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  • Referencing movie clips from within an actionscript class

    - by Ant
    Hi all, I have been given the task of adding a scoring system to various flash games. This simply involves taking input, adding functionality such as pausing and replaying and then outputting the score, time left etc. at the end. I've so far successfully edited two games. Both these games used the "actions" code on frames. The latest game I'm trying to do uses an actionscript class which makes it both easier and harder. I'm not very adept at flash at all, but I've worked it out so far. I've added various movie clips that are to be used for displaying the pause screen background, buttons for replaying etc. I've been showing and hiding these using: back._visible = true; //movie clip, instance of back (back.png) I doubt it's best practice, but it's quick and has been working. However, now with the change of coding style to classes, this doesn't seem to work. I kinda understand why, but I'm now unsure how to hide/show these elements. Any help would be greatly appreciated :) I've attached the modified AS. class RivalOrbs extends MovieClip { var infinite_levels, orbs_start, orbs_inc, orbs_per_level, show_timer, _parent, one_time_per_level, speed_start, speed_inc_percent, max_speed, percent_starting_on_wrong_side, colorize, colors, secs_per_level; function RivalOrbs() { super(); mc = this; this.init(); } // End of the function function get_num_orbs() { if (infinite_levels) { return (orbs_start + (level - 1) * orbs_inc); } else if (level > orbs_per_level.length) { return (0); } else { return (orbs_per_level[level - 1]); } // end else if } // End of the function function get_timer_str(secs) { var _loc2 = Math.floor(secs / 60); var _loc1 = secs % 60; return ((_loc2 > 0 ? (_loc2) : ("0")) + ":" + (_loc1 >= 10 ? (_loc1) : ("0" + _loc1))); } // End of the function function frame() { //PLACE PAUSE CODE HERE if (!Key.isDown(80) and !Key.isDown(Key.ESCAPE)) { _root.offKey = true; } else if (Key.isDown(80) or Key.isDown(Key.ESCAPE)) { if (_root.offKey and _root.game_mode == "play") { _root.game_mode = "pause"; /* back._visible = true; btn_resume._visible = true; btn_exit._visible = true; txt_pause._visible = true; */ } else if (_root.offKey and _root.game_mode == "pause") { _root.game_mode = "play"; } _root.offKey = false; } if (_root.game_mode == "pause" or paused) { return; } else { /* back._visible = false; btn_resume._visible = false; btn_exit._visible = false; txt_pause._visible = false; */ } if (show_timer && total_secs != -1 || show_timer && _parent.timesup) { _loc7 = total_secs - Math.ceil((getTimer() - timer) / 1000); var diff = oldSeconds - (_loc7 + additional); if (diff > 1) additional = additional + diff; _loc7 = _loc7 + additional; oldSeconds = _loc7; trace(oldSeconds); mc.timer_field.text = this.get_timer_str(Math.max(0, _loc7)); if (_loc7 <= -1 || _parent.timesup) { if (one_time_per_level) { _root.gotoAndPlay("Lose"); } else { this.show_dialog(false); return; } // end if } // end if } // end else if var _loc9 = _root._xmouse; var _loc8 = _root._ymouse; var _loc6 = {x: _loc9, y: _loc8}; mc.globalToLocal(_loc6); _loc6.y = Math.max(-mc.bg._height / 2 + gap / 2, _loc6.y); _loc6.y = Math.min(mc.bg._height / 2 - gap / 2, _loc6.y); mc.wall1._y = _loc6.y - gap / 2 - mc.wall1._height / 2; mc.wall2._y = _loc6.y + gap / 2 + mc.wall1._height / 2; var _loc5 = true; for (var _loc4 = 0; _loc4 < this.get_num_orbs(); ++_loc4) { var _loc3 = mc.stage["orb" + _loc4]; _loc3.x_last = _loc3._x; _loc3.y_last = _loc3._y; _loc3._x = _loc3._x + _loc3.x_speed; _loc3._y = _loc3._y + _loc3.y_speed; if (_loc3._x < l_thresh) { _loc3.x_speed = _loc3.x_speed * -1; _loc3._x = l_thresh + (l_thresh - _loc3._x); _loc3.gotoAndPlay("hit"); } // end if if (_loc3._x > r_thresh) { _loc3.x_speed = _loc3.x_speed * -1; _loc3._x = r_thresh - (_loc3._x - r_thresh); _loc3.gotoAndPlay("hit"); } // end if if (_loc3._y < t_thresh) { _loc3.y_speed = _loc3.y_speed * -1; _loc3._y = t_thresh + (t_thresh - _loc3._y); _loc3.gotoAndPlay("hit"); } // end if if (_loc3._y > b_thresh) { _loc3.y_speed = _loc3.y_speed * -1; _loc3._y = b_thresh - (_loc3._y - b_thresh); _loc3.gotoAndPlay("hit"); } // end if if (_loc3.x_speed > 0) { if (_loc3._x >= m1_thresh && _loc3.x_last < m1_thresh || _loc3._x >= m1_thresh && _loc3._x <= m2_thresh) { if (_loc3._y <= mc.wall1._y + mc.wall1._height / 2 || _loc3._y >= mc.wall2._y - mc.wall2._height / 2) { _loc3.x_speed = _loc3.x_speed * -1; _loc3._x = m1_thresh - (_loc3._x - m1_thresh); _loc3.gotoAndPlay("hit"); } // end if } // end if } else if (_loc3._x <= m2_thresh && _loc3.x_last > m2_thresh || _loc3._x >= m1_thresh && _loc3._x <= m2_thresh) { if (_loc3._y <= mc.wall1._y + mc.wall1._height / 2 || _loc3._y >= mc.wall2._y - mc.wall2._height / 2) { _loc3.x_speed = _loc3.x_speed * -1; _loc3._x = m2_thresh + (m2_thresh - _loc3._x); _loc3.gotoAndPlay("hit"); } // end if } // end else if if (_loc3.side == 1 && _loc3._x > 0) { _loc5 = false; } // end if if (_loc3.side == 2 && _loc3._x < 0) { _loc5 = false; } // end if } // end of for if (_loc5) { this.end_level(); } // end if } // End of the function function colorize_hex(mc, hex) { var _loc4 = hex >> 16; var _loc5 = (hex ^ hex >> 16 << 16) >> 8; var _loc3 = hex >> 8 << 8 ^ hex; var _loc2 = new flash.geom.ColorTransform(0, 0, 0, 1, _loc4, _loc5, _loc3, 0); mc.transform.colorTransform = _loc2; } // End of the function function tint_hex(mc, hex, amount) { var _loc4 = hex >> 16; var _loc5 = hex >> 8 & 255; var _loc3 = hex & 255; this.tint(mc, _loc4, _loc5, _loc3, amount); } // End of the function function tint(mc, r, g, b, amount) { var _loc4 = 100 - amount; var _loc1 = new Object(); _loc1.ra = _loc1.ga = _loc1.ba = _loc4; var _loc2 = amount / 100; _loc1.rb = r * _loc2; _loc1.gb = g * _loc2; _loc1.bb = b * _loc2; var _loc3 = new Color(mc); _loc3.setTransform(_loc1); } // End of the function function get_num_levels() { if (infinite_levels) { return (Number.MAX_VALUE); } else { return (orbs_per_level.length); } // end else if } // End of the function function end_level() { _global.inputTimeAvailable = _global.inputTimeAvailable - (60 - oldSeconds); ++level; _parent.levelOver = true; if (level <= this.get_num_levels()) { this.show_dialog(true); } else { _root.gotoAndPlay("Win"); } // end else if } // End of the function function get_speed() { var _loc3 = speed_start; for (var _loc2 = 0; _loc2 < level - 1; ++_loc2) { _loc3 = _loc3 + _loc3 * (speed_inc_percent / 100); } // end of for return (Math.min(_loc3, Math.max(max_speed, speed_start))); } // End of the function function init_orbs() { var _loc6 = this.get_speed(); var _loc7 = Math.max(1, Math.ceil(this.get_num_orbs() * (percent_starting_on_wrong_side / 100))); for (var _loc3 = 0; _loc3 < this.get_num_orbs(); ++_loc3) { var _loc2 = null; if (_loc3 % 2 == 0) { _loc2 = mc.stage.attachMovie("Orb1", "orb" + _loc3, _loc3); _loc2.side = 1; if (colorize && color1 != -1) { this.colorize_hex(_loc2.orb.bg, color1); } // end if _loc2._x = Math.random() * (mc.bg._width * 4.000000E-001) - mc.bg._width * 2.000000E-001 - mc.bg._width / 4; } else { _loc2 = mc.stage.attachMovie("Orb2", "orb" + _loc3, _loc3); _loc2.side = 2; if (colorize && color2 != -1) { this.colorize_hex(_loc2.orb.bg, color2); } // end if _loc2._x = Math.random() * (mc.bg._width * 4.000000E-001) - mc.bg._width * 2.000000E-001 + mc.bg._width / 4; } // end else if _loc2._width = _loc2._height = orb_w; _loc2._y = Math.random() * (mc.bg._height * 8.000000E-001) - mc.bg._height * 4.000000E-001; if (_loc3 < _loc7) { _loc2._x = _loc2._x * -1; } // end if var _loc5 = Math.random() * 60; var _loc4 = _loc5 / 180 * 3.141593E+000; _loc2.x_speed = Math.cos(_loc4) * _loc6; _loc2.y_speed = Math.sin(_loc4) * _loc6; if (Math.random() >= 5.000000E-001) { _loc2.x_speed = _loc2.x_speed * -1; } // end if if (Math.random() >= 5.000000E-001) { _loc2.y_speed = _loc2.y_speed * -1; } // end if } // end of for } // End of the function function init_colors() { if (colorize && colors.length >= 2) { color1 = colors[Math.floor(Math.random() * colors.length)]; for (color2 = colors[Math.floor(Math.random() * colors.length)]; color2 == color1; color2 = colors[Math.floor(Math.random() * colors.length)]) { } // end of for this.tint_hex(mc.side1, color1, 40); this.tint_hex(mc.side2, color2, 40); } else { color1 = -1; color2 = -1; } // end else if } // End of the function function get_total_secs() { if (show_timer) { if (secs_per_level.length > 0) { if (level > secs_per_level.length) { return (secs_per_level[secs_per_level.length - 1]); } else { return (secs_per_level[level - 1]); } // end if } // end if } // end else if return (-1); } // End of the function function start_level() { trace ("start_level"); _parent.timesup = false; _parent.levelOver = false; _parent.times_up_comp.start_timer(); this.init_orbs(); mc.level_field.text = "LEVEL " + level; total_secs = _global.inputTimeAvailable; if (total_secs > 60) total_secs = 60; timer = getTimer(); paused = false; mc.dialog.gotoAndPlay("off"); } // End of the function function clear_orbs() { for (var _loc2 = 0; mc.stage["orb" + _loc2]; ++_loc2) { mc.stage["orb" + _loc2].removeMovieClip(); } // end of for } // End of the function function show_dialog(new_level) { mc.back._visible = false; trace("yes"); paused = true; if (new_level) { this.init_colors(); } // end if this.clear_orbs(); mc.dialog.gotoAndPlay("level"); if (!new_level || _parent.timesup) { mc.dialog.level_top.text = "Time\'s Up!"; /* dyn_line1.text = "Goodbye " + _global.inputName + "!"; dyn_line2.text = "You scored " + score; //buttons if (_global.inputTimeAvailable > 60) btn_replay._visible = true; btn_resume._visible = false; btn_exit._visible = false; txt_pause._visible = false; sendInfo = new LoadVars(); sendLoader = new LoadVars(); sendInfo.game_name = 'rival_orbs'; sendInfo.timeavailable = _global.inputTimeAvailable; if (sendInfo.timeavailable < 0) sendInfo.timeavailable = 0; sendInfo.id = _global.inputId; sendInfo.score = level*_global.inputFactor; sendInfo.directive = 'record'; //sendInfo.sendAndLoad('ncc1701e.aspx', sendLoader, "GET"); sendInfo.sendAndLoad('http://keyload.co.uk/output.php', sendLoader, "POST"); */ } else if (level > 1) { mc.dialog.level_top.text = "Next Level:"; } else { mc.dialog.level_top.text = ""; } // end else if mc.dialog.level_num.text = "LEVEL " + level; mc.dialog.level_mid.text = "Number of Orbs: " + this.get_num_orbs(); _root.max_level = level; var _this = this; mc.dialog.btn.onRelease = function () { _this.start_level(); }; } // End of the function function init() { var getInfo = new LoadVars(); var getLoader = new LoadVars(); getInfo.directive = "read"; getInfo.sendAndLoad('http://keyload.co.uk/input.php', getLoader, "GET"); getLoader.onLoad = function (success) { if (success) { _global.inputId = this.id; _global.inputTimeAvailable = this.timeavailable; _global.inputFactor = this.factor; _global.inputName = this.name; } else { trace("Failed"); } } _root.game_mode = "play"; /* back._visible = false; btn_exit._visible = false; btn_replay._visible = false; btn_resume._visible = false; txt_pause._visible = false; */ l_thresh = -mc.bg._width / 2 + orb_w / 2; t_thresh = -mc.bg._height / 2 + orb_w / 2; r_thresh = mc.bg._width / 2 - orb_w / 2; b_thresh = mc.bg._height / 2 - orb_w / 2; m1_thresh = -wall_w / 2 - orb_w / 2; m2_thresh = wall_w / 2 + orb_w / 2; this.show_dialog(true); mc.onEnterFrame = frame; } // End of the function var mc = null; var orb_w = 15; var wall_w = 2; var l_thresh = 0; var r_thresh = 0; var t_thresh = 0; var b_thresh = 0; var m1_thresh = 0; var m2_thresh = 0; var color1 = -1; var color2 = -1; var level = 1; var total_secs = 30; var gap = 60; var timer = 0; var additional = 0; var oldSeconds = 0; var paused = true; var _loc7 = 0; } // End of Class

