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• How to handle server failure in an n-tier architecture?

  - by andy

  Imagine I have an n-tier architecture in an auto-scaled cloud environment with say: a load balancer in a failover pair reverse proxy tier web app tier db tier Each tier needs to connect to the instances in the tier below. What are the standard ways of connecting tiers to make them resilient to failure of nodes in each tier? i.e. how does each tier get the IP addresses of each node in the tier below? For example if all reverse proxies should route traffic to all web app nodes, how could they be set up so that they don't send traffic to dead web app nodes, and so that when new web app nodes are brought online they can send traffic to it? I could run an agent that would update all the configs to all the nodes, but it seems inefficient. I could put an LB pair between each tier, so the tier above only needs to connect to the load balancers, but how do I handle the problem of the LBs dying? This just seems to shunt the problem of tier A needing to know the IPs of all nodes in tier B, to all nodes in tier A needing to know the IPs of all LBs between tiers A and B. For some applications, they can implement retry logic if they contact a node in the tier below that doesn't respond, but is there any way that some middleware could direct traffic to only live nodes in the following tier? If I was hosting on AWS I could use an ELB between tiers, but I want to know how I could achieve the same functionality myself. I've read (briefly) about heartbeat and keepalived - are these relevant here? What are the virtual IPs they talk about and how are they managed? Are there still single points of failure using them?

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• Connect to Postgres remotely, open port 5432 for Postgres in iptables

  - by Victor

  I am trying to connect to Postgres remotely but I need to open port 5432 in iptables. My current iptables configuration is as follows: *filter # Allows all loopback (lo0) traffic and drop all traffic to 127/8 that doesn't use lo0 -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT -A INPUT ! -i lo -d 127.0.0.0/8 -j REJECT # Accepts all established inbound connections -A INPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT # Allows all outbound traffic # You can modify this to only allow certain traffic -A OUTPUT -j ACCEPT # Allows HTTP and HTTPS connections from anywhere (the normal ports for websites) -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 443 -j ACCEPT # Allows SSH connections # # THE -dport NUMBER IS THE SAME ONE YOU SET UP IN THE SSHD_CONFIG FILE # -A INPUT -p tcp -m state --state NEW --dport 30000 -j ACCEPT # Allow ping -A INPUT -p icmp -m icmp --icmp-type 8 -j ACCEPT # log iptables denied calls -A INPUT -m limit --limit 5/min -j LOG --log-prefix "iptables denied: " --log-level 7 # Reject all other inbound - default deny unless explicitly allowed policy -A INPUT -j REJECT -A FORWARD -j REJECT COMMIT What would I have to add in iptables to open the port? I'm trying to install phppgadmin on a different server to access the postgres database. Thank you.

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• Inter-VLAN Malicious Code Scanning

  - by Jackthedog

  I am trying to find an inbuilt solution on a Cisco Catayst 3750X Switch to scan all traffic routed from one VLAN to another for malicious code. The situation is that we currently have a development environment which is currently being redesigned to upgrade the network infrastructure to use the 3750X switches to manage server and workstation connectivity as well as inter-VLAN routing. We also have another system that is responsible for taking the builds created on the development environment and imaging various HDDs. Because these are two separate systems, we have a requirement in the workplace to anti-virus scan any data transferred between these systems. This is done by copying the data from the originating system to external USB HDD, scanning in a standalone workstation and then copying the data on to the receiving system. As you can imagine this is extremely tedious and impractical most of the time... (I don't make the rules). Anyway, with this redesign going on, we would like to join the imaging system to the network infrastructure of the development system, keeping separation by the use of VLANs and restricting traffic by using ACLs. As we still have the requirement to scan all traffic I would like to configure some sort of malicious code scanning when ever traffic is routed between these VLANs. I am aware I could install a separate in-line IPS/IDS device, however both systems will be using multiple ports on the switch (obviously), and we won't be able to put a device on each port. I would would prefer not to add additional hardware if the 3750x switch is capable of doing the job. Is anyone aware of any Cisco solution that I could use here, that ideally can be incorporated into the 3750x switch? Thanks in advance.

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• How can I get my routers to forward ports correctly?

