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• Best Practice: Migrating Email Boxes (maildir format)

  - by GruffTech

  So here's the situation. I've got about 20,000 maildir email accounts chewing up a several hundred GB of space on our email server. Maildir by nature keeps thousands of tiny a** little files, instead of one .mbox file or the like... So i need to migrate all of these several millions of files from one server to the other, for both space and life-cycle reasons. the conventional methods i would use all work just fine. rsync is the option that comes immediately to mind, however i wanted to see if there are any other "better" options out there. Rsync not handling multi-threaded transfers in this situation sucks because it never actually gets up to speed and saturates my network connection, because of this the transfer from one server to another will take hours beyond hours, when it shouldn't really take more then one or two. I know this is highly opinionated and subjective and will therefore be marked community wiki.

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• Ubuntu hardware compatability

  - by CT

  I have only previously played with ubuntu using virtual machines with VMware Fusion. So everything just sort of worked. I've never had to install any drivers. I'm considering putting it on some real hardware and using it as a media center. What should I be looking for as far as checking hardware compatibility? How does installing drivers work? Any quick and easy recommendations / guides?

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• How to make a non-root user to use chown for any user group files?

  - by user1877716

  I would like to make a user super powerful, with almost all root rights but unable to touch a the root user (to change the password of the root). My goal is to user "B" to manage my web server. The problem is user B need to able to run the chown and chmod commands on some files belonging to other users. I tried to put B in root group or use visudo, but it's not enough. I'm working an Centos 6 system. If some body have ideas!

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• How do I set default group ownership for files in a directory?

  - by tnichols

  I am running a cakephp webapp on Linode LAMP. I am finding that my temp files are created with root:root ownership. But the webapp is running with Apache's permissions (www-data). This causes warnings any time there is a new file created because it is not writable for user www-data. How do I change the default ownership to www-data on any new files created in the temp folder? Thanks for your help!

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• mount qcow2 snapshots

  - by phhe

  I'm running some Xen-servers and started migrating to KVM. Currently my guests are either running on raw-images or LVMs. I found libvirt providing some very nice snapshot features (virsh snapshot-create, ...) so I decided to use qcow2 instead of raw/lvm. And here is my question: libvirt creates the same sort of snapshots on the qcow2 image as if I use qemu-img - is it possible to mount them ? I read something about qemu-nbd and the possibility of mounting qcow but I could not find a word about snapshots.

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• is there a man in the middle attacking to my server machine?

  - by GongT

  My server works well about half a year. But a strange thing happened (several hours before). This server has two IP-address 58.17.85.19 & 117.21.178.19 When I navigate to http://58.17.85.19, nothing different as before. But http://117.21.178.19 will return a "302 Object moved" and become a "redirect loop" I do some test: ($cmd = "wget http://117.21.178.19/?xx=$RANDOM --max-redirect 0 -S --no-cache -O -") Step by step: run $cmd on my PC and my firend's one (we live in two side of China, far away). - got 302 run $cmd on this server - got 200 OK (content is correct result of index.php) run $cmd on another server in same computer room - got 200 OK telnet from my PC and build an HTTP request (type by hand) - got 200 OK shutdown php-fpm, run $cmd on my PC - got 302 run $cmd on server - 502 Bad Gateway shutdown nginx, run $cmd on both the server and my PC - Connection refused. create iptables rule, refuse any connection to 58.17.85.19:80. run nc -l 80 -k -vvv on server and run $cmd on my PC NC show me that.... Server accept connection (Connection from [my ip]) My connection closed ! (Remove fd xx from list) wget dump out response - got 302 I know that, normaly, NC will accept connection, then dump HTTP request from client, and client will wait for response. this connection will open forever(infact client will close connection becouse timeout), becouse NC can't give any response. So... where my request gone? who send an response to the client? some virus on my server system? If so, why 58.17.85.19 didn't has this error? or... I was attacked by a middleman?

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• Why is 'grep -i' so slow? How to do it faster for ASCII?

  - by Vi.

