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  • SQL??“ALL”,????

    - by Todd Bao
    ALL????????????,>ALL?>=ALL?<ALL?<=ALL?=ALL?!=ALL???????????????????WHERE????TRUE?????????“=ALL”?????:select employee_id,last_name,department_id  from hr.employees   where department_id =ALL (select department_id from hr.employees where salary > 16000);EMPLOYEE_ID + LAST_NAME         + DEPARTMENT_ID----------- + ------------------------- + -------------    100 + King            +         90    101 + Kochhar            +         90    102 + De Haan            +         903 rows selected.??????????SALARY??16000????????????????????(???90),???????????????????????,????????????department_id???,????????????,???16000???8000:select employee_id,last_name   from hr.employees   where department_id =ALL (select department_id from hr.employees where salary > 8000);no rows selected????,ALL???????????????????WHERE????TURE,??????,??????salary > 77777:select employee_id,last_name   from hr.employees   where department_id =ALL (select department_id from hr.employees where salary > 77777)/?????????????77777??,??????“where department_id =ALL (???)”??TRUE,?????????????:EMPLOYEE_ID + LAST_NAME----------- + -------------------------    198 + OConnell    199 + Grant    ...   .....    196 + Walsh    197 + Feeney107 rows selected.?????????????>ALL?<ALL?>=ALL?<=ALL?!=ALL??,??????????????,???????“?”??????????????????,?“?”?????????????????????????????:select * from hr.employees where department_id >=ALL (null)/Todd

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  • How do I share a WiX fragment in two WiX projects?

    - by Randy Eppinger
    We have a WiX fragment in a file SomeDialog.wxs that prompts the user for some information. It's referenced in another fragment in InstallerUI.wxs file that controls the dialog order. Of course, Product.wxs is our main file. Works great. Now I have a second Visual Studio 2008 Wix 3.0 Project for the .MSI of another application and it needs to ask the user for the same information. I can't seem to figure out the best way to share the file so that changing the information requested will result in both .MSIs getting the new behavior. I honestly can't tell if a merge module, an .wsi (include) or a .wixlib is the right solution. I would have hoped to find a simple example of someone doing this but I have failed thus far. Edit: Based on Rob Mensching's wixlib blog entry, a wixlib may be the answer, but I am still searching for an example of how to do this.

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  • ZFS: Mirror vs. RAID-Z

    - by John Clayton
    I'm planning on building a file server using OpenSolaris and ZFS that will provide two primary services - be an iSCSI target for XenServer virtual machines & be a general home file server. The hardware I'm looking at includes 2x 4-port SATA controllers, 2x small boot drives (one on each controller), and 4x big drives for storage. This allows one free port per controller for upgrading the array down the road. Where I'm a little confused is how to setup the storage drives. For performance, mirroring appears to be king. I'm having a hard time seeing what the benefit would be of using RAIDZ over mirroring would be. With this setup I can see two options - two mirrored pools in one stripe, or RAIDZ2. Both should protect against 2 drive failures, and/or one controller failure...the only benefit of RAIDZ2 would be that any 2 drives could fail. The storage should be 50% of capacity in both cases, but the first should have much better performance, right? The other thing I'm trying to wrap my mind around is the benefit of mirrored arrays with more than two devices. For data integrity what, if any, would be the benefit of a RAIDZ over a three-way mirror? Since ZFS maintains file integrity what does RAIDZ bring to the table...doesn't ZFS's integrity checks negate the value of RAIDZ's parity?

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  • Debugging asp.net with firefox and visual studio.net - very slow compared to IE

    - by john
    Debugging asp.net websites/web projects in visual studio.net 2005 with Firefox is loads slower than using IE. I've read something somewhere that there is a way of fixing this but i can't for the life of me find it again. Does anyone know what i'm on about and can point me in the right direction please? Cheers John edit sorry rob i haven't explained myself very well(again). I prefer Firefox for debugging (firebug etc) hitting F5 when debugging with IE the browser launches really quickly and clicking around my web application is almost instant and when a breakpont is hit i get to my code straight away with no delays. hitting F5 when debugging with FireFox the browser launches really slowly (ok i have plugins that slow FF loading) but clicking around my web application is really really slow and when a breakpoint is hit it takes ages to break into code. i swear i've read something somewhere that there is a setting in Firefox (about:config maybe?) that when changed to some magic setting sorts all this out.

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  • linq query - The method or operation is not implemented.

    - by Dejan.S
    I'm doing the Rob Conery mvc storefront and at one place I'm suppose to get categories but I get an error with this linq query and I can not get why. It's exactly the same as his. var culturedName = from ct in ReadOnlyContext.CategoryCultureDetails where ct.Culture.LanguageCode == System.Globalization.CultureInfo.CurrentUICulture.TwoLetterISOLanguageName select new { ct.CategoryName, ct.CategoryId }; return from c in ReadOnlyContext.Categories join cn in culturedName on c.CategoryId equals cn.CategoryId select new Core.Model.Category { Id = c.CategoryId, Name = cn.CategoryName, ParentId = c.ParentId ?? 0, Products = new LazyList<Core.Model.Product>(from p in GetProducts() join cp in ReadOnlyContext.Categories_Products on p.Id equals cp.ProductId where cp.CategoryId == c.CategoryId select p) }; its the return query that mess things up. I have checked and the culturename actually gets data from the database. Appricate your help

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  • Convert IEnumerable<dynamic> to JsonArray

