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• Best (Java) book for understanding 'under the bonnet' for programming?

  - by Ben

  What would you say is the best book to buy to understand exactly how programming works under the hood in order to increase performance? I've coded in assembly at university, I studied computer architecture and I obviously did high level programming, but what I really dont understand is things like: -what is happening when I perform a cast -whats the difference in performance if I declare something global as opposed to local? -How does the memory layout for an ArrayList compare with a Vector or LinkedList? -Whats the overhead with pointers? -Are locks more efficient than using synchronized? -Would creating my own array using int[] be faster than using ArrayList -Advantages/disadvantages of declaring a variable volatile I have got a copy of Java Performance Tuning but it doesnt go down very low and it contains rather obvious things like suggesting a hashmap instead of using an ArrayList as you can map the keys to memory addresses etc. I want something a bit more Computer Sciencey, linking the programming language to what happens with the assembler/hardware. The reason im asking is that I have an interview coming up for a job in High Frequency Trading and everything has to be as efficient as possible, yet I cant remember every single possible efficiency saving so i'd just like to learn the fundamentals. Thanks in advance

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• Who needs singletons?

  - by sexyprout

  Imagine you access your MySQL database via PDO. You got some functions, and in these functions, you need to access the database. The first thing I thought of is global, like: $db = new PDO('mysql:host=127.0.0.1;dbname=toto', 'root', 'pwd'); function some_function() { global $db; $db->query('...'); } But it's considered as a bad practice. So, after a little search, I ended up with the Singleton pattern, which "applies to situations in which there needs to be a single instance of a class." According to the example of the manual, we should do this: class Database { private static $instance, $db; private function __construct(){} static function singleton() { if(!isset(self::$instance)) self::$instance = new __CLASS__; return self:$instance; } function get() { if(!isset(self::$db)) self::$db = new PDO('mysql:host=127.0.0.1;dbname=toto', 'user', 'pwd') return self::$db; } } function some_function() { $db = Database::singleton(); $db->get()->query('...'); } some_function(); But I just can't understand why you need that big class when you can do it merely with: class Database { private static $db; private function __construct(){} static function get() { if(!isset(self::$rand)) self::$db = new PDO('mysql:host=127.0.0.1;dbname=toto', 'user', 'pwd'); return self::$db; } } function some_function() { Database::get()->query('...'); } some_function(); This last one works perfectly and I don't need to worry about $db anymore. But maybe I'm forgetting something. So, who's wrong, who's right?

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• Merging ILists to bind on datagridview to avoid using a database view

  - by P.Bjorklund

  In the form we have this where IntaktsBudgetsType is a poorly named enum that only specifies wether to populate the datagridview after customer or product (You do the budgeting either after product or customer) private void UpdateGridView() { bs = new BindingSource(); bs.DataSource = intaktsbudget.GetDataSource(this.comboBoxKundID.Text, IntaktsBudgetsType.PerKund); dataGridViewIntaktPerKund.DataSource = bs; } This populates the datagridview with a database view that merge the product, budget and customer tables. The logic has the following method to get the correct set of IList from the repository which only does GetTable<T>.ToList<T> public IEnumerable<IntaktsBudgetView> GetDataSource(string id, IntaktsBudgetsType type) { IList<IntaktsBudgetView> list = repository.SelectTable<IntaktsBudgetView>(); switch (type) { case IntaktsBudgetsType.PerKund: return from i in list where i.kundId == id select i; case IntaktsBudgetsType.PerProdukt: return from i in list where i.produktId == id select i; } return null; } Now I don't want to use a database view since that is read-only and I want to be able to perform CRUD actions on the datagridview. I could build a class that acts as a wrapper for the whole thing and bind the different table values to class properties but that doesn't seem quite right since I would have to do this for every single thing that requires "the merge". Something pretty important (and probably basic) is missing the the thought process but after spending a weekend on google and in books I give up and turn to the SO community.

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• Creating a network adapter - how hard is it?