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  • What does Ruby have that Python doesn't, and vice versa?

    - by Lennart Regebro
    There is a lot of discussions of Python vs Ruby, and I all find them completely unhelpful, because they all turn around why feature X sucks in language Y, or that claim language Y doesn't have X, although in fact it does. I also know exactly why I prefer Python, but that's also subjective, and wouldn't help anybody choosing, as they might not have the same tastes in development as I do. It would therefore be interesting to list the differences, objectively. So no "Python's lambdas sucks". Instead explain what Ruby's lambdas can do that Python's can't. No subjectivity. Example code is good! Don't have several differences in one answer, please. And vote up the ones you know are correct, and down those you know are incorrect (or are subjective). Also, differences in syntax is not interesting. We know Python does with indentation what Ruby does with brackets and ends, and that @ is called self in Python. UPDATE: This is now a community wiki, so we can add the big differences here. Ruby has a class reference in the class body In Ruby you have a reference to the class (self) already in the class body. In Python you don't have a reference to the class until after the class construction is finished. An example: class Kaka puts self end self in this case is the class, and this code would print out "Kaka". There is no way to print out the class name or in other ways access the class from the class definition body in Python. All classes are mutable in Ruby This lets you develop extensions to core classes. Here's an example of a rails extension: class String def starts_with?(other) head = self[0, other.length] head == other end end Ruby has Perl-like scripting features Ruby has first class regexps, $-variables, the awk/perl line by line input loop and other features that make it more suited to writing small shell scripts that munge text files or act as glue code for other programs. Ruby has first class continuations Thanks to the callcc statement. In Python you can create continuations by various techniques, but there is no support built in to the language. Ruby has blocks With the "do" statement you can create a multi-line anonymous function in Ruby, which will be passed in as an argument into the method in front of do, and called from there. In Python you would instead do this either by passing a method or with generators. Ruby: amethod { |here| many=lines+of+code goes(here) } Python: def function(here): many=lines+of+code goes(here) amethod(function) Interestingly, the convenience statement in Ruby for calling a block is called "yield", which in Python will create a generator. Ruby: def themethod yield 5 end themethod do |foo| puts foo end Python: def themethod(): yield 5 for foo in themethod: print foo Although the principles are different, the result is strikingly similar. Python has built-in generators (which are used like Ruby blocks, as noted above) Python has support for generators in the language. In Ruby you could use the generator module that uses continuations to create a generator from a block. Or, you could just use a block/proc/lambda! Moreover, in Ruby 1.9 Fibers are, and can be used as, generators. docs.python.org has this generator example: def reverse(data): for index in range(len(data)-1, -1, -1): yield data[index] Contrast this with the above block examples. Python has flexible name space handling In Ruby, when you import a file with require, all the things defined in that file will end up in your global namespace. This causes namespace pollution. The solution to that is Rubys modules. But if you create a namespace with a module, then you have to use that namespace to access the contained classes. In Python, the file is a module, and you can import its contained names with from themodule import *, thereby polluting the namespace if you want. But you can also import just selected names with from themodule import aname, another or you can simply import themodule and then access the names with themodule.aname. If you want more levels in your namespace you can have packages, which are directories with modules and an __init__.py file. Python has docstrings Docstrings are strings that are attached to modules, functions and methods and can be introspected at runtime. This helps for creating such things as the help command and automatic documentation. def frobnicate(bar): """frobnicate takes a bar and frobnicates it >>> bar = Bar() >>> bar.is_frobnicated() False >>> frobnicate(bar) >>> bar.is_frobnicated() True """ Python has more libraries Python has a vast amount of available modules and bindings for libraries. Python has multiple inheritance Ruby does not ("on purpose" -- see Ruby's website, see here how it's done in Ruby). It does reuse the module concept as a sort of abstract classes. Python has list/dict comprehensions Python: res = [x*x for x in range(1, 10)] Ruby: res = (0..9).map { |x| x * x } Python: >>> (x*x for x in range(10)) <generator object <genexpr> at 0xb7c1ccd4> >>> list(_) [0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81] Ruby: p = proc { |x| x * x } (0..9).map(&p) Python: >>> {x:str(y*y) for x,y in {1:2, 3:4}.items()} {1: '4', 3: '16'} Ruby: >> Hash[{1=>2, 3=>4}.map{|x,y| [x,(y*y).to_s]}] => {1=>"4", 3=>"16"} Python has decorators Things similar to decorators can be created in Ruby, and it can also be argued that they aren't as necessary as in Python.