  - by Giffyguy

  My network currently looks like this (simplified): Note that Router #2 is connected to the LAN interface of Router #1. This should be familiar to anyone who has seen a standard static-IP setup with an additional firewall for a residence or other small building. Router #1 is actually my cable gateway, but since it is a fully functional router/firewall, I am going to refer to it as a router. Now, I need to open various ports in both firewalls for incoming communication to my server - port 80 is a good example. So I've opened up port 80 in Router #2, and so far all incoming traffic at the public IP X.X.X.129 is being routed correctly. The problem is that I also need my server to respond to incoming traffic at the public IP X.X.X.130 on the WAN interface of Router #1. Naturally, I can't just tell Router #1 to forward port 80 to another public IP. Port forwarding is only supported when the traffic is being directed to the LAN subnet. I am willing to restructure my network topology if required, with the following conditions: Router #1 cannot have its WAN IP reassigned - X.X.X.130 is mandatory. Router #1 cannot be moved or disconnected from the cloud. The server cannot be given a second IP address. I would prefer the server to have a private IP address - e.g. 10.0.0.10 I'd like to keep Router #2, but it can have a private IP - e.g. 10.0.1.10 Following these rules, I need to get my server to receive incoming traffic on port 80 from both public IP addresses. Does anyone on SU know if this is possible? So far my only theories have been to set up a static route on either router, or to somehow combine my two subnets into a single subnet.

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• Ruby 1.9.3 - Bundler - Graylog2

  - by Arenstar

  im having a strange problem with bundler. Using ruby 1.8 the following works fine however not with 1.9 it always results in Could not find rake-0.9.2.2 in any of the sources Run `bundle install` to install missing gems. i dont understand why, but it functions correctly with rvm. I can not however use rvm, this is not a solution to my problem Install Ruby cd /usr/local/src wget http://ftp.ruby-lang.org/pub/ruby/1.9/ruby-1.9.3-p194.tar.gz tar xzf ruby-1.9.3-p194.tar.gz && cd ruby-1.9.3-p194 ./configure --prefix=/opt/lp/ruby-1.9.3-test make all && make install Install Graylog cd /usr/local/src wget https://github.com/downloads/Graylog2/graylog2-web-interface/graylog2-web-interface-0.9.6p1.tar.gz tar xzf graylog2-web-interface-0.9.6p1.tar.gz cd graylog2-web-interface-0.9.6p1 Setup Graylog cd /usr/local/src/graylog2-web-interface-0.9.6p1 sed -i "3 i gem 'thin', '~> 1.3.1'" Gemfile /opt/lp/ruby-1.9.3-test/bin/gem install bundle /opt/lp/ruby-1.9.3-test/bin/bundle install --path vendor/bundle --binstubs Begin the Test cd /usr/local/src/graylog2-web-interface-0.9.6p1 /opt/lp/ruby-1.9.3/bin/bundle exec bin/rake #Could not find rake-0.9.2.2 in any of the sources #Run `bundle install` to install missing gems. cd /usr/local/src/graylog2-web-interface-0.9.6p1 /opt/lp/ruby-1.9.3/bin/bundle exec bin/thin -e production -S test.sock -c . -R config.ru start #Could not find rake-0.9.2.2 in any of the sources #Run `bundle install` to install missing gems. Where am i going wrong?

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• Hyper-V Virtual Machine Networking issues related to Max Ethernet Frame Size

  - by Goatmale

  I fixed an issue today earlier today but i'm interested in learning WHY it worked. We set up a new Hyper-V virtual machine only to discover that HTTP traffic wasn't working. HTTPS, pings, everything else was working fine. After months of prodding around I took a shot in the dark. On the Hyper-V host server, the physical NIC card had an advanced setting of "Max Ethernet Frame Size" set to 1500. After setting this setting to 1514 the issue was fixed. Alternatively, setting this to 1512 did not solve the issue; 1514 is the magic number. My best guess it that when this setting was set to 1500 it was allowing incoming pings because the data payload was a lot smaller of say, HTTP traffic. As far as HTTPS traffic, I read about something called "Path MTU discovery" which i'm going to assume why is HTTPs traffic was getting through fine, albeit slower. Looking at this post, people agree that 1518 is the max total frame size. Why didn't I need to change this to 1518 instead of 1514 bytes? Why is the default frame size 1500 if that's the max size of the Ethernet payload and not the max size.

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• How to populate RRD database with CPU and MEM usage data?