  - by Vilx-

  I'm interested in building a little (commercial) device on top of Arduino. I want it to be able to interface with network. Network as in standard Ethernet, Cat5, RJ-45, etc. I know that there is an Ethernet Shield, but it costs even more than the Arduino itself, and it's pretty big. Naturally, I want my device to be as small and as cheap as possible. So I'm thinking about recreating an Ethernet module myself. The problem is - I haven't got any experience with Ethernet, nor do I have a good idea where to start looking. Thus I can't even say if my ideas are feasible. Ultimately I would like the device to have three ports - one for incoming signal, two for outgoing, so the device is essentially a little switch where it is plugged in itself as well. The switching capabilities need not be very fast - the volume of data will be low. 10Mbit is more than enough, can be even slower. If that is not possible, a single port for controlling the device itself will also do. Another possibility I'm considering is power line communications - sending information through power lines. That's another area I've no experience with. What hardware should I be looking at, and where can I find information about the necessary software? So - can anyone tell me if these ideas are feasible, and if yes - where should I start looking?

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• Minimizing server load in case of many XMLHttpRequest calls

  - by user1888975

  I am making a website where users are to like some articles. Whenever the like button is clicked I am sending a XMLHttpRequest to the server to run a file called like_clicked.php along with the get data of article id and user id. This file takes article id and user id and updates the sql database and also adds a node in an xml file related to the user. This is the first time I am doing something for mass usage. I am worried about the server load when too many users call the like_clicked.php file. Please help me, if this method is ok. I am also thinking of an alternative in case the above method fails. I am thinking of making many like_clicked files (namely like_clicked1.php, like_clicked2.php ... ) to minimize load on a single i-node. Is there a method to detect that it is better to call the next like_clicked file. Here we would need to detect how many calls per unit time are coming for the particular file. How do we handle this? Thanks in advance.

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• How would I make this faster? Parsing Word/sorting by heading [on hold]

  - by Doof12

  Currently it takes about 3 minutes to run through a single 53 page word document. Hopefully you all have some advice about speeding up the process. Code: import win32com.client as win32 from glob import glob import io import re from collections import namedtuple from collections import defaultdict import pprint raw_files = glob('*.docx') word = win32.gencache.EnsureDispatch('Word.Application') word.Visible = False oFile = io.open("rawsort.txt", "w+", encoding = "utf-8")#text dump doccat= list() for f in raw_files: word.Documents.Open(f) doc = word.ActiveDocument #whichever document is active at the time doc.ConvertNumbersToText() print doc.Paragraphs.Count for x in xrange(1, doc.Paragraphs.Count+1):#for loop to print through paragraphs oText = doc.Paragraphs(x) if not oText.Range.Tables.Count >0 : results = re.match('(?P<number>(([1-3]*[A-D]*[0-9]*)(.[1-3]*[0-9])+))', oText.Range.Text) stylematch = re.match('Heading \d', oText.Style.NameLocal) if results!= None and oText.Style != None and stylematch != None: doccat.append((oText.Style.NameLocal, oText.Range.Text[:len(results.group('number'))],oText.Range.Text[len(results.group('number')):])) style = oText.Style.NameLocal else: if oText.Range.Font.Bold == True : doccat.append(style, oText) oFile.write(unicode(doccat)) oFile.close() The for Paragraph loop obviously takes the most amount of time. Is there some way of identifying and appending it without going through every Paragraph?

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• Import data from multiple CSV files to an Excel sheet

  - by Chetan

  I need to import data from 50 similar csv files to a single excel sheet. Is there any way to get only selected columns from each file and put them together in one sheet. Structure of my csv files: A few columns exactly same in all the files. (I want them to be in excel) then one column with same column name but different data which I want to place next to each other with different names in the excel sheet. I do not not want all other remaining columns from csv files. In short, read all csv files, get all the columns which are common to all csv & put in excel sheet. Now, take one column from each file which has the same header but different data and put one after the other in excel sheet with named from the csv file name. Leave remaining rest of the columns. Write excel sheet to a excel file. Initially I thought it can be easily done, but considering my programming skill in learning stage it is way difficult for me. Please help.