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  • Scheme homework Black jack help....

    - by octavio
    So I need to do a game of blackjack simulator, butt can't seem to figure out whats wrong with the shuffle it's suppose to take a card randomly from the pack the put it on top of the pack. The delete it from the rest. so : (ace)(2)(3)(4)(5)...(k) if random card is let say 5 (5)(ace)(2)(3)(4)(5)...(k) then it deletes the 2nd 5 (5)(ace)(2)(3)(4)(6)...(k) here is the code: (define deck '((A . C) (2 . C) (3 . C) (4 . C) (5 . C) (6 . C) (7 . C) (8 . C) (9 . C) (10 . C) (V . C) (Q . C) (K . C))) ;auxilliary function for shuffle let you randomly select a card. (define shuffAux (lambda (t) (define cardR (lambda (t) (list-ref t (random 13)))) (cardR t))) ;auxilliary function used to remove the card after the car to prevent you from removing the randomly selected from the car(begining of the deck). (define (removeDupC card deck) (delete card (cdr deck)) ) (define shuffle2ndtry (lambda (deck seed) (define do-shuffle (lambda (deck seed) (if (> seed 0)( (cons (shuffAux deck) deck) (removeDupC (car deck) deck) (- 1 seed)) (write deck) ) ) ) (do-shuffle deck seed))) (define (shuffle deck seed) (define cards (cons (shuffAux deck) deck)) (write cards) (case (> seed 0) [(#t) (removeDupC (car cards) (cdr cards)) (shuffle cards (- seed 1))] [(#f) (write cards)])) (define random (let ((seed 0) (a 3141592653) (c 2718281829) (m (expt 2 35))) (lambda (limit) (cond ((and (integer? limit)) (set! seed (modulo (+ (* seed a) c) m)) (quotient (* seed limit) m)) (else (/ (* limit (random 34359738368)) 34359738368)))))) ;function in which you can delete an element from the list. (define delete (lambda (item list) (cond ((equal? item (car list)) (cdr list)) (else (cons (car list) (delete item (cdr list))))))) (

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  • Positioning SVG Elements

    - by Rob Wilkerson
    In the course of toying with SVG for the first time (using the Raphael library), I've run into a problem positioning dynamic elements on the canvas in such a way that they're completely contained within the canvas. What I'm trying to do is randomly position n words/short phrases. Since the text is variable, its position needs to be variable as well so what I'm doing is: Initially creating the text at point 0,0 with no opacity. Checking the width of the drawn text element using text.getBBox().width. Setting a new x coordinate as Math.random() * (canvas_width - ( text_width/2 ) - pad). Altering the x coordinate of the text to the newly set value (text.attr( 'x', x ) ). Setting the opacity attribute of the text to 1. I'll be the first to admit that my math acumen is limited, but this seems pretty straightforward. Somehow, I still end up with text running off beyond the right edge of my canvas. For simplicity above, I removed the bit that also sets a minimum x value by adding it to the Math.random() result. It is there, though, and I see the same problem on the leading edge of the canvas. My understanding (such as it is), is that the Math.random() bits would generate a number between 0 and 1 which could then be multiplied by some number (in my case, the canvas width - half of the text width - some arbitrary padding) to get the outer bound. I'm dividing the width of the text in half because its position on the grid is set at its center. I hope I've just been staring at this for too long, but is my math that rusty or am I misunderstanding something about the behavior of Math.random(), SVG, text or anything else that's under the hood of this solution?

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  • autoconf libtool library linker path incorrect (need drive-letter) for MinGW ld.exe in Cygwin

    - by Tam Toucan
    I use autoconf and when the target is mingw I was using the -mno-cygwin flag. This has been removed so I'm trying to using the mingw tool chain. The problem is the linker isn't finding my libraries /bin/sh ../../../libtool --tag=CXX --mode=link mingw32-g++ -g -Wall -pedantic -DNOMINMAX -D_REENTRANT -DWIN32 -I /usr/local/include/w32api -L/usr/local/lib/w32api -o testRandom.exe testRandom.o -L../../../lib/Random -lRandom libtool: link: mingw32-g++ -g -Wall -pedantic -DNOMINMAX -D_REENTRANT -DWIN32 -I /usr/local/include/w32api -o .libs/testRandom.exe testRandom.o -L/usr/local/lib/w32api -L/home/Tam/src/3DS_Games/lib/Random -lRandom D:\cygwin\opt\MinGW\bin\..\lib\gcc\mingw32\3.4.5\..\..\..\..\mingw32\bin\ld.exe: cannot find -lRandom To link this from the command line using the mingw linker the -L path needs the drive letter i.e mingw32-ld testRandom.o -LD:/home/Tam/src/3DS_Games/lib/Random -lRandom works. The -L path is generated from the makefile.am's which have LDADD = -L$(top_builddir)/lib/Random -lRandom However I can't find how to set top_builddir to a relative path or to start it with the drive letter (my autoconf skills are weak). As a tempoary "solution" I have removed the use of libtool. I could hack a $(DRIVE_LETTER) infront of every -L option, but I'd like to find something better.

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  • PlaySound linker error in C++

    - by logic-unit
    Hello, I'm getting this error: [Linker error] undefined reference to 'PlaySoundA@12' Id returned 1 exit status From this code: // c++ program to generate a random sequence of numbers then play corresponding audio files #include <windows.h> #include <mmsystem.h> #include <iostream> #pragma comment(lib, "winmm.lib") using namespace std; int main() { int i; i = 0; // set the value of i while (i <= 11) // set the loop to run 11 times { int number; number = rand() % 10 + 1; // generate a random number sequence // cycling through the numbers to find the right wav and play it if (number == 0) { PlaySound("0.wav", NULL, SND_FILENAME); // play the random number } else if (number == 1) { PlaySound("1.wav", NULL, SND_FILENAME); // play the random number } //else ifs repeat to 11... i++; // increment i } return 0; } I've tried absolute and relative paths for the wavs, the file size of them is under 1Mb each too. I've read another thread here on the subject: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1565439/how-to-playsound-in-c As you may well have guessed this is my first C++ program, so my knowledge is limited with where to go next. I've tried pretty much every page Google has on the subject including MSDN usage page. Any ideas? Thanks in advance...

