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• Excel: How to treat multiple lines as one while sorting?

  - by crono

  I get a XLS-File as a database report. The File is in the following format: | Customer | Name | ... | Orders 1 | 6 | ... | ... | 1234 2 | | | | 4567 3 | | | | 8910 4 | 3 | ... | ... | 3210 5 | | | | 8765 6 | 1 | ... | ... | 1000 7 | | | | 1001 I need to sort this thing on a column which is only "filled" in the first line of a "record" (here: Line 1-3, 4+5, 6+7) like "Customer" in this example. Is there a way (without falling back to VBA) to keep the lines together which form a "record" while sorting on them. I know, this is abusing Excel but I have no other choise here. The expected output after sorting on "Customer" would be: | Customer | Name | ... | Orders 1 | 1 | ... | ... | 1000 2 | | | | 1001 3 | 3 | ... | ... | 3210 4 | | | | 8765 5 | 6 | ... | ... | 1234 6 | | | | 4567 7 | | | | 8910

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• Surround in Windows 7 with Soundmax

  - by Henri

  Hey guys, I have a asus m2n motherboard with a Soundmax 1988 chip on it. I want to have surround sound in windows 7, but i cant get it to work. I tried a lot of different drivers, including the latest beta for Win 7. The problem is that when I configure the speakers and i do a "Test" all speakers work. But whenever I want to play some video or mp3, only the front speakers work. In vista there was this option called "Surround Fill" that would fix this problem, however, I cant seem to find that in windows 7. (The enhancements tab is completely gone for the speakers, other output devices do have that tab). Anybody knows the fix? Edit: I got it now kind of working by using a trial version of SRS AudioSandbox. However, the quality is quite bad since the program tries to create a real 5.1 of stereo sound. I just want to have stereo over 4 speakers instead of fake 5.1 over 4 speakers.

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• fail2ban iptable rule wont block

  - by Termiux

  So I set up fail2ban on my Debian 7 server, still I've been getting hit a lot and I dont know why is not blocking properly. The regex works, it recognizes the attempts but it seems the iptables rules it insert wont work, this is how it look iptables ouput looks after fail2ban tries to block. Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT) num target prot opt source destination 1 fail2ban-courierauth tcp -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 tcp dpt:25 2 fail2ban-couriersmtp tcp -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 tcp dpt:25 3 sshguard all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT) num target prot opt source destination Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT) num target prot opt source destination Chain fail2ban-courierauth (1 references) num target prot opt source destination 1 DROP all -- 216.x.y.z 0.0.0.0/0 2 RETURN all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 Chain fail2ban-courierimap (0 references) num target prot opt source destination 1 RETURN all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 Chain fail2ban-courierpop3 (0 references) num target prot opt source destination 1 RETURN all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 Chain fail2ban-couriersmtp (1 references) num target prot opt source destination 1 RETURN all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 Chain fail2ban-postfix (0 references) num target prot opt source destination 1 RETURN all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 Chain fail2ban-sasl (0 references) num target prot opt source destination 1 RETURN all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 In the iptables above you can see the "Chain fail2ban-courierauth" rule that added the drop rule for the ip but Im still able to connect!! I can still connect to the server, why isn't it blocking?