    - by Burt
    I am selecting an IEnumerable<dynamic> from the database using Rob Conery's Massive framework. The structure comes back in a flat format Poco C#. I need to transform the data and output it to a Json array (format show at bottom). I thought I could do the transform using linq (my unsuccessful effort is shown below): using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Json; using System.Linq; using System.ServiceModel.Web; .... IEnumerable<dynamic> list = _repository.All("", "", 0).ToList(); JsonArray returnValue = from item in list select new JsonObject() { Name = item.Test, Data = new dyamic(){...}... }; Here is the Json I am trying to generate: [ { "id": "1", "title": "Data Title", "data": [ { "column1 name": "the value", "column2 name": "the value", "column3 name": "", "column4 name": "the value" } ] }, { "id": "2", "title": "Data Title", "data": [ { "column1 name": "the value", "column2 name": "the value", "column3 name": "the value", "column4 name": "the value" } ] } ]

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  • Mutex names - best practice?

    - by Argalatyr
    Related to this question, what is the best practice for naming a mutex? I realize this may vary with OS and even with version (esp for Windows), so please specify platform in answering. My interest is in Win XP and Vista. EDIT: I am motivated by curiousity, because in Rob Kennedy's comment under his (excellent) Answer to the above-linked Question, he implied that the choice of mutex name is non-trivial and should be the subject of a separate question. EDIT2: The referenced question's goal was to ensure only a single instance of an app is running.

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  • Left Join in Subsonic 3

    - by user303187
    I'm trying to do a left join in subsonic 3 using linq but it doesn't seem to work, I get a big error. var post = from p in Post.All() join q in Quote.All() on p.ID equals q.PostID into pq where p.ID == id.Value from qt in pq.DefaultIfEmpty() select new {p, qt}; I'm using subsonic 3, latest GIT version from Rob, but I'm getting an error, see below, when I try a left join. I have searched but I didn't found any solution. Can anyone explain to me why the error and how to fix it? Thanks Expression of type 'System.Collections.Generic.IEnumerable1[GetAQuote.Post]' cannot be used for parameter of type 'System.Linq.IQueryable1[GetAQuote.Post]' of method 'System.Linq.IQueryable1[<>f__AnonymousType221[GetAQuote.Post], System.Collections.Generic.IEnumerable1%5BGetAQuote.Quote%5D, System.Linq.Expressions.Expression1[System.Func2%5BGetAQuote.Post,System.Int32%5D%5D, System.Linq.Expressions.Expression1[System.Func2%5BGetAQuote.Quote,System.Int32%5D%5D, System.Linq.Expressions.Expression1[System.Func3%5BGetAQuote.Post,System.Collections.Generic.IEnumerable1[GetAQuote.Quote],<>f__AnonymousType22%5BGetAQuote.Post,System.Collections.Generic.IEnumerable1%5BGetAQuote.Quote%5D%5D%5D%5D"GetAQuote.Post,System.Collections.Generic.IEnumerable1[GetAQuote.Quote]]] GroupJoin[Post,Quote,Int32,<f__AnonymousType22'`

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  • How can I create and manage a multi-tenant ASP MVC application

    - by Wizzarding
    Hi, I want to create a multi-tenant application that uses the hostname to determine the customer. For example: CustomerOne.myapp.com AnotherCo.myapp.com AndOneMore.myapp.com ... I can do the database and security side with no problems, I can also get the hostname from the URL, but what I am struggling to find out is how to create the basic plumbing that would allow a new customer to sign up online, provide their company name, and for the application to create the new URL, ready to be used straight away. Can anyone help? Thanks, Rob.

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  • What are appropriate ways to represent relationships between people in a database table?

    - by Emilio
    I've got a table of people - an ID primary key and a name. In my application, people can have 0 or more real-world relationships with other people, so Jack might "work for" Jane and Tom might "replace" Tony and Bob might "be an employee of" Rob and Bob might also "be married to" Mary. What's the best way to represent this in the database? A many to many intersect table? A series of self joins? A relationship table with one row per relationship pair and type, where I insert records for the relationship in both directions?

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  • C# Silverlight - XmlDictionary from Uri

    - by Robert White
    I've been developing a Silverlight application for a company's website and have encountered a problem. Up until now I have been programming this locally, now I need to publish the program onto the website; the issue is that FileStream can only access local files with elevated permissions. Here's a snippet of code: using (FileStream fileStream = new FileStream(@"E:\Users\LUPUS\Documents\Visual Studio 2010\Projects\Lycaon5\Lycaon5\acids.xdb", FileMode.Open)) { using (XmlDictionaryReader reader = XmlDictionaryReader.CreateTextReader(fileStream, XmlDictionaryReaderQuotas.Max)) { //Read the XML file out. } } Without changing anything to do with XmlDictionaryReader reader - How could I go about reading the files from a relative Uri? Many Thanks, Rob. P.s. Apologies for the lack of formatting, me cave man, me don't know how.

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  • Storing Tables of Information on the Android Platform.

    - by Tarmon
    I have about twenty pages of information that is stored in tables that needs to be stored in my Android application. Each column is a designated stop on a bus route and the column is filled with times that the bus will be at the stop. There is also certain information that needs to be associated with some times, such as if the bus is handicap accessible at a certain time. Here is an example of one of the tables: Bus Times I have thought about using a SQL lite as that seems as though it would be able to store these tables quite easily; but when I think of using SQL I think of dynamic data storage and this shouldn't be changing more than once a year. Is SQL appropriate for this application? Is there a better way to do this? Thanks, Rob

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  • a java applet question

    - by Robert
    Hello there. I have a question on the java applet.I've created a java applet,which is a board game,that can have a 2*2 array with row number and column number both set to 9 by default. Now I want to extend my applet a bit,that the user can specify the size they want on the command-line,then the applet class will create an applet with correspoding size. I try to add a constructor in the applet class,but the Eclipse complains,I also tried another class,which will create an instance of this applet with size as an instance variable,but it is not working. Could anyone help me a little bit on where to put a main() method that can take care of user-specified board sized,then create an array in my applet class accordingly? Thanks a lot. Rob

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  • Intermittent "No Database Selected" in PHP/MySQL?