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  • How to scan an array for certain information

    - by Andrew Martin
    I've been doing an MSc Software Development conversion course, the main language of which is Java, since the end of September. We have our first assessed practical coming and I was hoping for some guidance. We have to create an array that will store 100 integers (all of which are between 1 and 10), which are generated by a random number generator, and then print out ten numbers of this array per line. For the second part, we need to scan these integers, count up how often each number appears and store the results in a second array. I've done the first bit okay, but I'm confused about how to do the second. I have been looking through the scanner class to see if it has any methods which I could use, but I don't see any. Could anyone point me in the right direction - not the answer, but perhaps which library it comes from? Code so far: import java.util.Random; public class Practical4_Assessed { public static void main(String[] args) { Random numberGenerator = new Random (); int[] arrayOfGenerator = new int[100]; for (int countOfGenerator = 0; countOfGenerator < 100; countOfGenerator++) arrayOfGenerator[countOfGenerator] = numberGenerator.nextInt(10); int countOfNumbersOnLine = 0; for (int countOfOutput = 0; countOfOutput < 100; countOfOutput++) { if (countOfNumbersOnLine == 10) { System.out.println(""); countOfNumbersOnLine = 0; countOfOutput--; } else { System.out.print(arrayOfGenerator[countOfOutput] + " "); countOfNumbersOnLine++; } } } } Thanks, Andrew

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  • Converted some PHP functions to c# but getting different results

    - by Tom Beech
    With a bit of help from people on here, i've converted the following PHP functions to C# - But I get very different results between the two and can't work out where i've gone wrong: PHP: function randomKey($amount) { $keyset = "abcdefghijklmABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789"; $randkey = ""; for ($i=0; $i<$amount; $i++) $randkey .= substr($keyset, rand(0, strlen($keyset)-1), 1); return $randkey; } public static function hashPassword($password) { $salt = self::randomKey(self::SALTLEN); $site = new Sites(); $s = $site->get(); return self::hashSHA1($s->siteseed.$password.$salt.$s->siteseed).$salt; } c# public static string randomKey(int amount) { string keyset = "abcdefghijklmABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789"; string randkey = string.Empty; Random random = new Random(); for (int i = 0; i < amount; i++) { randkey += keyset.Substring(0, random.Next(2, keyset.Length - 2)); } return randkey; } static string hashPassword(string password) { string salt = randomKey(4); string siteSeed = "6facef08253c4e3a709e17d9ff4ba197"; return CalculateSHA1(siteSeed + password + salt + siteSeed) + siteSeed; } static string CalculateSHA1(string ipString) { SHA1 sha1 = new SHA1CryptoServiceProvider(); byte[] ipBytes = Encoding.Default.GetBytes(ipString.ToCharArray()); byte[] opBytes = sha1.ComputeHash(ipBytes); StringBuilder stringBuilder = new StringBuilder(40); for (int i = 0; i < opBytes.Length; i++) { stringBuilder.Append(opBytes[i].ToString("x2")); } return stringBuilder.ToString(); } EDIT The string 'password' in the PHP function comes out as "d899d91adf31e0b37e7b99c5d2316ed3f6a999443OZl" in the c# it comes out as: "905d25819d950cf73f629fc346c485c819a3094a6facef08253c4e3a709e17d9ff4ba197"

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  • Can you have multiple clipping regions in an HTML Canvas?

    - by emh
    I have code that loads a bunch of images into hidden img elements and then a Javascript loop which places each image onto the canvas. However, I want to clip each image so that it is a circle when placed on the canvas. My loop looks like this: $$('#avatars img').each(function(avatar) { var canvas = $('canvas'); var context = canvas.getContext('2d'); var x = Math.floor(Math.random() * canvas.width); var y = Math.floor(Math.random() * canvas.height); context.beginPath(); context.arc(x+24, y+24, 20, 0, Math.PI * 2, 1); context.clip(); context.strokeStyle = "black"; context.drawImage(document.getElementById(avatar.id), x, y); context.stroke(); }); Problem is, only the first image is drawn (or is visible). If I remove the clipping logic: $$('#avatars img').each(function(avatar) { var canvas = $('canvas'); var context = canvas.getContext('2d'); var x = Math.floor(Math.random() * canvas.width); var y = Math.floor(Math.random() * canvas.height); context.drawImage(document.getElementById(avatar.id), x, y); }); Then all my images are drawn. Is there a way to get each image individually clipped? I tried resetting the clipping area to be the entire canvas between images but that didn't work.

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  • constructor function's object literal returns toString() method but no other method

    - by JohnMerlino
    I'm very confused with javascript methods defined in objects and the "this" keyword. In the below example, the toString() method is invoked when Mammal object instantiated: function Mammal(name){ this.name=name; this.toString = function(){ return '[Mammal "'+this.name+'"]'; } } var someAnimal = new Mammal('Mr. Biggles'); alert('someAnimal is '+someAnimal); Despite the fact that the toString() method is not invoked on the object someAnimal like this: alert('someAnimal is '+someAnimal.toString()); It still returns 'someAnimal is [Mammal "Mr. Biggles"]' . That doesn't make sense to me because the toString() function is not being called anywhere. Then to add even more confusion, if I change the toString() method to a method I make up such as random(): function Mammal(name){ this.name=name; this.random = function(){ return Math.floor(Math.random() * 15); } } var someAnimal = new Mammal('Mr. Biggles'); alert(someAnimal); It completely ignores the random method (despite the fact that it is defined the same way was the toString() method was) and returns: [object object] Another issue I'm having trouble understanding with inheritance is the value of "this". For example, in the below example function person(w,h){ width.width = w; width.height = h; } function man(w,h,s) { person.call(this, w, h); this.sex = s; } "this" keyword is being send to the person object clearly. However, does "this" refer to the subclass (man) or the super class (person) when the person object receives it? Thanks for clearing up any of the confusion I have with inheritance and object literals in javascript.

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  • Refresher on Java classes in separate files

    - by JohnFaig
    I need a refresher on moving classes from one file into two files. My sample code is in one file called "external_class_file_main". The program runs fine and the code is shown below: Public class external_class_file_main { public static int get_a_random_number (int min, int max) { int n; n = (int)(Math.random() * (max - min +1)) + min; return (n); } public static void main(String[] args) { int r; System.out.println("Program starting..."); r = get_a_random_number (1, 5); System.out.println("random number = " + r); System.out.println("Program ending..."); } } I move the get_a_random_number class to a separate file called "external_class_file". When I do this, I get the following error: Exception in thread "main" java.lang.Error: Unresolved compilation problem: The method get_a_random_number(int, int) is undefined for the type external_class_file_main at external_class_file_main.main(external_class_file_main.java:20) The "external_class_file_main" now contains: public class external_class_file_main { public static void main(String[] args) { int r; System.out.println("Program starting..."); r = get_a_random_number (1, 5); System.out.println("random number = " + r); System.out.println("Program ending..."); } } The "external_class_file" now contains: public class external_class_file { public static int get_a_random_number (int min, int max) { int n; n = (int)(Math.random() * (max - min +1)) + min; return (n); } }

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  • Dice Emulation - ImageView

    - by Michelle Harris
    I am trying to emulate dice using ImageView. When I click the button, nothing seems to happen. I have hard coded this example to replace the image with imageView4 for debugging purposes (I was making sure the random wasn't fail). Can anyone point out what I am doing wrong? I am new to Java, Eclipse and Android so I'm sure I've probably made more than one mistake. Java: import java.util.Random; import android.app.Activity; import android.os.Bundle; import android.view.View; import android.widget.ArrayAdapter; import android.widget.ImageView; import android.widget.Spinner; import android.widget.Toast; public class Yahtzee4Activity extends Activity { /** Called when the activity is first created. */ @Override public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.main); Spinner s = (Spinner) findViewById(R.id.spinner); ArrayAdapter adapter = ArrayAdapter.createFromResource( this, R.array.score_types, android.R.layout.simple_spinner_dropdown_item); adapter.setDropDownViewResource(android.R.layout.simple_spinner_dropdown_item); s.setAdapter(adapter); } public void onMyButtonClick(View view) { ImageView imageView1 = new ImageView(this); Random rand = new Random(); int rndInt = 4; //rand.nextInt(6) + 1; // n = the number of images, that start at index 1 String imgName = "die" + rndInt; int id = getResources().getIdentifier(imgName, "drawable", getPackageName()); imageView1.setImageResource(id); } } XML for the button: <Button android:id="@+id/button_roll" android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:text="@string/roll" android:onClick="onMyButtonClick" />

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  • java label setText and setBounds clashing?