  - by Tomaszs

  I have a Lighttpd server (on Centos) and would like to display 4 graphs: lighttpd traffic, lighttpd requests per second, CPU usage and MEM usage. I've set place for rrd database for lighttpd config like this: rrdtool.binary = "/usr/bin/rrdtool" rrdtool.db-name = "/var/www/lighttpd.rrd" And put into my WWW cgi-bin sh file that gets data from lighttpd RRD file and creates graphs of traffic and requests per second like this: #!/bin/sh RRDTOOL=/usr/bin/rrdtool OUTDIR=//var/www/graphs INFILE=/var/www/lighttpd.rrd OUTPRE=lighttpd-traffic WIDTH=400 HEIGHT=100 DISP="-v bytes --title TrafficWebserver \ DEF:binraw=$INFILE:InOctets:AVERAGE \ DEF:binmaxraw=$INFILE:InOctets:MAX \ DEF:binminraw=$INFILE:InOctets:MIN \ DEF:bout=$INFILE:OutOctets:AVERAGE \ DEF:boutmax=$INFILE:OutOctets:MAX \ DEF:boutmin=$INFILE:OutOctets:MIN \ CDEF:bin=binraw,-1,* \ CDEF:binmax=binmaxraw,-1,* \ CDEF:binmin=binminraw,-1,* \ CDEF:binminmax=binmaxraw,binminraw,- \ CDEF:boutminmax=boutmax,boutmin,- \ AREA:binmin#ffffff: \ STACK:binmax#f00000: \ LINE1:binmin#a0a0a0: \ LINE1:binmax#a0a0a0: \ LINE2:bin#efb71d:incoming \ GPRINT:bin:MIN:%.2lf \ GPRINT:bin:AVERAGE:%.2lf \ GPRINT:bin:MAX:%.2lf \ AREA:boutmin#ffffff: \ STACK:boutminmax#00f000: \ LINE1:boutmin#a0a0a0: \ LINE1:boutmax#a0a0a0: \ LINE2:bout#a0a735:outgoing \ GPRINT:bout:MIN:%.2lf \ GPRINT:bout:AVERAGE:%.2lf \ GPRINT:bout:MAX:%.2lf \ " $RRDTOOL graph $OUTDIR/$OUTPRE-hour.png -a PNG --start -14400 $DISP -w $WIDTH -h $HEIGHT $RRDTOOL graph $OUTDIR/$OUTPRE-day.png -a PNG --start -86400 $DISP -w $WIDTH -h $HEIGHT $RRDTOOL graph $OUTDIR/$OUTPRE-month.png -a PNG --start -2592000 $DISP -w $WIDTH -h $HEIGHT OUTPRE=lighttpd-requests DISP="-v req --title RequestsperSecond -u 1 \ DEF:req=$INFILE:Requests:AVERAGE \ DEF:reqmax=$INFILE:Requests:MAX \ DEF:reqmin=$INFILE:Requests:MIN \ CDEF:reqminmax=reqmax,reqmin,- \ AREA:reqmin#ffffff: \ STACK:reqminmax#00f000: \ LINE1:reqmin#a0a0a0: \ LINE1:reqmax#a0a0a0: \ LINE2:req#00a735:requests" $RRDTOOL graph $OUTDIR/$OUTPRE-hour.png -a PNG --start -14400 $DISP -w $WIDTH -h $HEIGHT $RRDTOOL graph $OUTDIR/$OUTPRE-day.png -a PNG --start -86400 $DISP -w $WIDTH -h $HEIGHT $RRDTOOL graph $OUTDIR/$OUTPRE-month.png -a PNG --start -2592000 $DISP -w $WIDTH -h $HEIGHT Basically it's not my script, i get it from somewhere from the internet. Now i would like to do the same for CPU usage and MEM usage. I don't like to use any additional packages! As you can see lighttpd populates lighttpd.rrd file with traffic data and requests per second. Now i would like to the system to populate second rrd file with CPU and MEM usage, so i can add to sh file code to generate graphs for this data. How can I populate RRD file with CPU and MEM usage data? Please, NO THIRD-PARTY tools !

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• Apache and linux file permissions

  - by morpheous

  I recently moved a Symfony 1.3.2 website (a PHP web framework), from a windows machine to Linux (Ubuntu 9.10). Ever since then, I have had all kinds of problems involving file permission (even though the app run without any of these problems on windows). I run symfony fix-perms which applied a 777 mask to the web directory (presumably, including its sub folders) - (as an aside) I think that is a potential security hole ... I have been meaning to come in here to ask how to correctly set permissions. Currently, when attempting to save a file from my website, I am getting the following error: PHP Warning: imagejpeg() [0function.imagejpeg0]: Unable to open '/home/morpheous/work/webdev/frameworks/symfony/sites/project1/web/uploads/../images/thumbnail/959cd604cf6115014a3703bef5a50486a5520642.jpg' for writing: Permission denied in /home/morpheous/work/webdev/frameworks/symfony/sites/project1/apps/frontend/lib Here are the permissions on the folders: web drwxr-xr-x 16 morpheous morpheous 4096 2010-02-24 21:01 web web/uploads/../images drwxr-xr-x 13 morpheous morpheous 12288 2010-04-09 15:25 images web/uploads/../images/thumbnail drwxr-xr-x 3 morpheous morpheous 4096 2010-02-24 20:44 thumbnail Can someone kindly tell me how to set the permissions so that my website (presumably running as the Apache daemon) can write the files to the directory required above?