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• My website keeps crashing IE, can't debug

  - by Ninja rhino

  I have a website that suddenly started to crash internet explorer. The website loads and starts executing javascript but somewhere in there the machinery explodes. I don't even get a script error, it just crashes. I've tried to manually step through every single line of js with the built in debugger but then of course the problem doesn't occur. If i choose to debug the application when it crashes i see the following message. Unhandled exception at 0x6c5dedf5 in iexplore.exe: 0xC0000005: Access violation reading location 0x00000090. The top 5 items in the call stack looks like this VGX.dll!6c5dedf5() [Frames below may be incorrect and/or missing, no symbols loaded for VGX.dll] VGX.dll!6c594d70() VGX.dll!6c594f63() VGX.dll!6c595350() VGX.dll!6c58f5e3() mshtml.dll!6f88dd17() VGX.dll seems to be part of the vml renderer and i am in fact using VML. I'm not suprised because i've had so many problems with vml, attributes has to be set in specific order, sometimes you cant set attributes when you have elements attached to the dom or vice versa (everything undocumented btw) but then the problems can usually be reproduced when debugging but not now :( The problem also occurs in no plugin-mode. Is there a better approach than trial and error to solve this? Edit: Adding a console outputting every suspect modification to the DOM made the problem only occur sometimes. (the console is also implemented in javascript on the same page, i'm able to see the output even after a crash as the window is still visible) Apparently it seems to be some kind of race condition. I managed to track it down even further, and it seems to occur when you remove an object from the DOM too quickly after it's just been added. (most likely only for vml-elements with some special attribute, didn't try further) And it can't be fixed by adding a dead loop in front of removeChild(pretty bad solution anyway), the page has to be rendered by the browser once after the addChild before you can call removeChild. sigh

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• ASP.Net event only being raised every other time?

  - by eftpotrm

  I have an ASP.Net web user control which represents a single entry in a list. To allow users to reorder the items, each item has buttons to move the item up or down the list. Clicking on one of these raises an event to the parent page, which then shuffles the items in the placeholder control. Code fragments from the list entry: Public Event UpClicked As System.EventHandler Protected Sub btnUp_Click(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles btnUp.Click RaiseEvent UpClicked(Me, New EventArgs()) End Sub And the parent container: rem (within the code to add an individual item to the placeholder) AddHandler l_oItem.UpClicked, AddressOf UpClicked Protected Sub UpClicked(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As EventArgs) MoveItem(DirectCast(sender, ScriptListItem), -1) End Sub It originally looked in testing like every other time the value for sender (verified by its properties) that reaches UpClicked is of an adjacent ListItem, not the one I've just clicked on - the first click is always wrong, then the second for the correct control. At present, testing appears to show that the button's click event is just being ignored every other time through. Breakpoints on the click events within the control simply aren't being hit, though the events are definitely being established. Why?

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• How do I do a count on that meet a specific condition, dependent on several has_many relationships i

  - by Angela

  I have a Model Campaign. A Campaign has many Events. Each Event has an attribute :days. A Campaign also has_many Contacts. Each Contact as a :date_entered attribute. The from_today(contact,event) method returns a number, which is the number of days from the contact's :date_entered till today minus the event's :days. In other words, a positive number shows the number of days from today till the :days of the event is elapsed. If it is negative, if means that the number of days that has elapsed since the :date_entered is greater than the :days attribute of an event. In other words, the event is overdue. What I would like to be able to do is do campaign.overdue and this would result in a total number of contacts that have an overdue event. It shouldn't count multiple events for a single contact, just one contact. How do I do that? It seems like I would need to cycle through all the events for every contact and keep a counter but I'm assuming that there is a better way.

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• Best way to track the stages of a form across different controllers - $_GET or routing

  - by chrisj

  Hi, I am in a bit of a dilemma about how best to handle the following situation. I have a long registration process on a site, where there are around 10 form sections to fill in. Some of these forms relate specifically to the user and their own personal data, while most of them relate to the user's pets - my current set up handles user specific forms in a User_Controller (e.g via methods like user/profile, user/household etc), and similarly the pet related forms are handled in a Pet_Controller (e.g pet/health). Whether or not all of these methods should be combined into a single Registration_Controller, I'm not sure - I'm open to any advice on that. Anyway, my main issue is that I want to generate a progress bar which shows how far along in the registration process each user is. As the urls in each form section can potentially be mapping to different controllers, I'm trying to find a clean way to extract which stage a person is at in the overall process. I could just use the query string to pass a stage parameter with each request, e.g user/profile?stage=1. Another way to do it potentially is to use routing - e.g the urls for each section of the form could be set up to be registration/stage/1, registration/stage/2 - then i could just map these urls to the appropriate controller/method behind the scenes. If this makes any sense at all, does anyone have any advice for me?