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• Fedora 14 update probelem

  - by Marko

  How is everybody doin? :) Im having this problem with Fedora 14 update for last couple of weeks.. when I run yum update I get the following result: Running rpm_check_debug ERROR with rpm_check_debug vs depsolve: kernel-uname-r = 2.6.32.10-90.fc12.i686.PAE is needed by (installed) kmod-nvidia-2.6.32.10-90.fc12.i686.PAE-1:195.36.15-1.fc12.1.i686 kernel-uname-r = 2.6.32.16-150.fc12.i686.PAE is needed by (installed) kmod-nvidia-2.6.32.16-150.fc12.i686.PAE-1:195.36.31-1.fc12.2.i686 kernel-uname-r = 2.6.32.21-168.fc12.i686.PAE is needed by (installed) kmod-nvidia-2.6.32.21-168.fc12.i686.PAE-1:195.36.31-1.fc12.5.i686 kernel-uname-r = 2.6.32.10-90.fc12.i686.PAE is needed by (installed) kmod-nvidia-2.6.32.10-90.fc12.i686.PAE-1:195.36.15-1.fc12.1.i686 kernel-uname-r = 2.6.32.16-150.fc12.i686.PAE is needed by (installed) kmod-nvidia-2.6.32.16-150.fc12.i686.PAE-1:195.36.31-1.fc12.2.i686 kernel-uname-r = 2.6.32.21-168.fc12.i686.PAE is needed by (installed) kmod-nvidia-2.6.32.21-168.fc12.i686.PAE-1:195.36.31-1.fc12.5.i686 Please report this error in http://yum.baseurl.org/report ** Found 9 pre-existing rpmdb problem(s), 'yum check' output follows: VirtualBox-3.2-3.2.10_66523_fedora13-1.i686 has missing requires of libpython2.6.so.1.0 VirtualBox-3.2-3.2.10_66523_fedora13-1.i686 has missing requires of python(abi) = ('0', '2.6', None) 1:kmod-nvidia-2.6.32.10-90.fc12.i686.PAE-195.36.15-1.fc12.1.i686 has missing requires of kernel-uname-r = ('0', '2.6.32.10', '90.fc12.i686.PAE') 1:kmod-nvidia-2.6.32.16-150.fc12.i686.PAE-195.36.31-1.fc12.2.i686 has missing requires of kernel-uname-r = ('0', '2.6.32.16', '150.fc12.i686.PAE') 1:kmod-nvidia-2.6.32.21-168.fc12.i686.PAE-195.36.31-1.fc12.5.i686 has missing requires of kernel-uname-r = ('0', '2.6.32.21', '168.fc12.i686.PAE') mysql-workbench-gpl-5.2.28-1fc13.i386 has missing requires of libpython2.6.so.1.0 pysvn-1.7.2-1.fc13.i686 has missing requires of python(abi) = ('0', '2.6', None) system-config-display-2.2-1.fc12.i686 has missing requires of libpython2.6.so.1.0 system-config-display-2.2-1.fc12.i686 has missing requires of python(abi) = ('0', '2.6', None) does anybody have a similar issue?

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• How to execute a command whenever a file changes?

  - by Denilson Sá

  I want a quick and simple way to execute a command whenever a file changes. I want something very simple, something I will leave running on a terminal and close it whenever I'm finished working with that file. Currently, I'm using this: while read; do ./myfile.py ; done And then I need to go to that terminal and press Enter, whenever I save that file on my editor. What I want is something like this: while sleep_until_file_has_changed myfile.py ; do ./myfile.py ; done Or any other solution as easy as that. BTW: I'm using Vim, and I know I can add an autocommand to run something on BufWrite, but this is not the kind of solution I want now. Update: I want something simple, discardable if possible. What's more, I want something to run in a terminal because I want to see the program output (I want to see error messages). About the answers: Thanks for all your answers! All of them are very good, and each one takes a very different approach from the others. Since I need to accept only one, I'm accepting the one that I've actually used (it was simple, quick and easy-to-remember), even though I know it is not the most elegant.

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• Reverse SSH tunnel: how can I send my port number to the server?

  - by Tom

  I have two machines, Client and Server. Client (who is behind a corporate firewall) opens a reverse SSH tunnel to Server, which has a publicly-accessible IP address, using this command: ssh -nNT -R0:localhost:2222 [email protected] In OpenSSH 5.3+, the 0 occurring just after the -R means "pick an available port" rather than explicitly calling for one. The reason I'm doing this is because I don't want to pick a port that's already in use. In truth, there are actually many Clients out there that need to set up similar tunnels. The problem at this point is that the server does not know which Client is which. If we want to connect back to one of these Clients (via localhost) then how do we know which port refers to which client? I'm aware that ssh reports the port number to the command line when used in the above manner. However, I'd also like to use autossh to keep the sessions alive. autossh runs its child process via fork/exec, presumably, so that the output of the actual ssh command is lost in the ether. Furthermore, I can't think of any other way to get the remote port from Client. Thus, I'm wondering if there is a way to determine this port on Server. One idea I have is to somehow use /etc/sshrc, which is supposedly a script that runs for every connection. However, I don't know how one would get the pertinent information here (perhaps the PID of the particular sshd process handling that connection?) I'd love some pointers. Thanks!

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• On Ubuntu get: "-bash: ./flume No such file or directory" BUT flume is there and executable. Same binary OK on RHEL

  - by lcbrevard

  This is already posted in serverfault - and may be more apprpriate there. Reworked a bit from the orginal posting. We have a product built on CentOS 4 32-bit Linux that runs unmodified on 32- and 64-bit CentOS/RHEL 4 and 5 and SLES 10. It also runs unmodified on SLES 9 64-bit. [SLES 9 32-bit requires a different libstdc++.] The name of the main binary executable is 'flume' Yesterday we tried to put this on 64-bit Ubuntu 10 and, even though the file is there and the right size, we get: -bash: ./flume: No such file or directory 'file flume' shows it to be a 32-bit ELF (can't remember the exact output and the system is on an isolated network) If put into /usr/local/bin, then 'which flume' returns: /usr/local/bin/flume The file is marked as executable (did 'chmod +x flume') and lsattr shows no problems with attribute bits. I was not able to try 'ldd flume' yet. I have also not tried 'strace flume'. Currently I am with an air conditioning failure. [It's been that kind of week!] I now suspect that some library is not there. This is a profoundly unhelpful message and one I have never seen before. Is this peculiar to Ubuntu or perhaps just to this installation. We gave up and moved to a RHEL 4 system and everything is fine. But I sure would like to know what causes this.