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• iptables-restore: line 1 failed

  - by Doug

  Hello, I am new to servers, and I was following this guide and it failed on the first command instructed. Could anyone give me a hand? http://wiki.debian.org/iptables ~ZORO~:/etc# iptables-restore < /etc/iptables.test.rules iptables-restore: line 1 failed Edit: iptables.test.rules ~ZORO~:/etc# cat /etc/iptables.test.rules *filter # Allows all loopback (lo0) traffic and drop all traffic to 127/8 that doesn't use lo0 -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -i ! lo -d 127.0.0.0/8 -j REJECT # Accepts all established inbound connections -A INPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT # Allows all outbound traffic # You could modify this to only allow certain traffic -A OUTPUT -j ACCEPT # Allows HTTP and HTTPS connections from anywhere (the normal ports for websites) -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 443 -j ACCEPT # Allows SSH connections for script kiddies # THE -dport NUMBER IS THE SAME ONE YOU SET UP IN THE SSHD_CONFIG FILE -A INPUT -p tcp -m state --state NEW --dport 30000 -j ACCEPT # Now you should read up on iptables rules and consider whether ssh access # for everyone is really desired. Most likely you will only allow access from certain IPs. # Allow ping -A INPUT -p icmp -m icmp --icmp-type 8 -j ACCEPT # log iptables denied calls (access via 'dmesg' command) -A INPUT -m limit --limit 5/min -j LOG --log-prefix "iptables denied: " --log-level 7 # Reject all other inbound - default deny unless explicitly allowed policy: -A INPUT -j REJECT -A FORWARD -j REJECT COMMIT

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• Help me please with this error

  - by Brandon

  I setup IIS. I moved my folder with all the files to the IIS directory. Now when I go to http://localhost/thefolder I get: An attempt was made to load a program with an incorrect format. (Exception from HRESULT: 0x8007000B) Description: An unhandled exception occurred during the execution of the current web request. Please review the stack trace for more information about the error and where it originated in the code. Exception Details: System.BadImageFormatException: An attempt was made to load a program with an incorrect format. (Exception from HRESULT: 0x8007000B) Source Error: An unhandled exception was generated during the execution of the current web request. Information regarding the origin and location of the exception can be identified using the exception stack trace below. Stack Trace: [BadImageFormatException: An attempt was made to load a program with an incorrect format. (Exception from HRESULT: 0x8007000B)] Luxand.FSDK.ActivateLibrary(String LicenseKey) +0 FaceRecognition._Default.Page_Load(Object sender, EventArgs e) in D:\Project Details\Layne Projects\DotNet Project\FaceRecognition\FaceRecognition\Default.aspx.cs:60 System.Web.Util.CalliHelper.EventArgFunctionCaller(IntPtr fp, Object o, Object t, EventArgs e) +25 System.Web.Util.CalliEventHandlerDelegateProxy.Callback(Object sender, EventArgs e) +42 System.Web.UI.Control.OnLoad(EventArgs e) +132 System.Web.UI.Control.LoadRecursive() +66 System.Web.UI.Page.ProcessRequestMain(Boolean includeStagesBeforeAsyncPoint, Boolean includeStagesAfterAsyncPoint) +2428

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• IIS 7 doesn't do a 301 redirect

  - by rohde

  Hi there! I have just migrated some sites to IIS7 from IIS6, and am experiencing problems with one of the sites. When a request comes in for the site (www.ourdomain.com/site1/) with a trailing slash everything is fine. But if the trailing slash is left out (www.ourdomain.com/site1), then the request fails. Apparently it doesn't do a 301 redirect on the slashl-less URL, resulting in ASP.NET throwing an exception. This is not happening with the other sites at the same domain. What can be the cause of this? EDIT: The exception I get is this: System.Web.HttpException: Failed to Execute URL. at System.Web.Hosting. ISAPIWorkerRequestInProcForIIS6.BeginExecuteUrl(String url, String method, String childHeaders, Boolean sendHeaders, Boolean addUserIndo, IntPtr token, String name, String authType, Byte[] entity, AsyncCallback cb, Object state) at System.Web.HttpResponse.BeginExecuteUrlForEntireResponse(String pathOverride, NameValueCollection requestHeaders, AsyncCallback cb, Object state) at System.Web.DefaultHttpHandler.BeginProcessRequest(HttpContext context, AsyncCallback callback, Object state) at System.Web.HttpApplication.CallHandlerExecutionStep.System.Web.HttpApplication.IExecutionStep.Execute() at System.Web.HttpApplication.ExecuteStep(IExecutionStep step, Boolean& completedSynchronously)

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• WEP/WPA/WPA2 and wifi sniffing