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• Add a value to an element in a list of sets

  - by Kapelson

  Hello. I'm using python, and I have a list of sets, constructed like this: list = [set([])]*n ...where n is the number of sets I want in the list. I want to add a value to a specific set in the list. Say, the second set. I tried list[1].add(value) But this instead adds the value to each set in the list. This behaviour is pretty non-intuitive to me. Through further tests, I think I've found the problem: the list apparently contains 10 instances of the same set, or ten pointers to the same set, or something. Constructing the list through repeated calls of list.append(set([])) allowed me to use the syntax above to add elements to single sets. So my question is this: what exactly is going on in my first list-construction technique? It is clear I don't understand the syntax so well. Also, is there a better way to intialize an n-element list? I've been using this syntax for a while and this is my first problem with it.

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• SQL Compact performance on device

  - by Ben M

  My SQL Compact database is very simple, with just three tables and a single index on one of the tables (the table with 200k rows; the other two have less than a hundred each). The first time the .sdf file is used by my Compact Framework application on the target Windows Mobile device, the system hangs for well over a minute while "something" is done to the database: when deployed, the DB is 17 megabytes, and after this first usage, it balloons to 24 megs. All subsequent usage is pretty fast, so I'm assuming there's some sort of initialization / index building going on during this first usage. I'd rather not subject the user to this delay, so I'm wondering what this initialization process is and whether it can be performed before deployment. For now, I've copied the "initialized" database back to my desktop for use in the setup project, but I'd really like to have a better answer / solution. I've tried "full compact / repair" in the VS Database Properties dialog, but this made no difference. Any ideas? For the record, I should add that the database is only read from by the device application -- no modifications are made by that code.

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• Using an initializer_list on a map of vectors

  - by Hooked

  I've been trying to initialize a map of <ints, vector<ints> > using the new 0X standard, but I cannot seem to get the syntax correct. I'd like to make a map with a single entry with key:value = 1:<3,4 #include <initializer_list> #include <map> #include <vector> using namespace std; map<int, vector<int> > A = {1,{3,4}}; .... It dies with the following error using gcc 4.4.3: error: no matching function for call to std::map<int,std::vector<int,std::allocator<int> >,std::less<int>,std::allocator<std::pair<const int,std::vector<int,std::allocator<int> > > > >::map(<brace-enclosed initializer list>) Edit Following the suggestion by Cogwheel and adding the extra brace it now compiles with a warning that can be gotten rid of using the -fno-deduce-init-list flag. Is there any danger in doing so?

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• Concrete examples of state sharing between multiple viewmodels (WPF MVVM)

  - by JohnMetta

  I have a WPF/Entity Framework (4.0) project with many objects. I'd like to build the application so that that I can have object selection state shared across viewmodels. For Example: We have Cars, Drivers, Passengers, and Cargo classes. We also have UserControls for CarList, DriverList, etc. and editor windows for CarEditor, DriverEditor, etc. Furthermore, we have viewmodels for all of these (CarListViewModel, DriverListViewModel, CargoEditorViewModel, etc). This all composes a dockable interface where the user can have multiple object lists, editors, and viewers open. What I want is a concrete code example of how to wireup multiple viewmodels so that selecting a car in the CarList will cause that car to go live in the CarEditorView, but also be selected in any other view for which the context is valid (such as a DriverByCarView- or just DriverList if there is a filter predicate). There are a number of suggestions and discussions based on this question. The two methods that seem to dominate are: 3018307: Discusses state sharing by mentioning a messaging subsystem 1159035: Discusses state sharing by using an enclosing viewmodel Is one of these approaches better than the other? Does anyone have a concrete example of either/both of these methods in the form of a write-up or small code project? I'm still learning WPF, so pointers to entry points for reading API fundamentals are appreciated, but looking at code examples is where I usually go. Thanks In case anyone is interested, here are some other similar discussions: 3816961: Discusses returning multiple viewmodels depending on object type (i.e. a collection of arbitrary types adhering to a specific interface) 1928130: Discusses whether it is a good idea to aggregate viewmodels as properties of other viewmodels (e.g. a MainWindow viewmodel composed of panel viewmodels) 1120061: Essentially discusses whether to have use a viewmodel-per-model strategy or a viewmodel-per-view-element strategy. 4244222: Discusses whether or not to nest the viewmodels when using a nested object hierarchy. 4429708: Discusses sharing collections between viewmodels directly, but doesn't go into detail. List item: Discusses managing multiple selections within a single viewmodel.

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• Why would using a Temp table be faster than a nested query?