    - by ANE
    Have a PHP/MySQL form with a dropdown box containing a list of 350 names. When any random name is selected, sometimes it works & displays info about that name from the database, and sometimes the form gives the error "No Database Selected". Here's what I've tried, pretty much grasping at straws as I'm not a programmer: Increasing max_connections in /etc/my.cnf from 200 to 2000 (even though only 4-5 connections are made and it's a lightly used server) Changing mysql_pconnect to mysql_connect Adding the word true to this connection string: $mysql = mysql_pconnect($hostname_mysql, $username_mysql, $password_mysql, true) or trigger_error(mysql_error(),E_USER_ERROR); Changing the word require_once to require on this line: [?php require('/home/user/Connections/mysql.php'); ?] Enabling MySQL & PHP query & error logging. (no errors logged) Here is the code: [removed old bad code] Update: Working answer from Rob Apodaca below.

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  • The Story of secure user-authentication in squid

    - by Isaac
    once upon a time, there was a beautiful warm virtual-jungle in south america, and a squid server lived there. here is an perceptual image of the network: <the Internet> | | A | B Users <---------> [squid-Server] <---> [LDAP-Server] When the Users request access to the Internet, squid ask their name and passport, authenticate them by LDAP and if ldap approved them, then he granted them. Everyone was happy until some sniffers stole passport in path between users and squid [path A]. This disaster happened because squid used Basic-Authentication method. The people of jungle gathered to solve the problem. Some bunnies offered using NTLM of method. Snakes prefered Digest-Authentication while Kerberos recommended by trees. After all, many solution offered by people of jungle and all was confused! The Lion decided to end the situation. He shouted the rules for solutions: Shall the solution be secure! Shall the solution work for most of browsers and softwares (e.g. download softwares) Shall the solution be simple and do not need other huge subsystem (like Samba server) Shall not the method depend on special domain. (e.g. Active Directory) Then, a very resonable-comprehensive-clever solution offered by a monkey, making him the new king of the jungle! can you guess what was the solution? Tip: The path between squid and LDAP is protected by the lion, so the solution have not to secure it. Note: sorry if the story is boring and messy, but most of it is real! =) /~\/~\/~\ /\~/~\/~\/~\/~\ ((/~\/~\/~\/~\/~\)) (/~\/~\/~\/~\/~\/~\/~\) (//// ~ ~ \\\\) (\\\\( (0) (0) )////) (\\\\( __\-/__ )////) (\\\( /-\ )///) (\\\( (""""") )///) (\\\( \^^^/ )///) (\\\( )///) (\/~\/~\/~\/) ** (\/~\/~\/) *####* | | **** /| | | |\ \\ _/ | | | | \_ _________// Thanks! (,,)(,,)_(,,)(,,)--------'

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  • secure user-authentication in squid

    - by Isaac
    once upon a time, there was a beautiful warm virtual-jungle in south america, and a squid server lived there. here is an perceptual image of the network: <the Internet> | | A | B Users <---------> [squid-Server] <---> [LDAP-Server] When the Users request access to the Internet, squid ask their name and passport, authenticate them by LDAP and if ldap approved them, then he granted them. Everyone was happy until some sniffers stole passport in path between users and squid [path A]. This disaster happened because squid used Basic-Authentication method. The people of jungle gathered to solve the problem. Some bunnies offered using NTLM of method. Snakes prefered Digest-Authentication while Kerberos recommended by trees. After all, many solution offered by people of jungle and all was confused! The Lion decided to end the situation. He shouted the rules for solutions: Shall the solution be secure! Shall the solution work for most of browsers and softwares (e.g. download softwares) Shall the solution be simple and do not need other huge subsystem (like Samba server) Shall not the method depend on special domain. (e.g. Active Directory) Then, a very resonable-comprehensive-clever solution offered by a monkey, making him the new king of the jungle! can you guess what was the solution? Tip: The path between squid and LDAP is protected by the lion, so the solution have not to secure it. Note: sorry for this boring and messy story! /~\/~\/~\ /\~/~\/~\/~\/~\ ((/~\/~\/~\/~\/~\)) (/~\/~\/~\/~\/~\/~\/~\) (//// ~ ~ \\\\) (\\\\( (0) (0) )////) (\\\\( __\-/__ )////) (\\\( /-\ )///) (\\\( (""""") )///) (\\\( \^^^/ )///) (\\\( )///) (\/~\/~\/~\/) ** (\/~\/~\/) *####* | | **** /| | | |\ \\ _/ | | | | \_ _________// Thanks! (,,)(,,)_(,,)(,,)--------'

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  • secure user-authentication in squid: The Story