  - by jcea

  Hi, I know that WEP traffic can be "sniffed" by any user of the WIFI. I know that WPA/WPA2 traffic is encrypted using a different link key for each user, so they can't sniff traffic... unless they capture the initial handshake. If you are using a PSK (preshared key) schema, then you recover the link key trivially from this initial handshake. If you don't know the PSK, you can capture the handshake and try to crack the PSK by bruteforce offline. Is my understanding correct so far?. I know that WPA2 has AES mode and can use "secure" tokens like X.509 certificates and such, and it is said to be secure against sniffing because capturing the handshake doesn't help you. So, is WPA2+AES secure (so far) against sniffing, and how it actually works?. That is, how is the (random) link key negociated?. When using X.509 certificates or a (private and personal) passphrase. Do WPA/WPA2 have other sniffer-secure modes beside WPA2+AES? How is broadcast traffic managed to be received by all the WIFI users, if each has a different link key?. Thanks in advance! :).

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• Android webbrowser returns code 500 for webpage on Nginx webserver

  - by Paxxil

  Hey! I've come to a very weird behavior of a web browser on android mobile phone (I've tried HTC Wildfire and HTC Desire phones). I have a web server with Nginx v0.8.54. When i try to open a web page on the phone it shows me error: The requested item could not be loaded! (Status code: 500) BUT it only happens when I am requesting page through Mobile network. On Wifi it works just fine .... but there is more .... if I stop Nginx and start Apache web server it works just fine on both Mobile network and wifi. I've also tried other mobile network and it is the same behavior. Some server stats: Firewall is OFF Selinux is OFF the web page (using Nginx web server) opens normally on any other browser (IE, FF, Opera, Chrome, Safari) on the laptop or PC Nothing in nginx error.log This is the only entry in access.log when the page is requested: xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx - - [17/Mar/2011:11:19:49 -0500] 200 "GET / HTTP/1.1" 27405 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; U; Android 2.2; en-gb; Desire_A8181 Build/FRF91) AppleWebKit/533.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/4.0 Mobile Safari/533.1" "-" index.html has only "Hello World" string in it. There is no fishy javascript or anything else. .... but there is even more.... if i open the same page on another server, with the same Nginx build, with the same server and web server configuration.... it opens just fine. if anyone has any idea on what may be going on, i would really appreciate it if you let me know. Thanks! EDIT: i forgot to mention that page opens OK on Iphone and Nokia

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• nginx: dump HTTP requests for debugging

  - by Alexander Gladysh

  Ubuntu 10.04.2 nginx 0.7.65 I see some weird HTTP requests coming to my nginx server. To better understand what is going on, I want to dump whole HTTP request data for such queries. (I.e. dump all request headers and body somewhere I can read them.) Can I do this with nginx? Alternatively, is there some HTTP server that allows me to do this out of the box, to which I can proxy these requests by the means of nginx? Update: Note that this box has a bunch of normal traffic, and I would like to avoid capturing all of it on low level (say, with tcpdump) and filtering it out later. I think it would be much easier to filter good traffic first in a rewrite rule (fortunately I can write one quite easily in this case), and then deal with bogus traffic only. And I do not want to channel bogus traffic to another box just to be able to capture it there with tcpdump. Update 2: To give a bit more details, bogus request have parameter named (say) foo in their GET query (the value of the parameter can differ). Good requests are guaranteed not to have this parameter ever. If I can filter by this in tcpdump or ngrep somehow — no problem, I'll use these.

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• Privacy, VPN and routers

  - by user123189

  Ever since this ACTA push-up the things are starting to heat up around torrents and privacy. I am using Tribler now, but this is not secure enough for me. Not enough privacy. I've been using in the past a swedish VPN PPTP connection. What I observed is that, when the VPN connection was down, Internet traffic wasn't cut off, rather the downloads were continuing, this time with my real IP, wearing off my protection. 1st : How to enforce a VPN connection that will cut all traffic when down? That is, the moment the connection is down, all internet traffic should cease as if I'd pull the network plug out. 2nd: Is PPTP good enough or should I ask for SSTP or IKEV2 ? 3rd: Should I disable IPv6 ? Is VPN no longer private if I keep IPv6 active? I 'heard some stuff' about dual vpn routers to be able to improve privacy; but nothing more about how to configure one for such a task. 4th: Is there any kind of "black box" hardware equipment that can be used in hiding IP, encrypting traffic and so on ?

