; term_t goal_term; functor_t goal_functor; int main( int argc, char** argv ) { argc = 4; argv[0] = "libpl.dll"; argv[1] = "-G32m"; argv[2] = "-L32m"; argv[3] = "-T32m"; PL_initialise(argc, argv); if ( !PL_initialise(argc, argv) ) PL_halt(1); PlCall( "consult(swi('plwin.rc'))" ); PlCall( "consult('factorial.pl')" ); cout << "Enter your factorial number: "; long n; cin >> n; PL_put_integer( t1, n ); t1 = PL_new_term_ref(); t2 = PL_new_term_ref(); goal_term = PL_new_term_ref(); goal_functor = PL_new_functor( PL_new_atom("factorial"), 2 ); PL_put_atom( t1, t2 ); PL_cons_functor( goal_term, goal_functor, t1, t2 ); PL_halt( PL_toplevel() ? 0 : 1 ); }

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  • Returning c_str from a function

    - by user199421
    This is from a small library that I found online: const char* GetHandStateBrief(const PostFlopState* state) { static std::ostringstream out; ... rest of the function ... return out.str().c_str() Now in my code I am doing this: const char *d = GetHandStateBrief(&post); std::cout<< d << std::endl; Now, at first d contained garbage. I then realized that the c string I am getting from the function is destroyed when the function returns because std::ostringstream is allocated on the stack. So I added: return strdup( out.str().c_str()); And now I can get the text I need from the function. I have two questions: 1) Am I understanding this correctly? 2) I later noticed that the ostringstream was was allocated with static storage. Doesn't that mean that the object is supposed to stay in memory until the program terminates? and if so , then why can't I access the string?

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  • Prog error: for replacing spaces with "%20"

    - by assasinC
    below is the prog i am compiling for replacing spaces with "%20" but when I run it output window shows blank and a message "arrays5.exe has occurred a prob" #include <iostream> #include<cstring> using namespace std; void method(char str[], int len) //replaces spaces with "%20" { int spaces, newlen,i; for (i=0;i<len;i++) if(str[i]==' ') spaces++; newlen=len+spaces*2; str[newlen]=0; for (i=len-1;i>=0;i--) { if(str[i]==' ') { str[newlen-1]='0'; str[newlen-2]='2'; str[newlen-3]='%'; newlen=newlen-3; } else { str[newlen-1]=str[i]; newlen=newlen-1; } } } int main() { char str[20]="sa h "; method(str,5); cout <<str<<endl; return 0; } Please help me finding the error.Thanks

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  • Main Function Error C++

    - by Arjun Nayini
    I have this main function: #ifndef MAIN_CPP #define MAIN_CPP #include "dsets.h" using namespace std; int main(){ DisjointSets s; s.uptree.addelements(4); for(int i=0; i<s.uptree.size(); i++) cout <<uptree.at(i) << endl; return 0; } #endif And the following class: class DisjointSets { public: void addelements(int x); int find(int x); void setunion(int x, int y); private: vector<int> uptree; }; #endif My implementation is this: void DisjointSets::addelements(int x){ for(int i=0; i<x; i++) uptree.push_back(-1); } //Given an int this function finds the root associated with that node. int DisjointSets::find(int x){ //need path compression if(uptree.at(x) < 0) return x; else return find(uptree.at(x)); } //This function reorders the uptree in order to represent the union of two //subtrees void DisjointSets::setunion(int x, int y){ } Upon compiling main.cpp (g++ main.cpp) I'm getting these errors: dsets.h: In function \u2018int main()\u2019: dsets.h:25: error: \u2018std::vector DisjointSets::uptree\u2019 is private main.cpp:9: error: within this context main.cpp:9: error: \u2018class std::vector \u2019 has no member named \u2018addelements\u2019 dsets.h:25: error: \u2018std::vector DisjointSets::uptree\u2019 is private main.cpp:10: error: within this context main.cpp:11: error: \u2018uptree\u2019 was not declared in this scope I'm not sure exactly whats wrong. Any help would be appreciated.

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  • How to deal with Unicode strings in C/C++ in a cross-platform friendly way?