  Consider: $ time lzop -d < tvtropes-index.lzo | egrep -B 5 '[Dd][eE][sS][cC][eE][nN][dD] ?[Ff][rR][oO][mM]' real 0m0.438s $ time lzop -d < tvtropes-index.lzo | egrep -B 5 'descend ?from' -i real 0m11.294s Both search case insensitively. Why is the -i version so slow? How do I make grep -i fast without entering things like [iI][nN] [tT][hH][iI][sS] [wW][aA][Yy]? For example, perl -ne 'print if /descend ?from/i' works fast, but '-B 5' is not as trivial to implement as in grep (as well as other options).

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• How do I install yum on Redhat Enterprise 4?

  - by Bob Cross

  For historical reasons, one of the machines that I manage has a Redhat Enterprise 4 boot disk (among others). Every now and then, we have to boot into RHEL4 to bring up some of the legacy software that we support and connect to. Since it's a fringe system, the Redhat support has long since lapsed and I can't convince myself that it would be worth paying just to get RPMs that I can go and get for myself. That said, the default RHEL tools are heavily biased against letting you do exactly that. I would like to install yum and use that as my package discovery and installation. So, is there an installation guide to integrating yum with an older RHEL 4 system?

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• using "touch" to create directories?

  - by user62367

  1) in the "A" directory: find . -type f a.txt 2) in the "B" directory: cat a.txt | while read FILENAMES; do touch "$FILENAMES"; done 3) Result: the 2) "creates the files" [i mean only with the same filename, but with 0 Byte size] ok. But if there are subdirs in the "A" directory, then the 2) can't create the files in the subdir, because there are no directories in it. Question: is there a way, that "touch" can create directories?

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• Setting Keyboard Shortcuts in Ubuntu

  - by joemangrove

  Is it possible to do the following in Ubuntu? If so can someone point me in the right direction. Say you want to set a keyboard shortcut to do the following: For examples sake, set Alt+F to open Firefox and maximize it, but only if Firefox is not already running. If it is running and not maximized, then maximize the most recently touched Firefox window. If it is maximized, then minimize Firefox. Thanks, Joe

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• using "touch" to create directories?

  - by user66732

  1) in the "A" directory: find . -type f a.txt 2) in the "B" directory: cat a.txt | while read FILENAMES; do touch "$FILENAMES"; done 3) Result: the 2) "creates the files" [i mean only with the same filename, but with 0 Byte size] ok. But if there are subdirs in the "A" directory, then the 2) can't create the files in the subdir, because there are no directories in it. Question: is there a way, that "touch" can create directories?

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• How to increase acpiphp slots?

  - by Eil

  Hi, Oh RHEL 5.5, there are 31 ACPI PCI hotplug slots by default: acpiphp: Slot [1] registered ... acpiphp: Slot [31] registered Is there a way to increase this number? I haven't been able to find an argument to supply to modprobe, or a sysctl knob to tweak, but I know there must be ways to get more slots based on some Google sleuthing. (For the curious, this is just preliminary experimentation to see how many virtual disks I can hot-add to a running KVM guest.)

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• OpenVPN + iptables / NAT routing