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• Encrypting peer-to-peer application with iptables and stunnel

  - by Jonathan Oliver

  I'm running legacy applications in which I do not have access to the source code. These components talk to each other using plaintext on a particular port. I would like to be able to secure the communications between the two or more nodes using something like stunnel to facilitate peer-to-peer communication rather than using a more traditional (and centralized) VPN package like OpenVPN, etc. Ideally, the traffic flow would go like this: app@hostA:1234 tries to open a TCP connection to app@hostB:1234. iptables captures and redirects the traffic on port 1234 to stunnel running on hostA at port 5678. stunnel@hostA negotiates and establishes a connection with stunnel@hostB:4567. stunnel@hostB forwards any decrypted traffic to app@hostB:1234. In essence, I'm trying to set this up to where any outbound traffic (generated on the local machine) to port N forwards through stunnel to port N+1, and the receiving side receives on port N+1, decrypts, and forwards to the local application at port N. I'm not particularly concerned about losing the hostA origin IP address/machine identity when stunnel@hostB forwards to app@hostB because the communications payload contains identifying information. The other trick in this is that normally with stunnel you have a client/server architecture. But this application is much more P2P because nodes can come and go dynamically and hard-coding some kind of "connection = hostN:port" in the stunnel configuration won't work.

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• Setting up vsftpd, hangs on list command

  - by Victor

  I installed vsftpd and configured it. When I try to connect to the ftp server using Transmit, it manages to connect but hangs on Listing "/" Then, I get a message stating: Could not retrieve file listing for “/”. Control connection timed out. Does it have anything to do with my iptables? My rules are as listed: *filter # Allows all loopback (lo0) traffic and drop all traffic to 127/8 that doesn't use lo0 -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT -A INPUT ! -i lo -d 127.0.0.0/8 -j REJECT # Accepts all established inbound connections -A INPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT # Allows all outbound traffic # You can modify this to only allow certain traffic -A OUTPUT -j ACCEPT # Allows HTTP and HTTPS connections from anywhere (the normal ports for websites) -A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 443 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 21 -j ACCEPT # Allows SSH connections # # THE -dport NUMBER IS THE SAME ONE YOU SET UP IN THE SSHD_CONFIG FILE # -A INPUT -p tcp -m state --state NEW --dport 30000 -j ACCEPT # Allow ping -A INPUT -p icmp -m icmp --icmp-type 8 -j ACCEPT # log iptables denied calls -A INPUT -m limit --limit 5/min -j LOG --log-prefix "iptables denied: " --log-level 7 # Reject all other inbound - default deny unless explicitly allowed policy -A INPUT -j REJECT -A FORWARD -j REJECT COMMIT

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• iSCSI performance questions

  - by RyanLambert

  Hi everyone, apologies for the long-winded post in advance... Attempting to troubleshoot some iSCSI sluggishness on a brand new vSphere deployment (still in test). Layout is as such: 3 VSphere hosts, each with 2x 10GB NICs plugged into a pair of Nexus 5020s with a 10gig back-to-back between them. NICs are port-channeled in an active/active redundant fashion (using vPC-mac pinning for those of you familiar with N1KV) Both NICs carry service console, vmotion, iSCSI, and guest traffic. iSCSI is on a single subnet/single VLAN that is not routed through our IP network (strictly layer2) Had this been a 1gig deployment, we probably would have split the iSCSI traffic off onto separate NICs, but the price/port gets rather ridiculous when you start throwing 4+ NICs to a server in a 10gigabit infrastructure, and I'm not really convinced it's necessary. Open to dialogue/tech facts re: this, though. At this point even a single VM guest will boot slowly to iSCSI storage (EMC CX4 on the same Nexus 5020 10gig switches), and restores of VMs from iSCSI take about twice as long as we'd expect them to. Our server folks mentioned that if we split the iSCSI off onto its own NIC, performance seems significantly better. From a network perspective, I've run through the variables I can think of (port configuration errors, MTU problems, congestion etc.) and I'm coming up dry. There really is no other traffic on these hosts other than the very specific test being performed at the time. Important thing to note is that guest traffic works just fine... it seems storage is the only thing affected by whatever gremlin exists. Concluding that we're not 'overutilizing' the network infrastructure since we're doing hardly anything, I'm just looking for some helpful tips/ideas we can use to resolve this... preferably without hurling extra 10gig NICs that are going to sit around 10% utilization while we've got 70+% left on our others.

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• Accessing a webpage folder with .htaccess in it via apache webdav?