    - by java
    I would like to have a JLabel changint color to a random one, while jumping to a random position, and while changing its text. but the setText and setBounds seem to clash and i don't know why. if you comment out the setText then the setBounds will work, but they won't work together. import java.awt.*; import java.util.*; import javax.swing.*; public class test2 extends JFrame { private static JLabel label = new JLabel("0"); private static Random gen = new Random(); public test2() { JPanel panel = new JPanel(); panel.add(label); this.add(panel); } public static void move() { for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { int n = gen.nextInt(254)+1; int nn = gen.nextInt(254)+1; int nnn = gen.nextInt(254)+1; label.setText(""+i); //the setBounds command will not work with the setText command. why? label.setBounds(n*2, nn*2, 20, 20); label.setForeground(new Color(n, nn, nnn)); try { Thread.sleep(200); } catch (Exception e) {} } } public static void main(String[] args) { test2 frame = new test2(); frame.setVisible(true); frame.setSize(600, 600); frame.setResizable(true); frame.setLocationRelativeTo(null); frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE); move(); } }

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  • Storing multiple discarded datas in a single variable using a string accumulator

    - by dan
    For an assignment for my intro to python course, we are to write a program that generates 100 sets of x,y coordinates. X must be a float between -100.0 and 100.0 inclusive, but not 0. Y is Y = ((1/x) * 3070) but if the absolute value of Y is greater than 100, both numbers must be discarded (BUT STORED) and another set generated. The results must be displayed in a table, and then after the table, the discarded results must be shown. The teacher said we should use a "string accumulator" to store the discarded data. This is what I have so far, and I'm stuck at storing the discarded data. # import random.py import random # import math.py import math # define main def main(): x = random.uniform(-100.0, 100.0) while x == 0: x = random.uniform(-100.0, 100.0) y = ((1/x) * 3070) while math.fabs(y) > 100: xDiscarded = yDiscarded = y = ((1/x) * 3070) As you can see, I run into the problem of when abs(y) 100, I'm not too sure how to store the discarded data and let it accumulate every time abs(y) 100. I'm cool with the data being stored as "351.2, 231.1, 152.2" I just don't know how to turn the variable into a string and store it. We haven't learned arrays yet so I can't do that. Any help would be much appreciated. Thanks!

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  • class selector refuses after append to body

    - by supersize
    I'm appending loads of divs in a wrapper: var cubes = [], allCubes = '', for(var i = 0; i < 380; i++) { var randomleft = Math.floor(Math.random()*Math.floor(Math.random()*1000)), randomtop = Math.floor(Math.random()*Math.floor(Math.random()*1000)); allCubes += '<div id="cube'+i+'" class="cube" style="position: absolute; border: 2px #000 solid; left: '+randomleft+'px; top: '+randomtop+'px; width: 9px; height: 9px; z-index: -1"></div>'; } $('#wrapper').append(allCubes); // performance for(var i = 0; i < 380; i++) { cubes.push($('#cube'+i)); } and then I would like to make them all draggable with jQueryUI and log their current position. var allc = $('.cube'); allc.draggable().on('mouseup', function(i) { allc.each(function() { var nleft = $(this).offset().left; var ntop = $(this).offset().top; console.log('cubes['+i+'].animate({ left:'+nleft+',top:'+ntop+'})'); }); }); Unfortunenately it does not work. They are neither draggable nor there comes up a log. Thanks

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  • Counting the number of occurrences of characters in an array

    - by Anthony Pittelli
    This is what I have but it is not working, this is confusing for me. If you scroll down I commented on someones post the exact problem I am having and what I am trying to do. I was thinking maybe the problem is my code to generate the random characters: public void add (char fromChar, char toChar){ Random r = new Random(); //creates a random object int randInt; for (int i=0; i<charArray.length; i++){ randInt = r.nextInt((toChar-fromChar) +1); charArray[i] = (char) randInt; //casts these integers as characters } }//end add public int[] countLetters() { int[] count = new int[26]; char current; for (int b = 0; b <= 26; b++) { for (int i = 97; i <= 123; i++) { char a = (char) i; for (int ch = 0; ch < charArray.length; ch++) { current = charArray[ch]; if (current == a) { count[b]++; } } } } return count; }

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  • loop prematurely quitting

    - by Nick Gibson
    This loop works fine but prematurely quits at times. I set a piece of code in it so that I can view the random number. It only closes prematurely when the random number is equal to the highest numbered question the user inputs (Example...a user wants 10 questions, if the random number is 10 the program quits.) I have no idea why since i have it set to if(random number <= the number of questions) for ( int loop = 1; loop < loopCount; loop++ ) { aa = r.nextInt ( 10 + 1 ); abc = ( int ) aa; String[] userAnswer = new String[x]; JOptionPane.showMessageDialog ( null, abc ); if ( abc <= x ) { for ( overValue = 1; overValue < forLoop; overValue++ ); { userAnswer[j] = JOptionPane.showInputDialog ( null, "Question " + quesNum + "\n" + questions[abc] + "\n\nA: " + a[abc] + "\nB: " + b[abc] + "\nC: " + c[abc] + "\nD: " + d[abc] ); if ( userAnswer[j].equals ( answers[j] ) ) { JOptionPane.showMessageDialog ( null, "Correct. \nThe Correct Answer is " + answers[abc] ); } else { JOptionPane.showMessageDialog ( null, "Wrong. \n The Correct Answer is " + answers[abc] ); }//else }//for }//if }//for

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  • Question about permute-by-sorting

    - by davit-datuashvili
    In the book "Introduction to Algorithms", second edition, there is the following problem: Suppose we have some array: int a[] = {1,2,3,4} and some random priorities array: P = {36,3,97,19} and the goal is to permute the array a randomly using this priorities array. This is the pseudo code: PERMUTE-BY-SORTING (A) 1 n ? length[A] 2 for i ? 1 to n 3 do P[i] = RANDOM (1, n 3) 4 sort A, using P as sort keys 5 return A The result should be the permuted array: B={2, 4, 1, 3}; I have written this code: import java.util.*; public class Permute { public static void main (String[] args) { Random r = new Random(); int a[] = new int[] {1,2,3,4}; int n = a.length; int b[] = new int[a.length]; int p[] = new int[a.length]; for (int i=0; i<p.length; i++) { p[i] = r.nextInt(n*n*n) + 1; } // for (int i=0;i<p.length;i++){ // System.out.println(p[i]); //} } } How do I continue?

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  • SQL inner join from field defined table?

    - by Wolftousen
    I have a, currently, a total of 6 tables that are part of this question. The primary table, tableA, contains columns that all the entries in the other 5 tables have in common. The other 5 tables have columns which define the entry in tableA in more detail. For example: TableA ID|Name|Volumn|Weight|Description 0 |T1 |0.4 |0.1 |Random text 1 |R1 |5.3 |25 |Random text TableB ID|Color|Shape 0 |Blue |Sphere TableC ID|Direction|Velocity 1 |North |3.4 (column names are just examples don't take them for what they mean...) The ID field in Table A is unique to all other tables (i.e. TableB will have 0, but TableC will not, nor any other Tables). What I would like to do is select all the fields from TableA and the corresponding (according to ID field) detail Table (TableB-F). What I have currently done and not tested is added a field to TableA so it looks like this: TableA ID|Name|Volumn|Weight|Description|Table 0 |T1 |0.4 |0.1 |Random text|TableB 1 |R1 |5.3 |25 |Random text|TableC I have a few questions about this: 1.Is it proper to do such a thing to TableA, as foreign keys wont work in this situation since they all need to link to different tables? 2.If this is proper, would the SQL query look like this (ID would be input by the user)? SELECT * FROM TableA AS a INNER JOIN a.Table AS t ON a.ID = ID; 3.Is there a better way to do this? Thanks for the help.