  - by Mikeage

  Hi, I'm trying to set up an OpenVPN VPN, which will carry some (but not all) traffic from the clients to the internet via the OpenVPN server. My OpenVPN server has a public IP on eth0, and is using tap0 to create a local network, 192.168.2.x. I have a client which connects from local IP 192.168.1.101 and gets VPN IP 192.168.2.3. On the server, I ran: iptables -A INPUT -i tap+ -j ACCEPT iptables -A FORWARD -i tap+ -j ACCEPT iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s 192.168.2.0/24 -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE On the client, the default remains to route via 192.168.1.1. In order to point it to 192.168.2.1 for HTTP, I ran ip rule add fwmark 0x50 table 200 ip route add table 200 default via 192.168.2.1 iptables -t mangle -A OUTPUT -j MARK -p tcp --dport 80 --set-mark 80 Now, if I try accessing a website on the client (say, wget google.com), it just hangs there. On the server, I can see $ sudo tcpdump -n -i tap0 tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode listening on tap0, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 96 bytes 05:39:07.928358 IP 192.168.1.101.34941 > 74.125.67.100.80: S 4254520618:4254520618(0) win 5840 <mss 1334,sackOK,timestamp 558838 0,nop,wscale 5> 05:39:10.751921 IP 192.168.1.101.34941 > 74.125.67.100.80: S 4254520618:4254520618(0) win 5840 <mss 1334,sackOK,timestamp 559588 0,nop,wscale 5> Where 74.125.67.100 is the IP it gets for google.com . Why isn't the MASQUERADE working? More precisely, I see that the source showing up as 192.168.1.101 -- shouldn't there be something to indicate that it came from the VPN? Edit: Some routes [from the client] $ ip route show table main 192.168.2.0/24 dev tap0 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.2.4 192.168.1.0/24 dev wlan0 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.1.101 metric 2 169.254.0.0/16 dev wlan0 scope link metric 1000 default via 192.168.1.1 dev wlan0 proto static $ ip route show table 200 default via 192.168.2.1 dev tap0

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• A way to auto cycle (close) through all screen sessions

  - by JBWhitmore

  I frequently use screen when I log into the interactive nodes to a supercomputer that I have access to -- and I often run things and move on. There are about 20 separate nodes that I can log into; and if I check any one of them I'll have something like 4 detached sessions. Each of those sessions will have maybe 5 screen sessions within that. Is there a quick way to cycle through all of these and close them down if they are not running any processes? My current process is to screen -ls and then screen -r #### then type exit until I'm back to the base screen.

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• Convert shell logs (incl. escape characters) to HTML?

  - by dehmann

  Is there tool or a regexp that can convert shell escape characters to HTML code? As an example, here is a logfile from GNU screen: ^MESC[K$ ^MESC[K$ exit Executing .bashrc ESC[00;31;31mserver.xyz.com: ESC[00;34;34m~ which I would like to convert to something like this: $ exit Executing .bashrc <font color=red>server.xyz.com</font>: <font color=blue>~</font> and send as HTML e-mail to an e-mail address, to archive my work. Here is a related question, which shows how to convert it to regular text, but it would be nice to convert to HTML and not just throw the escape characters away.

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• Switch between network configurations via command line in fedora 17

  - by Mike Fairhurst

  I have two different setups I use on my work laptop; one enables synergy over an ethernet ssh tunnel with my work computer on the local network, and the other opens an HTTP tunnel to my work computer from outside the network. When I have wifi enabled at work, my laptop seems to use it by preference. This makes synergy run incredibly slowly. At home I must use wifi. I have scripts that begin my ssh tunnels, add my ssh keys, and starts up other programs like synergy, and close themselves when I shut my laptop. However, every day I have to start out my routine by opening my gnome-control-center and turning on my ethernet. I have tried route add and ifup, none of it works, so I dove into gnome-control-center's source code and found that it enabled the connection by libnm's method nm_client_activate_connection with some libnm specific structs that I am having trouble tracking down. I'm not much of a c programmer, and I'm not familiar with either GTK or libnm. Does anybody know what fedora 17 does with ethernet connections to fully enable them? Or does anybody know what libnm does to fully enable an ethernet connection? Do I have to write a c script to run libnm for me to fully emulate whatever gnome-control-center is trying to do?

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• I can't write to a folder which I'm a member of

  - by user3265472

  I'm trying to setup folder access to a group so that all members of that group can create/edit/delete files within the folder. # create my group and add a member sudo addgroup dev sudo adduser martyn dev Now, logged in as "martyn", check my user has been added to "dev" group groups martyn martyn : martyn dev Now I want to change the group ownership of my project folder so all members of that group can edit it and files/folders within it. sudo chgrp -R dev myproject Just to check: martyn@localhost:/var/www$ ls -l total 4 drwxrwxr-x 3 dev dev 4096 May 31 15:53 myproject Now here's where it fails. I want to create a file within myproject (logged in as "martyn", a member of "dev"): vi myproject/test ..but when I try to save the file I get the following error: "myproject/test" E212: Can't open file for writing Why, as user "martyn" which is a member of "dev", can I not write this file? Even if I create the file so it exists, change the ownership to "dev" then try to edit and save - I get the same error.