    - by Isaac
    once upon a time, there was a beautiful warm virtual-jungle in south america, and a squid server lived there. here is an perceptual image of the network: <the Internet> | | A | B Users <---------> [squid-Server] <---> [LDAP-Server] When the Users request access to the Internet, squid ask their name and passport, authenticate them by LDAP and if ldap approved them, then he granted them. Everyone was happy until some sniffers stole passport in path between users and squid [path A]. This disaster happened because squid used Basic-Authentication method. The people of jungle gathered to solve the problem. Some bunnies offered using NTLM of method. Snakes prefered Digest-Authentication while Kerberos recommended by trees. After all, many solution offered by people of jungle and all was confused! The Lion decided to end the situation. He shouted the rules for solutions: Shall the solution be secure! Shall the solution work for most of browsers and softwares (e.g. download softwares) Shall the solution be simple and do not need other huge subsystem (like Samba server) Shall not the method depend on special domain. (e.g. Active Directory) Then, a very resonable-comprehensive-clever solution offered by a monkey, making him the new king of the jungle! can you guess what was the solution? Tip: The path between squid and LDAP is protected by the lion, so the solution have not to secure it. Note: sorry for this boring and messy story! /~\/~\/~\ /\~/~\/~\/~\/~\ ((/~\/~\/~\/~\/~\)) (/~\/~\/~\/~\/~\/~\/~\) (//// ~ ~ \\\\) (\\\\( (0) (0) )////) (\\\\( __\-/__ )////) (\\\( /-\ )///) (\\\( (""""") )///) (\\\( \^^^/ )///) (\\\( )///) (\/~\/~\/~\/) ** (\/~\/~\/) *####* | | **** /| | | |\ \\ _/ | | | | \_ _________// Thanks! (,,)(,,)_(,,)(,,)--------'

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  • How to get or make a WPF WebBrowser with a visual.

    - by Trainee4Life
    Having problems related to WPF WebBrowser not having a visual. Reason being, that it actually a wrapper around the winforms browser. Anyways, I searched the web for any solution to this problem, and got hold of the following suggestions: http://chriscavanagh.wordpress.com/2009/08/25/a-real-wpf-webbrowser/ http://rob.runtothehills.org/archives/60 The first one solves everything, but seems like an overkill. Plus, the dll's should be licensed for commercial use. The second one seems simple, but not able to figure out when to refresh the screen. Plus there's so much to do like sending mouse and keyboard messages to the webbrowser. P.S. The problem I'm trying to solve is to show the same webbrowser on different windows. They both must be interactive, and always in sync visually.

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  • LINQ Equivalent query

    - by GilliVilla
    I have a List<string> List<string> students; students.Add("123Rob"); students.Add("234Schulz"); and a Dictionary<string,string> Dictionary<string, string> courses = new Dictionary<string, string>(); courses .Add("Rob", "Chemistry"); courses .Add("Bob", "Math"); courses .Add("Holly", "Physics"); courses .Add("Schulz", "Botany"); My objective now is to get a List with the values - {Chemistry,Botany} . In other words, I am trying to get the LINQ equivalent of select value from [courses] where [courses].key in ( select [courses].key from courses,students where [students].id LIKE '%courses.key%' ) How should the LINQ query be framed?

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  • PHP MySQL New Lines / Whitespaces from textarea

    - by rob_robsen
    I've a problem about whitespaces and new lines at the beginning of a textarea. I send a json string with ajax to the php script. Then I decode the string into an php array (with json_decode). So I have a string in this array with two line breaks at the beginning. If a print the text from the array, the line breaks are there, but if I store the text into the mysql database, the line breaks are gone... Only at the beginning of the string, the line breaks gone... At the rest of the string, the line breaks are ok. Thanks for your answers! rob

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  • Getting started with SQLite (Android)

    - by Tarmon
    Hey Everyone, I have limited SQL background, basically a small amount of manipulation through HTML and mostly with pre-existing databases. What I am trying to do is set up a database that will store time information for bus routes. So basically I have different routes with stops for each route and then a list of times that the bus arrives at each stop. Here is an example of a table of times from their website: Link. I am wondering what would be the best way to layout my database/tables? Also what is the purpose of the _id field in each table? Thanks, Rob! P.S. Sorry if my lack of knowledge on the subject has caused me to post a duplicate question.

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  • Set argument pointer to point to new memory inside a function (without returning it) IN C

    - by user321605
    Hello, Hopefully my title was descriptive enough to attract the right help. I want to write a function that will return 1 thing, and modify a provided pointer in another. My current function declaration is . . . char * afterURL replaceURLS(char * body) What I want to do is copy all of body's data into a new string, and set body to point to this new data. I then want afterURL to point to a location within the new string. My issue is getting the actual pointer that is passed in to this function to point to the new data. Thanks in advance! Rob

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  • Is SubSonic dying

    - by JimBobBillyBoy
    I'm real interested in using SubSonic, I've downloaded it and I'm enjoying it so far, but looking at the activity on github and googlegroups it doesn't seem to be very active and looks a lot like a project that's dying. There's no videos about it on tekpub and Rob seems to be using nHibernate for all his projects these days. I don't want to focus on learning SubSonic and integrating it into my projects if it's not going to live much longer. So my question is what's happening with subsonic development, is there a new release imminent is there lots going on behind the scenes or is it as inactive as it seems?