  - by pingo

  I have setup webdav access in order to enable an external user to upload the content of his web page to his folder on my server that is served by apache to the web. This way he could update his web page via webdav. Now the problem is that the user requires a .htaccess file and of course .htaccess breaks webdav probably because it overrides settings. (new files cannot be uploaded anymore via webdav if below specified .htaccess exists) I am running Apache2.2.17 and this is my webdav config: Alias /folderDAV "d:/wamp/www/somewebsite/" <Location /folderDAV> Order Allow,Deny Allow from all Dav On AuthType Digest AuthName DAV-upload AuthUserFile "D:/wamp/passtore/user.passwd" AuthDigestProvider file require valid-user </Location> This config is part of my naive solution to fixing this problem. The idea was to specify an alias to the web page folder where webdav would be enabled and then set AllowOverride to none so that the .htaccess would have no effect. Of course I then found out that in <Location /> AllowOverride directive is not valid. The .htaccess file looks like this: #opencart settings Options +FollowSymlinks Options -Indexes <FilesMatch "\.(tpl|ini)"> Order deny,allow Deny from all </FilesMatch> RewriteEngine On RewriteBase / RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d RewriteRule ^(.*)\?*$ index.php?_route_=$1 [L,QSA] ErrorDocument 403 /403.html deny from 1.1.1.1/19 allow from 2.2.2.2 What would be the solution here? I would like to have the web page accessible from the web but at the same time be able to access and modify it via apache's webdav (with digest auth). How would I do that? Also if possible I would like a solution that permits the existence of the .htaccess so that the user still has the power to setup access rules for his web page.

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• Apache Virtual Hosts behind Cisco Router

  - by Theo

  I'm setting up an Apache 2.2 Ubuntu web server for internal services that is also supposed to be accessed from outside our LAN. Our LAN has a single external IP that is the external IP of our RV042 Cisco router. We have set up several A records on our external DNS server that point to this IP. Our internal DNS server resolve the same records to the internal IP of our web server, so computers from inside the network can access them using the same address as if they were outside. We forwarded the router's external 80 port to our web server's 80 port. I have set up one Virtual Host for each domain name in our list, and my httpd.conf is something like this: ServerName web.domain.com NameVirtualHost *:80 <VirtualHost *:80> ServerName alfresco.domain.com <Proxy *> Order deny,allow Allow from all </Proxy> ProxyPass /alfresco http://localhost:8080/alfresco ProxyPassReverse /alfresco http://localhost:8080/alfresco ProxyPass /share http://localhost:8080/share ProxyPassReverse /share http://localhost:8080/share </VirtualHost> <VirtualHost *:80> ServerName crm.domain.com DocumentRoot /var/www/sugarcrm </VirtualHost> Now, this works if we are in our LAN. However, if we are outside of our LAN we reach our web server's default page saying: It Works! This is the default web page for this server. But we can't reach the virtual hosts, as if the domain name is not being preserved when the router forward the packets to the web server. Am I doing something wrong? How can I check what is going on? What should be the settings to make this work from outside?

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• Offloading backups to secondary network

  - by user1467163

  I'm trying to solve a problem- Currently, we are constantly backing up and have no budget for additional servers. Our production network is still a 10/100 and handles voip, SQL plus our backup traffic, and I'd like to offload the backup traffic onto a secondary network- all of our servers have secondary NIC's that are not in use, and all support gigabit (Our switching hardware does not- a topic for another day). I'd like to move my backups off the production network, but I am having a hard time getting the computers to communicate. I am using a Netgear GS724T switch for the backup network- Chosen for cost and because I have used them extensively on networks saturated with ghosting traffic, so I know it's up to the task. I have defined a VLAN, with ports that are not members of any other VLAN. All traffic is untagged on the VLAN. I have set the servers with 192.168.1.10 and 192.168.1.11 addresses, 255.255.255.0 netmask and I have tried a blank GW, using the local IP of the server 192.168.1.whatever address, and I have tried using the switch's production-side IP as the GW. The machines cannot find each other. DNS addresses are blank because I am going purely by IP for now... Any ideas how to get these machines to talk? they are Windows machines, running Server 2008R2 and 2003R2. Thanks!

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• iptables: How to combine DNAT and SNAT to use a secondary IP address?

  - by Que_273

  There are lots of questions on here about iptables DNAT/SNAT setups but I haven't found one that solves my current problem. I have services bound to the IP address of eth0 (e.g. 192.168.0.20) and I also have a IP address on eth0:0 (192.168.0.40) which is shared with another server. Only one server is active, so this alias interface comes and goes depending on which server is active. In order to get traffic accepted by the service a DNAT rule is used to change the destination IP. iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -d 192.168.0.40 -p udp --dport 7100 -j DNAT --to-destination 192.168.0.20 I also wish all outbound traffic from this service to appear to come from the shared IP, so that return responses will work in the event of a active-standby failover. iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -p udp --sport 7100 -j SNAT --to-source 192.168.0.40 My problem is that the SNAT rule is not always run. Inbound traffic causes a connection tracking entry like this. [root]# conntrack -L -p udp udp 17 170 src=192.168.0.185 dst=192.168.0.40 sport=7100 dport=7100 src=192.168.0.20 dst=192.168.0.185 sport=7100 dport=7100 [ASSURED] mark=0 secmark=0 use=2 which means the POSTROUTING chain is not run and outbound traffic leaves with the real IP address as the source. I am thinking I can set up a NOTRACK rule in the raw table to prevent conntracking for this port number, but is there a better or more efficient way to make this work? Edit - Alternative question: Is there a way (in CentOS/Linux) to have an interface that can be bound to but not used, such that it can be attached to the network or detached when a shared IP address is swapped between servers?