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• Creating a fallback error page for nginx when root directory does not exist

  - by Ruirize

  I have set up an any-domain config on my nginx server - to reduce the amount of work needed when I open a new site/domain. This config allows me to simply create a folder in /usr/share/nginx/sites/ with the name of the domain/subdomain and then it just works.™ server { # Catch all domains starting with only "www." and boot them to non "www." domain. listen 80; server_name ~^www\.(.*)$; return 301 $scheme://$1$request_uri; } server { # Catch all domains that do not start with "www." listen 80; server_name ~^(?!www\.).+; client_max_body_size 20M; # Send all requests to the appropriate host root /usr/share/nginx/sites/$host; index index.html index.htm index.php; location / { try_files $uri $uri/ =404; } recursive_error_pages on; error_page 400 /errorpages/error.php?e=400&u=$uri&h=$host&s=$scheme; error_page 401 /errorpages/error.php?e=401&u=$uri&h=$host&s=$scheme; error_page 403 /errorpages/error.php?e=403&u=$uri&h=$host&s=$scheme; error_page 404 /errorpages/error.php?e=404&u=$uri&h=$host&s=$scheme; error_page 418 /errorpages/error.php?e=418&u=$uri&h=$host&s=$scheme; error_page 500 /errorpages/error.php?e=500&u=$uri&h=$host&s=$scheme; error_page 501 /errorpages/error.php?e=501&u=$uri&h=$host&s=$scheme; error_page 503 /errorpages/error.php?e=503&u=$uri&h=$host&s=$scheme; error_page 504 /errorpages/error.php?e=504&u=$uri&h=$host&s=$scheme; location ~ \.(php|html) { include /etc/nginx/fastcgi_params; fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000; fastcgi_intercept_errors on; } } However there is one issue that I'd like to resolve, and that is when a domain that doesn't have a folder in the sites directory, nginx throws an internal 500 error page because it cannot redirect to /errorpages/error.php as it doesn't exist. How can I create a fallback error page that will catch these failed requests?

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• umask is being ignored on Gentoo while creating new files

  - by drcelus

  I have a server running Gentoo and hosting a drupal installation. Whenever a Drupal update is executed, the directory permissions of the updated module turn from 755 to 744 preventing the application from accessing the files. The umask is defined as 022 under /etc/profile and the Apache server is running under user and group nobody. I believe this has nothing to do with the drupal installation since if I create a directory as root, the same happens, it is created with 744 permissions, since the umask is 022 shouldn't it be created as 755 ? Why is the umask being ignored and how do I tell the server to create the directories with permission 755 ?

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• Using command line to connect to a wireless network with an http login

  - by Shane

  I'm trying to connect to a wifi network where it hijacks all requests and redirects you to a page where you have to agree to a terms of use before it lets you connect to the actual outside world. This is a pretty common practice, and usually doesn't pose much of a problem. However, I've got a computer running Ubuntu 9.10 server with no windowing system. How can I use the command line to agree to the terms of use? I don't have internet access on the computer to download packages via apt-get or anything like that. Sure, I can think of any number of workarounds, but I suspect there's an easy way to use wget or curl or something. Basically, I need a command line solution for sending an HTTP POST request essentially clicking on a button. For future reference, it'd be helpful to know how to send a POST request with, say, a username and password if I ever find myself in that situation in another hotel or airport.