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  • C++ Deck and Card Class Error with bad alloc

    - by user3702164
    Just started learn to code in school. Our assignment requires us to create a card game with card,deck and hand class. I am having troubles with it now and i keep getting exception: std::bad_alloc at memory location. Here are my codes right now CardType h: #ifndef cardType_h #define cardType_h #include <string> using namespace std; class cardType{ public: void print(); int getValue() const; string getSymbol() const; string getSpecial() const; string getSuit() const; int checkSpecial(int gscore) const; cardType(); cardType(string suit,int value); private: int value; string special; string symbol; string suit; }; #endif CardType cpp: #include "cardType.h" #include <iostream> #include <string> using namespace std; void cardType::print() { cout << getSymbol() << " of " << getSuit() << ", having the value of " << getValue() << "."<< endl <<"This card's special is " << getSpecial() << endl; } int cardType::getValue() const { return value; } string cardType::getSymbol() const { return symbol; } string cardType::getSpecial() const { return special; } string cardType::getSuit() const { return suit; } cardType::cardType(){ value=0; symbol="?"; special='?'; suit='?'; } cardType::cardType(string s, int v){ suit = s; value = v; switch(v){ case 1: // Ace cards have a value of 1 and have no special type symbol="Ace"; special="None"; break; case 2: // 2 cards have a value of 2 and have no special type symbol="2"; special="None"; break; case 3: symbol="3"; // 3 cards have a value of 3 and have no special type special="None"; break; case 4: symbol="4"; // 4 cards have a value of 0 and have a special type "Reverse" which reverses the flow of the game special="Reverse"; value=0; break; case 5: symbol="5"; // 5 cards have a value of 5 and have no special type special="None"; break; case 6: symbol="6"; // 6 cards have a value of 6 and have no special type special="None"; break; case 7: symbol="7"; // 7 cards have a value of 7 and have no special type special="None"; break; case 8: symbol="8"; // 8 cards have a value of 8 and have no special type special="None"; break; case 9: symbol="9"; // 9 cards have a value of 0 and have a special type "Pass" which does not add any value to the game and lets the player skip his turn. special="Pass"; value=0; break; case 10: symbol="10"; // 10 cards have a value of 10 and have a special type "subtract" which instead of adding the 10 value to the total game it is subtracted instead. special="Subtract"; value=10; break; case 11: // Jack cards have a value of 10 and have no special type symbol="Jack"; special="None"; value=10; break; case 12: // Queens cards have a value of 10 and have no special type symbol="Queen"; special="None"; value=10; break; case 13: symbol="King"; // King cards have a value of 0 and have a special type "NinetyNine" which changes the total game score to 99 reguardless what number it was previously special="NinetyNine"; value=0; break; } } int cardType::checkSpecial(int gscore) const{ if(special=="Pass"){ return gscore; } if(special=="Reverse"){ return gscore; } if(special=="Subtract"){ return gscore - value; } if(special=="NinetyNine"){ return 99; } else{ return gscore + value; } } DeckType h: #ifndef deckType_h #define deckType_h #include "cardType.h" #include <string> using namespace std; class deckType { public: void shuffle(); cardType dealCard(); deckType(); private: cardType *deck; int current; }; #endif DeckType cpp: #include <iostream> #include "deckType.h" using namespace std; deckType::deckType() { int index = 0; int current=0; deck = new cardType[52]; string suit[] = {"Hearts","Diamonds","Clubs","Spades"}; int value[] = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13}; for ( int i = 0; i <= 3; i++ ) { for ( int j = 1; j <= 13; j++ ) { deck[index] = cardType(suit[i],value[j]); index++; } } } cardType deckType::dealCard() { return deck[current]; current++; } Main cpp : #include "deckType.h" #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { deckType gamedeck; cout << "1" <<endl; cardType currentCard; cout << "2" <<endl; currentCard = gamedeck.dealCard(); cout << "3" <<endl; return 0; } I keep getting bad_alloc at the currentCard = gamedeck.dealCard(); I really do not know what i have done wrong.

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  • Introduction to the ASP.NET Web API