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  • A Guided Tour of Complexity

    - by JoshReuben
    I just re-read Complexity – A Guided Tour by Melanie Mitchell , protégé of Douglas Hofstadter ( author of “Gödel, Escher, Bach”) http://www.amazon.com/Complexity-Guided-Tour-Melanie-Mitchell/dp/0199798109/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1339744329&sr=8-1 here are some notes and links:   Evolved from Cybernetics, General Systems Theory, Synergetics some interesting transdisciplinary fields to investigate: Chaos Theory - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaos_theory – small differences in initial conditions (such as those due to rounding errors in numerical computation) yield widely diverging outcomes for chaotic systems, rendering long-term prediction impossible. System Dynamics / Cybernetics - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_Dynamics – study of how feedback changes system behavior Network Theory - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_theory – leverage Graph Theory to analyze symmetric  / asymmetric relations between discrete objects Algebraic Topology - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_topology – leverage abstract algebra to analyze topological spaces There are limits to deterministic systems & to computation. Chaos Theory definitely applies to training an ANN (artificial neural network) – different weights will emerge depending upon the random selection of the training set. In recursive Non-Linear systems http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear_system – output is not directly inferable from input. E.g. a Logistic map: Xt+1 = R Xt(1-Xt) Different types of bifurcations, attractor states and oscillations may occur – e.g. a Lorenz Attractor http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenz_system Feigenbaum Constants http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feigenbaum_constants express ratios in a bifurcation diagram for a non-linear map – the convergent limit of R (the rate of period-doubling bifurcations) is 4.6692016 Maxwell’s Demon - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell%27s_demon - the Second Law of Thermodynamics has only a statistical certainty – the universe (and thus information) tends towards entropy. While any computation can theoretically be done without expending energy, with finite memory, the act of erasing memory is permanent and increases entropy. Life & thought is a counter-example to the universe’s tendency towards entropy. Leo Szilard and later Claude Shannon came up with the Information Theory of Entropy - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy_(information_theory) whereby Shannon entropy quantifies the expected value of a message’s information in bits in order to determine channel capacity and leverage Coding Theory (compression analysis). Ludwig Boltzmann came up with Statistical Mechanics - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_mechanics – whereby our Newtonian perception of continuous reality is a probabilistic and statistical aggregate of many discrete quantum microstates. This is relevant for Quantum Information Theory http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_information and the Physics of Information - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_information. Hilbert’s Problems http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert's_problems pondered whether mathematics is complete, consistent, and decidable (the Decision Problem – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entscheidungsproblem – is there always an algorithm that can determine whether a statement is true).  Godel’s Incompleteness Theorems http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6del's_incompleteness_theorems  proved that mathematics cannot be both complete and consistent (e.g. “This statement is not provable”). Turing through the use of Turing Machines (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_machine symbol processors that can prove mathematical statements) and Universal Turing Machines (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Turing_machine Turing Machines that can emulate other any Turing Machine via accepting programs as well as data as input symbols) that computation is limited by demonstrating the Halting Problem http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halting_problem (is is not possible to know when a program will complete – you cannot build an infinite loop detector). You may be used to thinking of 1 / 2 / 3 dimensional systems, but Fractal http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal systems are defined by self-similarity & have non-integer Hausdorff Dimensions !!!  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fractals_by_Hausdorff_dimension – the fractal dimension quantifies the number of copies of a self similar object at each level of detail – eg Koch Snowflake - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koch_snowflake Definitions of complexity: size, Shannon entropy, Algorithmic Information Content (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmic_information_theory - size of shortest program that can generate a description of an object) Logical depth (amount of info processed), thermodynamic depth (resources required). Complexity is statistical and fractal. John Von Neumann’s other machine was the Self-Reproducing Automaton http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-replicating_machine  . Cellular Automata http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_automaton are alternative form of Universal Turing machine to traditional Von Neumann machines where grid cells are locally synchronized with their neighbors according to a rule. Conway’s Game of Life http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway's_Game_of_Life demonstrates various emergent constructs such as “Glider Guns” and “Spaceships”. Cellular Automatons are not practical because logical ops require a large number of cells – wasteful & inefficient. There are no compilers or general program languages available for Cellular Automatons (as far as I am aware). Random Boolean Networks http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_network are extensions of cellular automata where nodes are connected at random (not to spatial neighbors) and each node has its own rule –> they demonstrate the emergence of complex  & self organized behavior. Stephen Wolfram’s (creator of Mathematica, so give him the benefit of the doubt) New Kind of Science http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_New_Kind_of_Science proposes the universe may be a discrete Finite State Automata http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite-state_machine whereby reality emerges from simple rules. I am 2/3 through this book. It is feasible that the universe is quantum discrete at the plank scale and that it computes itself – Digital Physics: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_physics – a simulated reality? Anyway, all behavior is supposedly derived from simple algorithmic rules & falls into 4 patterns: uniform , nested / cyclical, random (Rule 30 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_30) & mixed (Rule 110 - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_110 localized structures – it is this that is interesting). interaction between colliding propagating signal inputs is then information processing. Wolfram proposes the Principle of Computational Equivalence - http://mathworld.wolfram.com/PrincipleofComputationalEquivalence.html - all processes that are not obviously simple can be viewed as computations of equivalent sophistication. Meaning in information may emerge from analogy & conceptual slippages – see the CopyCat program: http://cognitrn.psych.indiana.edu/rgoldsto/courses/concepts/copycat.pdf Scale Free Networks http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale-free_network have a distribution governed by a Power Law (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_law - much more common than Normal Distribution). They are characterized by hubs (resilience to random deletion of nodes), heterogeneity of degree values, self similarity, & small world structure. They grow via preferential attachment http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preferential_attachment – tipping points triggered by positive feedback loops. 2 theories of cascading system failures in complex systems are Self-Organized Criticality http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-organized_criticality and Highly Optimized Tolerance http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highly_optimized_tolerance. Computational Mechanics http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_mechanics – use of computational methods to study phenomena governed by the principles of mechanics. This book is a great intuition pump, but does not cover the more mathematical subject of Computational Complexity Theory – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_complexity_theory I am currently reading this book on this subject: http://www.amazon.com/Computational-Complexity-Christos-H-Papadimitriou/dp/0201530821/ref=pd_sim_b_1   stay tuned for that review!

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  • Code Contracts: Hiding ContractException

    - by DigiMortal
    It’s time to move on and improve my randomizer I wrote for an example of static checking of code contracts. In this posting I will modify contracts and give some explanations about pre-conditions and post-conditions. Also I will show you how to avoid ContractExceptions and how to replace them with your own exceptions. As a first thing let’s take a look at my randomizer. public class Randomizer {     public static int GetRandomFromRange(int min, int max)     {         var rnd = new Random();         return rnd.Next(min, max);     }       public static int GetRandomFromRangeContracted(int min, int max)     {         Contract.Requires(min < max, "Min must be less than max");           var rnd = new Random();         return rnd.Next(min, max);     } } We have some problems here. We need contract for method output and we also need some better exception handling mechanism. As ContractException as type is hidden from us we have to switch from ContractException to some other Exception type that we can catch. Adding post-condition Pre-conditions are contracts for method’s input interface. Read it as follows: pre-conditions make sure that all conditions for method’s successful run are met. Post-conditions are contracts for output interface of method. So, post-conditions are for output arguments and return value. My code misses the post-condition that checks return value. Return value in this case must be greater or equal to minimum value and less or equal to maximum value. To make sure that method can run only the correct value I added call to Contract.Ensures() method. public static int GetRandomFromRangeContracted(int min, int max) {     Contract.Requires(min < max, "Min must be less than max");       Contract.Ensures(         Contract.Result<int>() >= min &&         Contract.Result<int>() <= max,         "Return value is out of range"     );       var rnd = new Random();     return rnd.Next(min, max); } I think that the line I added does not need any further comments. Avoiding ContractException for input interface ContractException lives in hidden namespace and we cannot see it at design time. But it is common exception type for all contract exceptions that we do not switch over to some other type. The case of Contract.Requires() method is simple: we can tell it what kind of exception we need if something goes wrong with contract it ensures. public static int GetRandomFromRangeContracted(int min, int max) {     Contract.Requires<ArgumentOutOfRangeException>(         min < max,         "Min must be less than max"     );       Contract.Ensures(         Contract.Result<int>() >= min &&         Contract.Result<int>() <= max,         "Return value is out of range"     );       var rnd = new Random();     return rnd.Next(min, max); } Now, if we violate the input interface contract giving min value that is not less than max value we get ArgumentOutOfRangeException. Avoiding ContractException for output interface Output interface is more complex to control. We cannot give exception type there and hope that this type of exception will be thrown if something goes wrong. Instead we have to use delegate that gathers information about problem and throws the exception we expect to be thrown. From documentation you can find the following example about the delegate I mentioned. Contract.ContractFailed += (sender, e) => {     e.SetHandled();     e.SetUnwind(); // cause code to abort after event     Assert.Fail(e.FailureKind.ToString() + ":" + e.DebugMessage); }; We can use this delegate to throw the Exception. Let’s move the code to separate method too. Here is our method that uses now ContractException hiding. public static int GetRandomFromRangeContracted(int min, int max) {     Contract.Requires(min < max, "Min must be less than max");       Contract.Ensures(         Contract.Result<int>() >= min &&         Contract.Result<int>() <= max,         "Return value is out of range"     );     Contract.ContractFailed += Contract_ContractFailed;       var rnd = new Random();     return rnd.Next(min, max)+1000; } And here is the delegate that creates exception. public static void Contract_ContractFailed(object sender,     ContractFailedEventArgs e) {     e.SetHandled();     e.SetUnwind();       throw new Exception(e.FailureKind.ToString() + ":" + e.Message); } Basically we can do in this delegate whatever we like to do with output interface errors. We can even introduce our own contract exception type. As you can see later then ContractFailed event is very useful at unit testing.