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• How to safely use grub rescue> in Fedora 16? System does not boot anymore

  - by YumYumYum

  When i boot my PC, i get this in my Fedora 16 distro. I have tried as following but none allowing me to boot anymore. Any help please? I am blocked completely. Grub loading. Welcome to GRUB! error: file not found. Entering rescue mode... grub rescue> grub rescue> ls (hd0) (hd0,gpt3) (hd0,gpt2) (hd0,gpt1) grub rescue> ls (hd0,gpt2)/ ./ ../ lost+found/ memtest86+-4.20 grub2/ System.map-3.1.0-0.rc3.git0.0.fc16.i686 config 3.1.0.0.rc3.git0.0.fc16.i686 grub/ vmlinuz-3.1.0.0.rc3.git0.0.fc16.i686 elf-memtest86+-4.20 initramfs-3.1.0.0.rc3.git0.0.fc16.i686.img initramfs-3.1.0.0.rc4.git0.0.fc16.i686.img System.mpa-3.1.0.0.rc3.git0.0.fc16.i686 config-3.1.0.0.rc3.git0.0.fc16.i686 vmlinuz-3.1.0.0.rc3.git0.0.fc16.i686 grub rescue> set prefix=(hd0,gpt2)/boot/grub grub rescue> set root=(hd0,gpt2) grub rescue>insmod normal error unknown filesystem. or sometimes "error: file not found." grub rescue>normal unknown command normal

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• /etc/rc.local doesn't execute apache tomcat startup script on boot

  - by user119720

  I'm having some problem with my centOS machine.I want to insert a line inside the rc.local to execute apache tomcat on startup. Below are the configuration for /etc/rc.local #!/bin/sh # # This script will be executed *after* all the other init scripts. # You can put your own initialization stuff in here if you don't # want to do the full Sys V style init stuff. touch /var/lock/subsys/local /opt/apache-jakarta/bin/startup.sh Unfortunately,the apache tomcat does not start on the boot time. I've already execute the script manually and it is working without any issues. Is there any specific syntax to put script inside the rc.local?Or did I forgetting something?Please Advice.Thanks. EDIT: My boot.log only show this output: Dec 17 21:04:53 localhost NET[2969]: /sbin/dhclient-script : updated /etc/resolv.conf

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• iptables rule on INPUT between 2 ethernet cards on the same host

  - by user1495181

  I have 2 eth cards on the same host. Both connected directly with LAN cable. I set eth0 with ip - 192.168.1.2 I set eth1 with ip - 192.168.1.1 I set this rule: iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -j NFQUEUE --queue-num 0 There are no other rules. (I ran iptables -X,-F) I send TCP syn packet ( with c++ program by using raw socket) from 192.168.1.2 to 192.168.1.1 In wireshark i see that the packet received on eth0, but the iptables rule (above) dosnt apply for this packet. when i sent the packet to remote host and apply this rule on the remote host than it work correct. So, i guess that this is due to the fact that both eth cards exists the same host. . I need to create iptables INPUT rule for local eth card (dest and src on the same machine ). I need it for simplify test. Did i guess the problem correct? is there a way to bypass this? Ps - connected them via switch didn't help. the rule wasn't applied. Run on Ubuntu. TCDUMP show the packet: 10:48:42.365002 IP 192.168.1.2.38550 > 192.168.1.1.34298: Flags [S], seq 0, win 5840, length 0 but logging of iptables like this, has nothing: iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -j LOG --log-prefix '*****************' iptables -A OUTPUT -p tcp -j LOG --log-prefix '#################'

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• The best way to make full system dump on Centos [duplicate]

  - by tester3

  This question already has an answer here: Centos 5 Full backup 1 answer I am on Centos 6.5 with a lot of soft and services installed and working. Also I've got a lot of configs which damaged my brain and I dont want to do it again:) So, can anyone please advice the best way to make a full system dump with all data, so I need only to copy-paste them to new system to get my system ready on the other machine. Or something like that? P.S. Data on my hdd is encrypted, and I'd liked and encrypted dump too. Please help:)

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• Ubuntu X doesn't start

  - by den-javamaniac

  I'm running desktop Ubuntu 9.10 on my Dell laptop. Previously it was Ubuntu 9.04. After some period of time (lets say 3-4 months) my X fails to start automatically after some restart calls. If that takes place my network manager applet doesn't start either (after I do startx). Can any one point out what I'm missing/what's the problem?

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