  - by Mongus Pong

  We are trying to optimise some of our queries. One query is doing the following: SELECT t.TaskID, t.Name as Task, '' as Tracker, t.ClientID, (<complex subquery>) Date, INTO [#Gadget] FROM task t SELECT TOP 500 TaskID, Task, Tracker, ClientID, dbo.GetClientDisplayName(ClientID) as Client FROM [#Gadget] order by CASE WHEN Date IS NULL THEN 1 ELSE 0 END , Date ASC DROP TABLE [#Gadget] (I have removed the complex subquery, cos I dont think its relevant other than to explain why this query has been done as a two stage process.) Now I would have thought it would be far more efficient to merge this down into a single query using subqueries as : SELECT TOP 500 TaskID, Task, Tracker, ClientID, dbo.GetClientDisplayName(ClientID) FROM ( SELECT t.TaskID, t.Name as Task, '' as Tracker, t.ClientID, (<complex subquery>) Date, FROM task t ) as sub order by CASE WHEN Date IS NULL THEN 1 ELSE 0 END , Date ASC This would give the optimiser better information to work out what was going on and avoid any temporary tables. It should be faster. But it turns out it is a lot slower. 8 seconds vs under 5 seconds. I cant work out why this would be the case as all my knowledge of databases imply that subqueries would always be faster than using temporary tables. Can anyone explain what could be going on!?!?

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• PHP Object Creation and Memory Usage

  - by JohnO

  A basic dummy class: class foo { var $bar = 0; function foo() {} function boo() {} } echo memory_get_usage(); echo "\n"; $foo = new foo(); echo memory_get_usage(); echo "\n"; unset($foo); echo memory_get_usage(); echo "\n"; $foo = null; echo memory_get_usage(); echo "\n"; Outputs: $ php test.php 353672 353792 353792 353792 Now, I know that PHP docs say that memory won't be freed until it is needed (hitting the ceiling). However, I wrote this up as a small test, because I've got a much longer task, using a much bigger object, with many instances of that object. And the memory just climbs, eventually running out and stopping execution. Even though these large objects do take up memory, since I destroy them after I'm done with each one (serially), it should not run out of memory (unless a single object exhausts the entire space for memory, which is not the case). Thoughts?

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• How does a java compiler resolve a non-imported name

  - by gexicide

  Consider I use a type X in my java compilation unit from package foo.bar and X is not defined in the compilation unit itself nor is it directly imported. How does a java compiler resolve X now efficiently? There are a few possibilities where X could reside: X might be imported via a star import a.b.* X might reside in the same package as the compilation unit X might be a language type, i.e. reside in java.lang The problem I see is especially (2.). Since X might be a package-private type, it is not even required that X resides in a compilation unit that is named X.java. Thus, the compiler must look into all entries of the class path and search for any classes in a package foo.bar, it then must read every class that is in package foo.bar to check whether X is included. That sounds very expensive. Especially when I compile only a single file, the compiler has to read dozens of class files only to find a type X. If I use a lot of star imports, this procedure has to be repeated for a lot of types (although class files won't be read twice, of course). So is it advisable to import also types from the same package to speed up the compilation process? Or is there a faster method for resolving an unimported type X which I was not able to find?

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• SQL left join with multiple rows into one row

  - by beardedd

  Basically, I have two tables, Table A contains the actual items that I care to get out, and Table B is used for language translations. So, for example, Table A contains the actual content. Anytime text is used within the table, instead of storing actual varchar values, ids are stored that relate back to text stored in Table B. This allows me to by adding a languageID column to Table B, have multiple translations for the same row in the database. Example: Table A Title (int) Description (int) Other Data.... Table B TextID (int) - This is the column whose value is stored in other tables LanguageID (int) Text (varchar) My question is more a call for suggestions on how to best handle this. Ideally I want a query that I can use to select from the table, and get the text as opposed to the ids of the text out of the table. Currently when I have two text items in the table this is what I do: SELECT C.ID, C.Title, D.Text AS Description FROM (SELECT A.ID, A.Description, B.Text AS Title FROM TableA A, TranslationsTable B WHERE A.Title = B.TextID AND B.LanguaugeID = 1) C LEFT JOIN TranslationsTable D ON C.Description = D.TextID AND D.LanguaugeID = 1 This query gives me the row from Table A I am looking for (using where statements in the inner select statement) with the actual text based on the language ID used instead of the text ids. This works fine when I am only using one or two text items that need to be translated, but adding a third item or more, it starts to get really messy - essentially another left join on top of the example. Any suggestions on a better query, or at least a good way to handle 3 or more text items in a single row?