    - by Stephen.Walther
    I am a huge fan of Ajax. If you want to create a great experience for the users of your website – regardless of whether you are building an ASP.NET MVC or an ASP.NET Web Forms site — then you need to use Ajax. Otherwise, you are just being cruel to your customers. We use Ajax extensively in several of the ASP.NET applications that my company, Superexpert.com, builds. We expose data from the server as JSON and use jQuery to retrieve and update that data from the browser. One challenge, when building an ASP.NET website, is deciding on which technology to use to expose JSON data from the server. For example, how do you expose a list of products from the server as JSON so you can retrieve the list of products with jQuery? You have a number of options (too many options) including ASMX Web services, WCF Web Services, ASHX Generic Handlers, WCF Data Services, and MVC controller actions. Fortunately, the world has just been simplified. With the release of ASP.NET 4 Beta, Microsoft has introduced a new technology for exposing JSON from the server named the ASP.NET Web API. You can use the ASP.NET Web API with both ASP.NET MVC and ASP.NET Web Forms applications. The goal of this blog post is to provide you with a brief overview of the features of the new ASP.NET Web API. You learn how to use the ASP.NET Web API to retrieve, insert, update, and delete database records with jQuery. We also discuss how you can perform form validation when using the Web API and use OData when using the Web API. Creating an ASP.NET Web API Controller The ASP.NET Web API exposes JSON data through a new type of controller called an API controller. You can add an API controller to an existing ASP.NET MVC 4 project through the standard Add Controller dialog box. Right-click your Controllers folder and select Add, Controller. In the dialog box, name your controller MovieController and select the Empty API controller template: A brand new API controller looks like this: using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Net.Http; using System.Web.Http; namespace MyWebAPIApp.Controllers { public class MovieController : ApiController { } } An API controller, unlike a standard MVC controller, derives from the base ApiController class instead of the base Controller class. Using jQuery to Retrieve, Insert, Update, and Delete Data Let’s create an Ajaxified Movie Database application. We’ll retrieve, insert, update, and delete movies using jQuery with the MovieController which we just created. Our Movie model class looks like this: namespace MyWebAPIApp.Models { public class Movie { public int Id { get; set; } public string Title { get; set; } public string Director { get; set; } } } Our application will consist of a single HTML page named Movies.html. We’ll place all of our jQuery code in the Movies.html page. Getting a Single Record with the ASP.NET Web API To support retrieving a single movie from the server, we need to add a Get method to our API controller: using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Net; using System.Net.Http; using System.Web.Http; using MyWebAPIApp.Models; namespace MyWebAPIApp.Controllers { public class MovieController : ApiController { public Movie GetMovie(int id) { // Return movie by id if (id == 1) { return new Movie { Id = 1, Title = "Star Wars", Director = "Lucas" }; } // Otherwise, movie was not found throw new HttpResponseException(HttpStatusCode.NotFound); } } } In the code above, the GetMovie() method accepts the Id of a movie. If the Id has the value 1 then the method returns the movie Star Wars. Otherwise, the method throws an exception and returns 404 Not Found HTTP status code. After building your project, you can invoke the MovieController.GetMovie() method by entering the following URL in your web browser address bar: http://localhost:[port]/api/movie/1 (You’ll need to enter the correct randomly generated port). In the URL api/movie/1, the first “api” segment indicates that this is a Web API route. The “movie” segment indicates that the MovieController should be invoked. You do not specify the name of the action. Instead, the HTTP method used to make the request – GET, POST, PUT, DELETE — is used to identify the action to invoke. The ASP.NET Web API uses different routing conventions than normal ASP.NET MVC controllers. When you make an HTTP GET request then any API controller method with a name that starts with “GET” is invoked. So, we could have called our API controller action GetPopcorn() instead of GetMovie() and it would still be invoked by the URL api/movie/1. The default route for the Web API is defined in the Global.asax file and it looks like this: routes.MapHttpRoute( name: "DefaultApi", routeTemplate: "api/{controller}/{id}", defaults: new { id = RouteParameter.Optional } ); We can invoke our GetMovie() controller action with the jQuery code in the following HTML page: <!DOCTYPE html> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <title>Get Movie</title> </head> <body> <div> Title: <span id="title"></span> </div> <div> Director: <span id="director"></span> </div> <script type="text/javascript" src="Scripts/jquery-1.6.2.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> getMovie(1, function (movie) { $("#title").html(movie.Title); $("#director").html(movie.Director); }); function getMovie(id, callback) { $.ajax({ url: "/api/Movie", data: { id: id }, type: "GET", contentType: "application/json;charset=utf-8", statusCode: { 200: function (movie) { callback(movie); }, 404: function () { alert("Not Found!"); } } }); } </script> </body> </html> In the code above, the jQuery $.ajax() method is used to invoke the GetMovie() method. Notice that the Ajax call handles two HTTP response codes. When the GetMove() method successfully returns a movie, the method returns a 200 status code. In that case, the details of the movie are displayed in the HTML page. Otherwise, if the movie is not found, the GetMovie() method returns a 404 status code. In that case, the page simply displays an alert box indicating that the movie was not found (hopefully, you would implement something more graceful in an actual application). You can use your browser’s Developer Tools to see what is going on in the background when you open the HTML page (hit F12 in the most recent version of most browsers). For example, you can use the Network tab in Google Chrome to see the Ajax request which invokes the GetMovie() method: Getting a Set of Records with the ASP.NET Web API Let’s modify our Movie API controller so that it returns a collection of movies. The following Movie controller has a new ListMovies() method which returns a (hard-coded) collection of movies: using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Net; using System.Net.Http; using System.Web.Http; using MyWebAPIApp.Models; namespace MyWebAPIApp.Controllers { public class MovieController : ApiController { public IEnumerable<Movie> ListMovies() { return new List<Movie> { new Movie {Id=1, Title="Star Wars", Director="Lucas"}, new Movie {Id=1, Title="King Kong", Director="Jackson"}, new Movie {Id=1, Title="Memento", Director="Nolan"} }; } } } Because we named our action ListMovies(), the default Web API route will never match it. Therefore, we need to add the following custom route to our Global.asax file (at the top of the RegisterRoutes() method): routes.MapHttpRoute( name: "ActionApi", routeTemplate: "api/{controller}/{action}/{id}", defaults: new { id = RouteParameter.Optional } ); This route enables us to invoke the ListMovies() method with the URL /api/movie/listmovies. Now that we have exposed our collection of movies from the server, we can retrieve and display the list of movies using jQuery in our HTML page: <!DOCTYPE html> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <title>List Movies</title> </head> <body> <div id="movies"></div> <script type="text/javascript" src="Scripts/jquery-1.6.2.