    - by Sorin Sbarnea
    On platforms different than Windows you could easily use char * strings and treat them as UTF-8. The problem is that on Windows you are required to accept and send messages using wchar* strings (W). If you'll use the ANSI functions (A) you will not support Unicode. So if you want to write truly portable application you need to compile it as Unicode on Windows. Now, In order to keep the code clean I would like to see what is the recommended way of dealing with strings, a way that minimize ugliness in the code. Type of strings you may need: std::string, std::wstring, std::tstring,char *,wchat_t *, TCHAR*, CString (ATL one). Issues you may encounter: cout/cerr/cin and their Unicode variants wcout,wcerr,wcin all renamed wide string functions and their TCHAR macros - like strcmp, wcscmp and _tcscmp. constant strings inside code, with TCHAR you will have to fill your code with _T() macros. What approach do you see as being best? (examples are welcome) Personally I would go for a std::tstring approach but I would like to see how would do to the conversions where they are necessary.

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  • Why does the answer print out twice?

    - by rEgonicS
    I made a program that returns the product a*b*c where a,b,c are pythagorean triples and add up to 1000. The program does output the correct answer but does it twice. I was curious as to why this is so.After playing around with it a bit I found out that it prints out when a = 200 b = 375 c = 425. And once again when a = 375 b = 200 c = 425. *How do you put your code into a "code" block? It does it automatically for part of the code but as you can see the top portion and bottom line is left out. bool isPythagTriple(int a, int b, int c); int main() { for(int a = 1; a < 1000; a++) { for(int b = 1; b < 1000; b++) { for(int c = 1; c < 1000; c++) { if( ((a+b+c)==1000) && isPythagTriple(a,b,c) ) { cout << a*b*c << " "; break; } } } } return 0; } bool isPythagTriple(int a, int b, int c) { if( (a*a)+(b*b)-(c*c) == 0 ) return true; else return false; }

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  • Cannot overload function

    - by anio
    So I've got a templatized class and I want to overload the behavior of a function when I have specific type, say char. For all other types, let them do their own thing. However, c++ won't let me overload the function. Why can't I overload this function? I really really do not want to do template specialization, because then I've got duplicate the entire class. Here is a toy example demonstrating the problem: http://codepad.org/eTgLG932 The same code posted here for your reading pleasure: #include <iostream> #include <cstdlib> #include <string> struct Bar { std::string blah() { return "blah"; } }; template <typename T> struct Foo { public: std::string doX() { return m_getY(my_t); } private: std::string m_getY(char* p_msg) { return std::string(p_msg); } std::string m_getY(T* p_msg) { return p_msg->blah(); } T my_t; }; int main(int, char**) { Foo<char> x; Foo<Bar> y; std::cout << "x " << x.doX() << std::endl; return EXIT_SUCCESS; } Thank you everyone for your suggestions. Two valid solutions have been presented. I can either specialize the doX method, or specialize m_getY() method. At the end of the day I prefer to keep my specializations private rather than public so I'm accepting Krill's answer.

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  • Increasing time resolution of BOOST::progress timer

    - by feelfree
    BOOST::progress_timer is a very useful class to measure the running time of a function. However, the default implementation of progress_timer is not accurate enough and a possible way of increasing time resolution is to reconstruct a new class as the following codes show: #include <boost/progress.hpp> #include <boost/static_assert.hpp> template<int N=2> class new_progress_timer:public boost::timer { public: new_progress_timer(std::ostream &os=std::cout):m_os(os) { BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT(N>=0 &&N<=10); } ~new_progress_timer(void) { try { std::istream::fmtflags old_flags = m_os.setf(std::istream::fixed,std::istream::floatfield); std::streamsize old_prec = m_os.precision(N); m_os<<elapsed()<<"s\n" <<std::endl; m_os.flags(old_flags); m_os.precison(old_prec); } catch(...) { } } private: std::ostream &m_os; }; However, when I compile the codes with VC10, the following error appear: 'precison' : is not a member of 'std::basic_ostream<_Elem,_Traits>' Any ideas? Thanks.