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• Visual Studio 2008 linker wants all symbols to be resolved, not only used ones

  - by user343011

  We recently upgraded to Visual Studio 2008 from 2005, and I think those error started after that. In our solution, we have a multitude of projects. Many of those are utility projects, or projects containing core functionality used by other projects. The output of those is lib files that are linked to when building the projects generating the final binaries using the "Project dependencies..." option. One of the other projects---Let us call it ResultLib---generates a DLL, and it needs one single function from the core project. This function uses only static function from its own source file, but the project in its entirety uses a lot of low-level Windows functions and also imports a DLL---Let us call it Driver.dll. Our problem is that when building ExtLib, the linker complains about a multitude of unresolved externals, for example all functions exported from Driver.dll, since its lib file is not specified when linking. If we try to fix this by adding all lib files used by other projects that use all of the core project, our resulting ResultLib DLL ends up importing Driver.dll and also exporting all functions defined in it. How do we tell Visual Studio to only try to resolve symbols that are actually used?

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• Multiple "ObjectChangeTracker" getting created, can it be avoided?

  - by user555937

  Hi, We are working on a POC where we have following architecture (MVVM), WPF(Client) + WCF + Model(DataAccess)+ ADO.Net Entity Framework 4.0 (with SQL Server 2008 R2 as DB) All are different projects. In the DataAccess layer we have created different Entity Models(edmx) based on the functionality. The tables under perticular flow are grouped and created different entity models. We are using self tracking entities to and fro to communicate with the WPF client through wcf service. For Single model everything works fine. But when we created a Multiple models then few issues started coming. Mutliple models have few duplicate tables/entities. Two probels are, 1) When we try to access entities from different models mutiple objects "ObjectChangeTracker" are getting created. E.g. CompanyModel(edmx) - Company(Entity) - ObjectChangeTracker, ObjectState ProductModel(edmx) - Customer(Entity) - ObjectChangeTracker1, ObjectState1 OrderModel(edmx) - Oder(Entity) - ObjectChangeTracker2, ObjectState2 Is there any way to avoid this? 2) There are few tables which shared across the Models, E.g. Company(Entity) is used in All above mdoels. During compile time it does not thow any error. But run time It gives error saying "Schema specified is not valid. Errors: The mapping of CLR type to EDM type is ambiguous because multiple CLR types match the EDM type "Company"".. To resolve this, we renamed the entities with some prefix to make them Unique. Is there any other way we can resolve this without changing the name of the entity in the same assembly? Thanks in advance and appreciate if anyone has approach for these issues. Thanks, Kiran

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• SELECT SQL Variable - should i avoid using this syntax and always use SET?

  - by Sholom

  Hi All, This may look like a duplicate to here, but it's not. I am trying to get a best practice, not a technical answer (which i already (think) i know). New to SQL Server and trying to form good habits. I found a great explanation of the functional differences between SET @var = and SELECT @var = here: http://vyaskn.tripod.com/differences_between_set_and_select.htm To summarize what each has that the other hasn't (see source for examples): SET: ANSI and portable, recommended by Microsoft. SET @var = (SELECT column_name FROM table_name) fails when the select returns more then one value, eliminating the possibility of unpredictable results. SET @var = (SELECT column_name FROM table_name) will set @var to NULL if that's what SELECT column_name FROM table_name returned, thus never leaving @var at it's prior value. SELECT: Multiple variables can be set in one statement Can return multiple system variables set by the prior DML statement SELECT @var = column_name FROM table_name would set @var to (according to my testing) the last value returned by the select. This could be a feature or a bug. Behavior can be changed with SELECT @j = (SELECT column_name FROM table_name) syntax. Speed. Setting multiple variables with a single SELECT statement as opposed to multiple SET/SELECT statements is much quicker. He has a sample test to prove his point. If you could design a test to prove the otherwise, bring it on! So, what do i do? (Almost) always use SET @var =, using SELECT @var = is messy coding and not standard. OR Use SELECT @var = freely, it could accomplish more for me, unless the code is likely to be ported to another environment. Thanks