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• Why domain.com appears as theplant.com when hosted on hostgator?

  - by silow

  I have a script that's supposed to detect the url of its caller website. If the caller is another website, it should give something like http://callersite.com. I'm using this line of php code (though I suspect this won't matter for sysadmins) gethostbyaddr($_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR']) I'm testing with a caller site that's hosted on hostgator. What I'm noticing though is that I don't get callersite.com, I get something like 1a.12.12ab.static.theplanet.com. I don't know what theplanet.com is and why I'm not getting caller site.com. Also what do I need to do to really get the domain of the site making a call to my script? -- Thanks for the explanation. Some have advised I use $_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER'] but it's not what I'm after. My script acts as an API. Another website makes a curl request to it and gets an output and later on presents it to the user. So http referrer gives false since the caller site.com is making a direct call to me. So any hope?

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• Application that will identify percentage of your system disk bandwidth used on a user-application by user-application basis?

  - by Warren P

  I always (subjectively) feel my computer is far too slow (however fast it is), and so I'm always looking for ways to measure and understand what my computer is actually doing, that is making it seem "slow" to me. It has been my observation that my software-developer workload is most often disk-bound (I am waiting for Disk I/O) more than CPU bound. What has made it worse, is that I am using a corporate PC that has in-memory active-scanning anti-virus software that I do not have control over, and also some IT department mandated services that seem to suck up a lot of available hard-disk bandwidth. The best tool I have seen (in Windows 7) is the Resource Monitor which I usually acess from the button in the task Manager. The disk IO page, however, seems to label Disk Activity at a very low level (for example, showing the Volume Shadow Storage, which is flushing information obviously written by something ELSE other than VSS itself, and then writes to Pagefile.sys, which are obviously due to Virtual Memory faults in some application). What I would like to know is if a utility exists that can add up all direct disk input and output by user-level process, or find the process or service that caused VM or VSS activity. In that way, I hope, you could establish a real idea of how much of your computer's precious disk subsystem bandwidth is attributable to a particular application. here's a scenario: MyApp.exe writes 100k/s and reads 100k/s directly. VSS ends up writing another 100k/s. pagefaults caused inside MyApp.exe cause another 100k/s of writes. So the total "cost" of MyApp.exe running, during a period of time (let's say 1 second) is 400k/s, whereas you can only directly observe half of that, in Resource Monitor. Is there a smarter disk-IO watching piece of software I can use?

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• Allow SFTP in iptables

  - by Kevin Orriss

  I have just purchased a VPS from linode and am going through the setup guide. I have everything running (apache2, php, mysql etc) but I am being denied access via SFTP when using fileZilla to upload a file. Now this is my second time installing the server as I missed a section out the first time. I was able to connect to my server through SFTP on filezilla the first time and the thing I missed out was adding a new user and editing the iptables in the firewall. So it would seem that the guide I have been following has blocked SFTP but allowed SSH. Here is the iptables file: *filter # Allow all loopback (lo0) traffic and drop all traffic to 127/8 that doesn't use lo0 -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT -A INPUT ! -i lo -d 127.0.0.0/8 -j REJECT # Accept all established inbound connections -A INPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT # Allow all outbound traffic - you can modify this to only allow certain traffic -A OUTPUT -j ACCEPT # Allow HTTP and HTTPS connections from anywhere (the normal ports for websites and SSL). -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 443 -j ACCEPT # Allow SSH connections # # The -dport number should be the same port number you set in sshd_config # -A INPUT -p tcp -m state --state NEW --dport 22 -j ACCEPT # Allow ping -A INPUT -p icmp -m icmp --icmp-type 8 -j ACCEPT # Log iptables denied calls -A INPUT -m limit --limit 5/min -j LOG --log-prefix "iptables denied: " --log-level 7 # Reject all other inbound - default deny unless explicitly allowed policy -A INPUT -j REJECT -A FORWARD -j REJECT COMMIT All I would like is a line I need to put in there which allows SFTP over port 22. Thank you for reading this.