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  • Cost Comparison Hard Disk Drive to Solid State Drive on Price per Gigabyte - dispelling a myth!

    - by tonyrogerson
    It is often said that Hard Disk Drive storage is significantly cheaper per GiByte than Solid State Devices – this is wholly inaccurate within the database space. People need to look at the cost of the complete solution and not just a single component part in isolation to what is really required to meet the business requirement. Buying a single Hitachi Ultrastar 600GB 3.5” SAS 15Krpm hard disk drive will cost approximately £239.60 (http://scan.co.uk, 22nd March 2012) compared to an OCZ 600GB Z-Drive R4 CM84 PCIe costing £2,316.54 (http://scan.co.uk, 22nd March 2012); I’ve not included FusionIO ioDrive because there is no public pricing available for it – something I never understand and personally when companies do this I immediately think what are they hiding, luckily in FusionIO’s case the product is proven though is expensive compared to OCZ enterprise offerings. On the face of it the single 15Krpm hard disk has a price per GB of £0.39, the SSD £3.86; this is what you will see in the press and this is what sales people will use in comparing the two technologies – do not be fooled by this bullshit people! What is the requirement? The requirement is the database will have a static size of 400GB kept static through archiving so growth and trim will balance the database size, the client requires resilience, there will be several hundred call centre staff querying the database where queries will read a small amount of data but there will be no hot spot in the data so the randomness will come across the entire 400GB of the database, estimates predict that the IOps required will be approximately 4,000IOps at peak times, because it’s a call centre system the IO latency is important and must remain below 5ms per IO. The balance between read and write is 70% read, 30% write. The requirement is now defined and we have three of the most important pieces of the puzzle – space required, estimated IOps and maximum latency per IO. Something to consider with regard SQL Server; write activity requires synchronous IO to the storage media specifically the transaction log; that means the write thread will wait until the IO is completed and hardened off until the thread can continue execution, the requirement has stated that 30% of the system activity will be write so we can expect a high amount of synchronous activity. The hardware solution needs to be defined; two possible solutions: hard disk or solid state based; the real question now is how many hard disks are required to achieve the IO throughput, the latency and resilience, ditto for the solid state. Hard Drive solution On a test on an HP DL380, P410i controller using IOMeter against a single 15Krpm 146GB SAS drive, the throughput given on a transfer size of 8KiB against a 40GiB file on a freshly formatted disk where the partition is the only partition on the disk thus the 40GiB file is on the outer edge of the drive so more sectors can be read before head movement is required: For 100% sequential IO at a queue depth of 16 with 8 worker threads 43,537 IOps at an average latency of 2.93ms (340 MiB/s), for 100% random IO at the same queue depth and worker threads 3,733 IOps at an average latency of 34.06ms (34 MiB/s). The same test was done on the same disk but the test file was 130GiB: For 100% sequential IO at a queue depth of 16 with 8 worker threads 43,537 IOps at an average latency of 2.93ms (340 MiB/s), for 100% random IO at the same queue depth and worker threads 528 IOps at an average latency of 217.49ms (4 MiB/s). From the result it is clear random performance gets worse as the disk fills up – I’m currently writing an article on short stroking which will cover this in detail. Given the work load is random in nature looking at the random performance of the single drive when only 40 GiB of the 146 GB is used gives near the IOps required but the latency is way out. Luckily I have tested 6 x 15Krpm 146GB SAS 15Krpm drives in a RAID 0 using the same test methodology, for the same test above on a 130 GiB for each drive added the performance boost is near linear, for each drive added throughput goes up by 5 MiB/sec, IOps by 700 IOps and latency reducing nearly 50% per drive added (172 ms, 94 ms, 65 ms, 47 ms, 37 ms, 30 ms). This is because the same 130GiB is spread out more as you add drives 130 / 1, 130 / 2, 130 / 3 etc. so implicit short stroking is occurring because there is less file on each drive so less head movement required. The best latency is still 30 ms but we have the IOps required now, but that’s on a 130GiB file and not the 400GiB we need. Some reality check here: a) the drive randomness is more likely to be 50/50 and not a full 100% but the above has highlighted the effect randomness has on the drive and the more a drive fills with data the worse the effect. For argument sake let us assume that for the given workload we need 8 disks to do the job, for resilience reasons we will need 16 because we need to RAID 1+0 them in order to get the throughput and the resilience, RAID 5 would degrade performance. Cost for hard drives: 16 x £239.60 = £3,833.60 For the hard drives we will need disk controllers and a separate external disk array because the likelihood is that the server itself won’t take the drives, a quick spec off DELL for a PowerVault MD1220 which gives the dual pathing with 16 disks 146GB 15Krpm 2.5” disks is priced at £7,438.00, note its probably more once we had two controller cards to sit in the server in, racking etc. Minimum cost taking the DELL quote as an example is therefore: {Cost of Hardware} / {Storage Required} £7,438.60 / 400 = £18.595 per GB £18.59 per GiB is a far cry from the £0.39 we had been told by the salesman and the myth. Yes, the storage array is composed of 16 x 146 disks in RAID 10 (therefore 8 usable) giving an effective usable storage availability of 1168GB but the actual storage requirement is only 400 and the extra disks have had to be purchased to get the  IOps up. Solid State Drive solution A single card significantly exceeds the IOps and latency required, for resilience two will be required. ( £2,316.54 * 2 ) / 400 = £11.58 per GB With the SSD solution only two PCIe sockets are required, no external disk units, no additional controllers, no redundant controllers etc. Conclusion I hope by showing you an example that the myth that hard disk drives are cheaper per GiB than Solid State has now been dispelled - £11.58 per GB for SSD compared to £18.59 for Hard Disk. I’ve not even touched on the running costs, compare the costs of running 18 hard disks, that’s a lot of heat and power compared to two PCIe cards!Just a quick note: I've left a fair amount of information out due to this being a blog! If in doubt, email me :)I'll also deal with the myth that SSD's wear out at a later date as well - that's just way over done still, yes, 5 years ago, but now - no.

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  • A Few of My Favorite HTML5 and CSS3 Online Tools