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  • Callback function and function pointer trouble in C++ for a BST

    - by Brendon C.
    I have to create a binary search tree which is templated and can deal with any data types, including abstract data types like objects. Since it is unknown what types of data an object might have and which data is going to be compared, the client side must create a comparison function and also a print function (because also not sure which data has to be printed). I have edited some C code which I was directed to and tried to template, but I cannot figure out how to configure the client display function. I suspect variable 'tree_node' of class BinarySearchTree has to be passed in, but I am not sure how to do this. For this program I'm creating an integer binary search tree and reading data from a file. Any help on the code or the problem would be greatly appreciated :) Main.cpp #include "BinarySearchTreeTemplated.h" #include <iostream> #include <fstream> #include <string> using namespace std; /*Comparison function*/ int cmp_fn(void *data1, void *data2) { if (*((int*)data1) > *((int*)data2)) return 1; else if (*((int*)data1) < *((int*)data2)) return -1; else return 0; } static void displayNode() //<--------NEED HELP HERE { if (node) cout << " " << *((int)node->data) } int main() { ifstream infile("rinput.txt"); BinarySearchTree<int> tree; while (true) { int tmp1; infile >> tmp1; if (infile.eof()) break; tree.insertRoot(tmp1); } return 0; } BinarySearchTree.h (a bit too big to format here) http://pastebin.com/4kSVrPhm

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  • Reading strings and integers from .txt file and printing output as strings only

    - by screename71
    Hello, I'm new to C++, and I'm trying to write a short C++ program that reads lines of text from a file, with each line containing one integer key and one alphanumeric string value (no embedded whitespace). The number of lines is not known in advance, (i.e., keep reading lines until end of file is reached). The program needs to use the 'std::map' data structure to store integers and strings read from input (and to associate integers with strings). The program then needs to output string values (but not integer values) to standard output, 1 per line, sorted by integer key values (smallest to largest). So, for example, suppose I have a text file called "data.txt" which contains the following three lines: 10 dog -50 horse 0 cat -12 zebra 14 walrus The output should then be: horse zebra cat dog walrus I've pasted below the progress I've made so far on my C++ program: #include <fstream> #include <iostream> #include <map> using namespace std; using std::map; int main () { string name; signed int value; ifstream myfile ("data.txt"); while (! myfile.eof() ) { getline(myfile,name,'\n'); myfile >> value >> name; cout << name << endl; } return 0; myfile.close(); } Unfortunately, this produces the following incorrect output: horse cat zebra walrus If anyone has any tips, hints, suggestions, etc. on changes and revisions I need to make to the program to get it to work as needed, can you please let me know? Thanks!

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  • pure/const functions in C++

    - by Albert
    Hi, I'm thinking of using pure/const functions more heavily in my C++ code. (pure/const attribute in GCC) However, I am curious how strict I should be about it and what could possibly break. The most obvious case are debug outputs (in whatever form, could be on cout, in some file or in some custom debug class). I probably will have a lot of functions, which don't have any side effects despite this sort of debug output. No matter if the debug output is made or not, this will absolutely have no effect on the rest of my application. Or another case I'm thinking of is the use of my own SmartPointer class. In debug mode, my SmartPointer class has some global register where it does some extra checks. If I use such an object in a pure/const function, it does have some slight side effects (in the sense that some memory probably will be different) which should not have any real side effects though (in the sense that the behaviour is in any way different). Similar also for mutexes and other stuff. I can think of many complex cases where it has some side effects (in the sense of that some memory will be different, maybe even some threads are created, some filesystem manipulation is made, etc) but has no computational difference (all those side effects could very well be left out and I would even prefer that). How does it work out in practice? If I mark such functions as pure/const, could it break anything (considering that the code is all correct)?

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  • multiple definition in header file

    - by Jérôme
    Here is a small code-example from which I'd like to ask a question : complex.h : #ifndef COMPLEX_H #define COMPLEX_H #include <iostream> class Complex { public: Complex(float Real, float Imaginary); float real() const { return m_Real; }; private: friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& o, const Complex& Cplx); float m_Real; float m_Imaginary; }; std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& o, const Complex& Cplx) { return o << Cplx.m_Real << " i" << Cplx.m_Imaginary; } #endif // COMPLEX_H complex.cpp : #include "complex.h" Complex::Complex(float Real, float Imaginary) { m_Real = Real; m_Imaginary = Imaginary; } main.cpp : #include "complex.h" #include <iostream> int main() { Complex Foo(3.4, 4.5); std::cout << Foo << "\n"; return 0; } When compiling this code, I get the following error : multiple definition of operator<<(std::ostream&, Complex const&) I've found that making this fonction inline solves the problem, but I don't understand why. Why does the compiler complain about multiple definition ? My header file is guarded (with #define COMPLEX_H). And, if complaining about the operator<< fonction, why not complain about the public real() fonction, which is defined in the header as well ? And is there another solution as using the inline keyword ?

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