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• On counting pairs of words that differ by one letter

  - by Quintofron

  Let us consider n words, each of length k. Those words consist of letters over an alphabet (whose cardinality is n) with defined order. The task is to derive an O(nk) algorithm to count the number of pairs of words that differ by one position (no matter which one exactly, as long as it's only a single position). For instance, in the following set of words (n = 5, k = 4): abcd, abdd, adcb, adcd, aecd there are 5 such pairs: (abcd, abdd), (abcd, adcd), (abcd, aecd), (adcb, adcd), (adcd, aecd). So far I've managed to find an algorithm that solves a slightly easier problem: counting the number of pairs of words that differ by one GIVEN position (i-th). In order to do this I swap the letter at the ith position with the last letter within each word, perform a Radix sort (ignoring the last position in each word - formerly the ith position), linearly detect words whose letters at the first 1 to k-1 positions are the same, eventually count the number of occurrences of each letter at the last (originally ith) position within each set of duplicates and calculate the desired pairs (the last part is simple). However, the algorithm above doesn't seem to be applicable to the main problem (under the O(nk) constraint) - at least not without some modifications. Any idea how to solve this?

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• python matrices - list index out of range

  - by user1888493

  I am writing a function, that takes a matrix as input, such as the one below. Then the it returns the matrix' inverse, where all the 1s are changed to 0s and all the 0s changed to 1s, while keeping the diagonal from top left to bottom right 0s. An example input: g1 = [[0, 1, 1, 0], [1, 0, 0, 1], [1, 0, 0, 1], [0, 1, 1, 0]] the function should output this: g1 = [[0, 0, 0, 1], [0, 0, 1, 0], [0, 1, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0, 0]] When I run the program, it raises a list index out of range error. I'm sure this happens, because the loops I have set up are trying to access values that do not exist. But how do I allow an input of unknown row and column size? I only know how to do this with a single list, but a list of lists? Following you see the transforming function, but not the test function that calls it: def inverse_graph(graph): # take in graph # change all zeros to ones and ones to zeros r, c = 0, 0 # row, column equal zero while (graph[r][c] == 0 or graph[r][c] == 1): # while the current row has a value. while (graph[r][c] == 0 or graph[r][c] == 1): # while the current column has a value if (graph[r][c] == 0): graph[r][c] = 1 elif (graph[r][c] == 1): graph[r][c] = 0 c+=1 c=0 r+=1 c=0 r=0 # sets diagonal to zeros while (g1[r][c] == 0 or g1[r][c] == 1): g1[r][c]=0 c+=1 r+=1 return graph

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• drawing graphs in php

  - by user434885

  i am using php to generate graphs from arrays. I wish to create multiple graphs on the same page as i need to design a summary report from answers extracted from a database. Currently i am using this code and am only able to get one single graph. what additions to the code do i need to make to get multiple graphs? <?php function draw_graph($values) { // Get the total number of columns we are going to plot $columns = count($values); // Get the height and width of the final image $width = 300; $height = 200; // Set the amount of space between each column $padding = 5; // Get the width of 1 column $column_width = $width / $columns ; // Generate the image variables $im = imagecreate($width,$height); $gray = imagecolorallocate ($im,0xcc,0xcc,0xcc); $gray_lite = imagecolorallocate ($im,0xee,0xee,0xee); $gray_dark = imagecolorallocate ($im,0x7f,0x7f,0x7f); $white = imagecolorallocate ($im,0xff,0xff,0xff); // Fill in the background of the image imagefilledrectangle($im,0,0,$width,$height,$white); $maxv = 0; // Calculate the maximum value we are going to plot for($i=0;$i<$columns;$i++)$maxv = max($values[$i],$maxv); // Now plot each column for($i=0;$i<$columns;$i++) { $column_height = ($height / 100) * (( $values[$i] / $maxv) *100); $x1 = $i*$column_width; $y1 = $height-$column_height; $x2 = (($i+1)*$column_width)-$padding; $y2 = $height; imagefilledrectangle($im,$x1,$y1,$x2,$y2,$gray_dark); } header ("Content-type: image/png"); imagepng($im); imagedestroy($im); } $values = array("23","32","35","57","12"); $values2 = array("123","232","335","157","102"); draw_graph($values2); draw_graph($values);//no output is coming draw_graph($values2);//no output is coming draw_graph($values);//no output is coming ?>

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