    - by dwahlin
    I really enjoy coding up HTML5, CSS3, and JavaScript applications but there are some things that I’m better off writing with the help of a development tool. For example, CSS3 gradients aren’t exactly the most fun thing to write by hand and the same could be said for animations, transforms, or styles that require various vendor extensions. There are a lot of online tools that can simplify building HTML5/CSS3 sites and increase productivity in the process so I thought I’d put together a post on a few of my favorites tools. HTML5 Boilerplate HTML5 Boilerplate provides a great way to get started building HTML5 sites. It includes many best practices out of the box and even includes a few tricks that many people don’t even know about. The custom download option allows you to pick the features that you want to include in the files that’s generated. You can read more about it here.   Initializr Although HTML5 Boilerplate provides a great foundation for starting HTML5 sites, it focuses on providing a starting shell structure (namely an html page, JavaScript files, and a CSS stylesheet) and doesn’t include much in the way of page content to get started with. Initializer builds on HTML5 Boilerplate and provides an initial test page that can be tweaked to meet your needs. It also provides several different customization options to include/exclude features. CSS3 Maker CSS3 provides a lot of great features ranging from gradient support to rounded corners. Although many of the features are fairly straightforward there are some that are pretty involved such as gradients, animations, and really any styles that require custom vendor extensions to use across browsers. Sure, you can type everything by hand, but sites such as CSS3 Maker provide a visual way to generate CSS3 styles. CSS3, Please! CSS3, Please! is a code generation tool that can be used to generate cross-browser CSS3 styles quickly and easily. All of the main things you can do with CSS3 are available including a clever way to visually generate CSS3 transform styles.       Ultimate CSS Gradient Generator CSS3 Maker (above) has a gradient generator built-in but my favorite tool for creating CSS3 gradients is the Ultimate CSS Gradient Generator. If you’ve created gradients in tools like Photoshop then you’ll love what this tool has to offer especially since it makes it extremely straightforward to work with different gradient stops. @font-face Fonts Although @font-face has been available for awhile, I think fonts are cool and wanted to mention a site that provides a lot of font choices. When used correctly fonts can really enhance a page and when used incorrectly (think Comic Sans) they can absolutely ruin a page. Several sites exist that provide fonts that can be used with @font-face definitions in CSS style sheets. One of my favorites is Font Squirrel.   HTML5 & CSS3 Support and Tests Interested in knowing what HTML5 and CSS3 features a given browser supports? Want to know how various browsers stack up with each other as far as HTML5/CSS3 support. Look no further than the HTML5 & CSS3 Support page or the HTML5 Test page.   CSS3 Easing Animation Tool CSS3 animations aren’t widely supported across browsers right now (I’m not really using them at this point) but they do offer a lot of promise. Creating easings for animations can definitely be a challenge but they’re something that are critical for adding that “professional touch” to your animations. Fortunately you can use the Ceaser CSS Easing Animation Tool to simplify the process and handle animation easing with…...ease.   There are several other online tools that I like but these are some of the ones I find myself using the most. If you have any favorite online tools that simplify working with HTML5 or CSS3 let me know.     For more information about onsite or online training, mentoring and consulting solutions for HTML5, jQuery, .NET, SharePoint or Silverlight please visit http://www.thewahlingroup.com.

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  • Notes from a short presentation on NodeJs

    - by Aligned
    Originally posted on: http://geekswithblogs.net/Aligned/archive/2014/05/30/notes-from-a-short-presentation-on-nodejs.aspxI volunteered myself to give a short 30 minute presentation at a work lunch and learn on NodeJs. With my limited experience I see using Node as a great tool for build process improvement, scaffolding with yeoman, and running tests with Karma. I haven’t looked into using as a full server or development stack. I guess I’m too stuck on IIS and Visual Studio :-). Here are my notes, that aren’t very well formatted, but I wanted to share it anyways. What is it? "Node.js is a platform built on Chrome's JavaScript runtime for easily building fast, scalable network applications. Node.js uses an event-driven, non-blocking I/O model that makes it lightweight and efficient, perfect for data-intensive real-time applications that run across distributed devices." Why should you be interested? another popular tool that can help you get the job done you can use the command prompt! can be run at build or release time to automate tasks What are some uses? https://www.npmjs.org/ - NuGet for Node packages http://bower.io/ - NuGet for UI JavaScript libraries (jQuery, Bootstrap, Angular, etc) http://yeoman.io/ "Our workflow is comprised of three tools for improving your productivity and satisfaction when building a web app: yo (the scaffolding tool), grunt (the build tool) and bower (for package management)." -> yeoman asks which components you want alternative - http://joakimbeng.eu01.aws.af.cm/slush-replacing-yeoman-with-gulp/ https://www.npmjs.org/package/generator-cg-angular - phantom js, less, // git is needed for bower http://git-scm.com/ run installer in Windows before you can use bower // select Run Git from the Windows Command Prompt in the installer // requires a reboot http://stackoverflow.com/questions/20069297/bower-git-not-in-the-path-error npm install -g git npm install -g yo npm install -g generator-cg-angular mkdir myapp cd myapp yo cg-angular npm install -g bower npm install -g grunt-cli yo bower grunt serve grunt test grunt build // there are many generators (generator-angular) is another one // I like the Nuget HotTowel-Angular from John Papa myself // needed IIS Node for Express -> prompt from WebMatrix Karma bat to startup Karma - see below image compression - https://www.npmjs.org/search?q=optimize+images, https://github.com/heldr/node-smushit - do it from the command line LESS compiling js and css combine and minification at build with Gulp for requireJS apps quick lightweight HTTP server - "Express" Build pipeline with Grunt or Gulp http://www.johnpapa.net/gulp-and-grunt-at-anglebrackets/ Gulp is the newer and improved over Grunt. Supposed to be easier to use, but Grunt is more established. https://github.com/johnpapa/ng-demos/tree/master/grunt-gulp https://github.com/assetgraph/assetgraph-builder Does a lot of the minimizing, combining, image optimization etc using Node. Looks interesting.... http://nodejs.org http://nodeschool.io/ http://sub.watchmecode.net/getting-started-with-nodejs-installing-and-writing-your-first-code/ https://stormpath.com/blog/build-a-killer-node-dot-js-client-for-your-rest-plus-json-api/ https://codio.com/ http://www.hanselman.com/blog/ItsJustASoftwareIssueEdgejsBringsNodeAndNETTogetherOnThreePlatforms.aspx run unit tests - Karma in msBuild karma-start.bat @echo off cd %~dp0\.. REM 604800 is to make sure we only update once every 7 days call npm install --cache-min 604800 -g grunt-cli call npm install --cache-min 604800 call npm install --cache-min 604800 -g karma-cli karma start UnitTests\karma.conf.js REM karma start UnitTests\karma.conf.js --single-run REM see karma-start.bat and karam.config.js REM jsHint comes from Nuget

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  • Using Appendbuffers in unity for terrain generation

    - by Wardy
    Like many others I figured I would try and make the most of the monster processing power of the GPU but I'm having trouble getting the basics in place. CPU code: using UnityEngine; using System.Collections; public class Test : MonoBehaviour { public ComputeShader Generator; public MeshTopology Topology; void OnEnable() { var computedMeshPoints = ComputeMesh(); CreateMeshFrom(computedMeshPoints); } private Vector3[] ComputeMesh() { var size = (32*32) * 4; // 4 points added for each x,z pos var buffer = new ComputeBuffer(size, 12, ComputeBufferType.Append); Generator.SetBuffer(0, "vertexBuffer", buffer); Generator.Dispatch(0, 1, 1, 1); var results = new Vector3[size]; buffer.GetData(results); buffer.Dispose(); return results; } private void CreateMeshFrom(Vector3[] generatedPoints) { var filter = GetComponent<MeshFilter>(); var renderer = GetComponent<MeshRenderer>(); if (generatedPoints.Length > 0) { var mesh = new Mesh { vertices = generatedPoints }; var colors = new Color[generatedPoints.Length]; var indices = new int[generatedPoints.Length]; //TODO: build this different based on topology of the mesh being generated for (int i = 0; i < indices.Length; i++) { indices[i] = i; colors[i] = Color.blue; } mesh.SetIndices(indices, Topology, 0); mesh.colors = colors; mesh.RecalculateNormals(); mesh.Optimize(); mesh.RecalculateBounds(); filter.sharedMesh = mesh; } else { filter.sharedMesh = null; } } } GPU code: #pragma kernel Generate AppendStructuredBuffer<float3> vertexBuffer : register(u0); void genVertsAt(uint2 xzPos) { //TODO: put some height generation code here. // could even run marching cubes / dual contouring code. float3 corner1 = float3( xzPos[0], 0, xzPos[1] ); float3 corner2 = float3( xzPos[0] + 1, 0, xzPos[1] ); float3 corner3 = float3( xzPos[0], 0, xzPos[1] + 1); float3 corner4 = float3( xzPos[0] + 1, 0, xzPos[1] + 1 ); vertexBuffer.Append(corner1); vertexBuffer.Append(corner2); vertexBuffer.Append(corner3); vertexBuffer.Append(corner4); } [numthreads(32, 1, 32)] void Generate (uint3 threadId : SV_GroupThreadID, uint3 groupId : SV_GroupID) { uint2 currentXZ = unint2( groupId.x * 32 + threadId.x, groupId.z * 32 + threadId.z); genVertsAt(currentXZ); } Can anyone explain why when I call "buffer.GetData(results);" on the CPU after the compute dispatch call my buffer is full of Vector3(0,0,0), I'm not expecting any y values yet but I would expect a bunch of thread indexes in the x,z values for the Vector3 array. I'm not getting any errors in any of this code which suggests it's correct syntax-wise but maybe the issue is a logical bug. Also: Yes, I know I'm generating 4,000 Vector3's and then basically round tripping them. However, the purpose of this code is purely to learn how round tripping works between CPU and GPU in Unity.

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