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• Some SVN Repositories not working - 405

  - by Webnet

  I have 2 groups of repositories, web and engineering. I setup web about 3 months ago and it works great, I'm trying to move engineering over to this same SVN server and I'm getting a PROPFIND of /svn/engineering/main: 405 Method Not Allowed error when I try to do a checkout. I can checkout/commit for /svn/web just fine dav_svn.conf This is the only thing uncommented in this file.... <Location /svn/web> DAV svn SVNParentPath /var/svn-repos/web AuthType Basic AuthName "SVN Repository" AuthUserFile /etc/svn-auth-file Require valid-user </Location> <Location /svn/engineering> DAV svn SVNParentPath /var/svn-repos/engineering AuthType Basic AuthName "SVN Repository" AuthUserFile /etc/svn-auth-file Require valid-user </Location> /var/svn-repos/ drwxrwx--- 3 www-data subversion 4096 2010-06-11 11:57 engineering drwxrwx--- 5 www-data subversion 4096 2010-04-07 15:41 web /var/svn-repos/web - WORKING drwxrwx--- 7 www-data subversion 4096 2010-04-07 16:50 site1.com drwxrwx--- 7 www-data subversion 4096 2010-03-29 16:42 site2.com drwxrwx--- 7 www-data subversion 4096 2010-03-31 12:52 site3.com /var/svn-repos/engineering - NOT WORKING drwxrwx--- 6 www-data subversion 4096 2010-06-11 11:56 main I get to the bottom and now realize that there's a 6 on that last one not a 7..... what does that number mean?

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• Allow SFTP in iptables

  - by Kevin Orriss

  I have just purchased a VPS from linode and am going through the setup guide. I have everything running (apache2, php, mysql etc) but I am being denied access via SFTP when using fileZilla to upload a file. Now this is my second time installing the server as I missed a section out the first time. I was able to connect to my server through SFTP on filezilla the first time and the thing I missed out was adding a new user and editing the iptables in the firewall. So it would seem that the guide I have been following has blocked SFTP but allowed SSH. Here is the iptables file: *filter # Allow all loopback (lo0) traffic and drop all traffic to 127/8 that doesn't use lo0 -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT -A INPUT ! -i lo -d 127.0.0.0/8 -j REJECT # Accept all established inbound connections -A INPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT # Allow all outbound traffic - you can modify this to only allow certain traffic -A OUTPUT -j ACCEPT # Allow HTTP and HTTPS connections from anywhere (the normal ports for websites and SSL). -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 443 -j ACCEPT # Allow SSH connections # # The -dport number should be the same port number you set in sshd_config # -A INPUT -p tcp -m state --state NEW --dport 22 -j ACCEPT # Allow ping -A INPUT -p icmp -m icmp --icmp-type 8 -j ACCEPT # Log iptables denied calls -A INPUT -m limit --limit 5/min -j LOG --log-prefix "iptables denied: " --log-level 7 # Reject all other inbound - default deny unless explicitly allowed policy -A INPUT -j REJECT -A FORWARD -j REJECT COMMIT All I would like is a line I need to put in there which allows SFTP over port 22. Thank you for reading this.

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• How much free memory should I have on my webserver?

  - by neanderslob

  I have a webserver that's currently hosting two Wordpress sites and some java-based collaboration software. The server has 2G of memory and is currently using about 1.8G of the available memory. Right now what's on here is pretty much a pilot project that's getting negligible traffic so I think it's pretty clear that I'll be needing more memory. I was wondering, if I was to release it, how I might anticipate my memory needs based on the traffic it gets. I've poked around on Google and what I've found has been a bit tenuous. Is there a good heuristic that one should use when calculating memory demands as a function of the base (no traffic) load on the server? For reference, the output of free -m can be seen below: total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 2048 1832 215 0 0 0 -/+ buffers/cache: 1832 215 Swap: 0 0 0 To me this looks like actual memory used and isn't an illusion due to caching or anything else. I figure the demands of my collaboration software will have to be experimentally tested so here's free -m without that software running: total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 2048 1109 938 0 0 0 -/+ buffers/cache: 1109 938 Swap: 0 0 0 My plan B to figure this out is to add a bunch of swap space to the server, give it some traffic and adjust according the the amount that swap gets used. I was just wondering if anyone had a good rule of thumb to estimate how much memory I should plan on in advance...or if what I'm thinking is nuts. Many thanks in advance (I'm really quite new to this).

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