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> listMovies(function (movies) { var strMovies=""; $.each(movies, function (index, movie) { strMovies += "<div>" + movie.Title + "</div>"; }); $("#movies").html(strMovies); }); function listMovies(callback) { $.ajax({ url: "/api/Movie/ListMovies", data: {}, type: "GET", contentType: "application/json;charset=utf-8", }).then(function(movies){ callback(movies); }); } </script> </body> </html>     Inserting a Record with the ASP.NET Web API Now let’s modify our Movie API controller so it supports creating new records: public HttpResponseMessage<Movie> PostMovie(Movie movieToCreate) { // Add movieToCreate to the database and update primary key movieToCreate.Id = 23; // Build a response that contains the location of the new movie var response = new HttpResponseMessage<Movie>(movieToCreate, HttpStatusCode.Created); var relativePath = "/api/movie/" + movieToCreate.Id; response.Headers.Location = new Uri(Request.RequestUri, relativePath); return response; } The PostMovie() method in the code above accepts a movieToCreate parameter. We don’t actually store the new movie anywhere. In real life, you will want to call a service method to store the new movie in a database. When you create a new resource, such as a new movie, you should return the location of the new resource. In the code above, the URL where the new movie can be retrieved is assigned to the Location header returned in the PostMovie() response. Because the name of our method starts with “Post”, we don’t need to create a custom route. The PostMovie() method can be invoked with the URL /Movie/PostMovie – just as long as the method is invoked within the context of a HTTP POST request. The following HTML page invokes the PostMovie() method. <!DOCTYPE html> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <title>Create Movie</title> </head> <body> <script type="text/javascript" src="Scripts/jquery-1.6.2.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> var movieToCreate = { title: "The Hobbit", director: "Jackson" }; createMovie(movieToCreate, function (newMovie) { alert("New movie created with an Id of " + newMovie.Id); }); function createMovie(movieToCreate, callback) { $.ajax({ url: "/api/Movie", data: JSON.stringify( movieToCreate ), type: "POST", contentType: "application/json;charset=utf-8", statusCode: { 201: function (newMovie) { callback(newMovie); } } }); } </script> </body> </html> This page creates a new movie (the Hobbit) by calling the createMovie() method. The page simply displays the Id of the new movie: The HTTP Post operation is performed with the following call to the jQuery $.ajax() method: $.ajax({ url: "/api/Movie", data: JSON.stringify( movieToCreate ), type: "POST", contentType: "application/json;charset=utf-8", statusCode: { 201: function (newMovie) { callback(newMovie); } } }); Notice that the type of Ajax request is a POST request. This is required to match the PostMovie() method. Notice, furthermore, that the new movie is converted into JSON using JSON.stringify(). The JSON.stringify() method takes a JavaScript object and converts it into a JSON string. Finally, notice that success is represented with a 201 status code. The HttpStatusCode.Created value returned from the PostMovie() method returns a 201 status code. Updating a Record with the ASP.NET Web API Here’s how we can modify the Movie API controller to support updating an existing record. In this case, we need to create a PUT method to handle an HTTP PUT request: public void PutMovie(Movie movieToUpdate) { if (movieToUpdate.Id == 1) { // Update the movie in the database return; } // If you can't find the movie to update throw new HttpResponseException(HttpStatusCode.NotFound); } Unlike our PostMovie() method, the PutMovie() method does not return a result. The action either updates the database or, if the movie cannot be found, returns an HTTP Status code of 404. The following HTML page illustrates how you can invoke the PutMovie() method: <!DOCTYPE html> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <title>Put Movie</title> </head> <body> <script type="text/javascript" src="Scripts/jquery-1.6.2.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> var movieToUpdate = { id: 1, title: "The Hobbit", director: "Jackson" }; updateMovie(movieToUpdate, function () { alert("Movie updated!"); }); function updateMovie(movieToUpdate, callback) { $.ajax({ url: "/api/Movie", data: JSON.stringify(movieToUpdate), type: "PUT", contentType: "application/json;charset=utf-8", statusCode: { 200: function () { callback(); }, 404: function () { alert("Movie not found!"); } } }); } </script> </body> </html> Deleting a Record with the ASP.NET Web API Here’s the code for deleting a movie: public HttpResponseMessage DeleteMovie(int id) { // Delete the movie from the database // Return status code return new HttpResponseMessage(HttpStatusCode.NoContent); } This method simply deletes the movie (well, not really, but pretend that it does) and returns a No Content status code (204). The following page illustrates how you can invoke the DeleteMovie() action: <!DOCTYPE html> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <title>Delete Movie</title> </head> <body> <script type="text/javascript" src="Scripts/jquery-1.6.2.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> deleteMovie(1, function () { alert("Movie deleted!"); }); function deleteMovie(id, callback) { $.ajax({ url: "/api/Movie", data: JSON.stringify({id:id}), type: "DELETE", contentType: "application/json;charset=utf-8", statusCode: { 204: function () { callback(); } } }); } </script> </body> </html> Performing Validation How do you perform form validation when using the ASP.NET Web API? Because validation in ASP.NET MVC is driven by the Default Model Binder, and because the Web API uses the Default Model Binder, you get validation for free. Let’s modify our Movie class so it includes some of the standard validation attributes: using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations; namespace MyWebAPIApp.Models { public class Movie { public int Id { get; set; } [Required(ErrorMessage="Title is required!")] [StringLength(5, ErrorMessage="Title cannot be more than 5 characters!")] public string Title { get; set; } [Required(ErrorMessage="Director is required!")] public string Director { get; set; } } } In the code above, the Required validation attribute is used to make both the Title and Director properties required. The StringLength attribute is used to require the length of the movie title to be no more than 5 characters. Now let’s modify our PostMovie() action to validate a movie before adding the movie to the database: public HttpResponseMessage PostMovie(Movie movieToCreate) { // Validate movie if (!ModelState.IsValid) { var errors = new JsonArray(); foreach (var prop in ModelState.Values) { if (prop.Errors.Any()) { errors.Add(prop.Errors.First().ErrorMessage); } } return new HttpResponseMessage<JsonValue>(errors, HttpStatusCode.BadRequest); } // Add movieToCreate to the database and update primary key movieToCreate.Id = 23; // Build a response that contains the location of the new movie var response = new HttpResponseMessage<Movie>(movieToCreate, HttpStatusCode.Created); var relativePath = "/api/movie/" + movieToCreate.Id; response.Headers.Location = new Uri(Request.RequestUri, relativePath); return response; } If ModelState.IsValid has the value false then the errors in model state are copied to a new JSON array. Each property – such as the Title and Director property — can have multiple errors. In the code above, only the first error message is copied over. The JSON array is returned with a Bad Request status code (400 status code). The following HTML page illustrates how you can invoke our modified PostMovie() action and display any error messages: <!DOCTYPE html> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <title>Create Movie</title> </head> <body> <script type="text/javascript" src="Scripts/jquery-1.6.2.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> var movieToCreate = { title: "The Hobbit", director: "" }; createMovie(movieToCreate, function (newMovie) { alert("New movie created with an Id of " + newMovie.Id); }, function (errors) { var strErrors = ""; $.each(errors, function(index, err) { strErrors += "*" + err + "\n"; }); alert(strErrors); } ); function createMovie(movieToCreate, success, fail) { $.ajax({ url: "/api/Movie", data: JSON.stringify(movieToCreate), type: "POST", contentType: "application/json;charset=utf-8", statusCode: { 201: function (newMovie) { success(newMovie); }, 400: function (xhr) { var errors = JSON.parse(xhr.responseText); fail(errors); } } }); } </script> </body> </html> The createMovie() function performs an Ajax request and handles either a 201 or a 400 status code from the response. If a 201 status code is returned then there were no validation errors and the new movie was created. If, on the other hand, a 400 status code is returned then there was a validation error. The validation errors are retrieved from the XmlHttpRequest responseText property. The error messages are displayed in an alert: (Please don’t use JavaScript alert dialogs to display validation errors, I just did it this way out of pure laziness) This validation code in our PostMovie() method is pretty generic. There is nothing specific about this code to the PostMovie() method. In the following video, Jon Galloway demonstrates how to create a global Validation filter which can be used with any API controller action: http://www.asp.net/web-api/overview/web-api-routing-and-actions/video-custom-validation His validation filter looks like this: using System.Json; using System.Linq; using System.Net; using System.Net.Http; using System.Web.Http.Controllers; using System.Web.Http.Filters; namespace MyWebAPIApp.Filters { public class ValidationActionFilter:ActionFilterAttribute { public override void OnActionExecuting(HttpActionContext actionContext) { var modelState = actionContext.ModelState; if (!modelState.IsValid) { dynamic errors = new JsonObject(); foreach (var key in modelState.Keys) { var state = modelState[key]; if (state.Errors.Any()) { errors[key] = state.Errors.First().ErrorMessage; } } actionContext.Response = new HttpResponseMessage<JsonValue>(errors, HttpStatusCode.BadRequest); } } } } And you can register the validation filter in the Application_Start() method in the Global.asax file like this: GlobalConfiguration.Configuration.Filters.Add(new ValidationActionFilter()); After you register the Validation filter, validation error messages are returned from any API controller action method automatically when validation fails. You don’t need to add any special logic to any of your API controller actions to take advantage of the filter. Querying using OData The OData protocol is an open protocol created by Microsoft which enables you to perform queries over the web. The official website for OData is located here: http://odata.org For example, here are some of the query options which you can use with OData: · $orderby – Enables you to retrieve results in a certain order. · $top – Enables you to retrieve a certain number of results. · $skip – Enables you to skip over a certain number of results (use with $top for paging). · $filter – Enables you to filter the results returned. The ASP.NET Web API supports a subset of the OData protocol. You can use all of the query options listed above when interacting with an API controller. The only requirement is that the API controller action returns its data as IQueryable. For example, the following Movie controller has an action named GetMovies() which returns an IQueryable of movies: public IQueryable<Movie> GetMovies() { return new List<Movie> { new Movie {Id=1, Title="Star Wars", Director="Lucas"}, new Movie {Id=2, Title="King Kong", Director="Jackson"}, new Movie {Id=3, Title="Willow", Director="Lucas"}, new Movie {Id=4, Title="Shrek", Director="Smith"}, new Movie {Id=5, Title="Memento", Director="Nolan"} }.AsQueryable(); } If you enter the following URL in your browser: /api/movie?$top=2&$orderby=Title Then you will limit the movies returned to the top 2 in order of the movie Title. You will get the following results: By using the $top option in combination with the $skip option, you can enable client-side paging. For example, you can use $top and $skip to page through thousands of products, 10 products at a time. The $filter query option is very powerful. You can use this option to filter the results from a query. Here are some examples: Return every movie directed by Lucas: /api/movie?$filter=Director eq ‘Lucas’ Return every movie which has a title which starts with ‘S’: /api/movie?$filter=startswith(Title,’S') Return every movie which has an Id greater than 2: /api/movie?$filter=Id gt 2 The complete documentation for the $filter option is located here: http://www.odata.org/developers/protocols/uri-conventions#FilterSystemQueryOption Summary The goal of this blog entry was to provide you with an overview of the new ASP.NET Web API introduced with the Beta release of ASP.NET 4. In this post, I discussed how you can retrieve, insert, update, and delete data by using jQuery with the Web API. I also discussed how you can use the standard validation attributes with the Web API. You learned how to return validation error messages to the client and display the error messages using jQuery. Finally, we briefly discussed how the ASP.NET Web API supports the OData protocol. For example, you learned how to filter records returned from an API controller action by using the $filter query option. I’m excited about the new Web API. This is a feature which I expect to use with almost every ASP.NET application which I build in the future.

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