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• Cron job checking for changes in Git repository

  - by HNygard

  We have just moved our server configs to a Git repository. Therefore there should not be any changes in any of the repository folders. I was thinking about how I could set up a cron job to check for any uncommited changes. How could a cron job be set up to check for changes in a Git repository? Greping the output of the git status command might just do it. Grep and cron jobs are not my strong side. Here are some sample outputs from git status: Standing the folder containing the git repository (e.g. /path/gitrepo/) with changed files: $ git status # On branch master # Changes not staged for commit: # (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed) # (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory) # # modified: apache2/sites-enabled/000-default # # Untracked files: # (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed) # # apache2/conf.d/test no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a") Standing in the folder when there is no changes: $ git status # On branch master nothing to commit (working directory clean) Update: Synced up with origin is not important. There should be no local changes. Local files that must be in place go into the .gitignore file. In addition to the server configs there are also git repos for content (static web sites, web apps, wordpress, etc). None of the repositories should have local changes. We might use Puppet in the long run since its being used for development of one of the web apps.

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• Powershell Get-Process cannot connect to remote computer

  - by amandion

  I've been struggling with this for a few hours and can't figure this out. I have two Windows 7 computers. One is my workstation that is using Powershell to do administrative maintenance. The other is the machine I'd like to use Powershell remoting on to execute remote Powershell cmdlets on. On both computers, I've enabled Powershell remoting and added all computers to TrustedHosts with the * value. On the remote computer, I've started the Remote registry service and ensured that the DCOM, Winmgmt and the Winrm services are running. Firewall is disabled on remote machine too. The cmdlet I try to run is: Get-Process -ComputerName $name Where $name is the name of the remote machine. I keep getting an error saying that it could not connect to the remote PC. I've also tried using the IP and I get the same error. These PCs are not in a domain. I am able to do the following successfully: Invoke-Command {get-Process} -ComputerName $name -Credential $creds Where $name is the machine name and $creds is the user name and password for the remote computer's local Admin account. This gives me the same output I would expect. While this is an acceptable workaround, I am curious, why doesn't using get-process with remoting work as it should? I've seen a few articles on the web suggesting people have had success with it on its own. Each time I am using Powershell on my workstation with elevated privileges. Any ideas?

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• iptables drops some packets on port 80 and i don't know the cause.

  - by Janning

  Hi, We are running a firewall with iptables on our Debian Lenny system. I show you only the relevant entries of our firewall. Chain INPUT (policy DROP 0 packets, 0 bytes) target prot opt in out source destination ACCEPT all -- lo * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 ACCEPT all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state RELATED,ESTABLISHED ACCEPT tcp -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 tcp dpt:80 state NEW Chain OUTPUT (policy DROP 0 packets, 0 bytes) target prot opt in out source destination ACCEPT all -- * lo 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 ACCEPT all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state RELATED,ESTABLISHED LOGDROP all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 Some packets get dropped each day with log messages like this: Feb 5 15:11:02 host1 kernel: [104332.409003] dropped IN= OUT=eth0 SRC= DST= LEN=1420 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=64 ID=18576 DF PROTO=TCP SPT=80 DPT=59327 WINDOW=54 RES=0x00 ACK URGP=0 for privacy reasons I replaced IP Addresses with and This is no reason for any concern, but I just want to understand what's happening. The web server tries to send a packet to the client, but the firewall somehow came to the conclusion that this packet is "UNRELATED" to any prior traffic. I have set a kernel parameter ip_conntrack_ma to a high enough value to be sure to get all connections tracked by iptables state module: sysctl -w net.ipv4.netfilter.ip_conntrack_max=524288 What's funny about that is I get one connection drop every 20 minutes: 06:34:54 droppedIN= 06:52:10 droppedIN= 07:10:48 droppedIN= 07:30:55 droppedIN= 07:51:29 droppedIN= 08:10:47 droppedIN= 08:31:00 droppedIN= 08:50:52 droppedIN= 09:10:50 droppedIN= 09:30:52 droppedIN= 09:50:49 droppedIN= 10:11:00 droppedIN= 10:30:50 droppedIN= 10:50:56 droppedIN= 11:10:53 droppedIN= 11:31:00 droppedIN= 11:50:49 droppedIN= 12:10:49 droppedIN= 12:30:50 droppedIN= 12:50:51 droppedIN= 13:10:49 droppedIN= 13:30:57 droppedIN= 13:51:01 droppedIN= 14:11:12 droppedIN= 14:31:32 droppedIN= 14:50:59 droppedIN= 15:11:02 droppedIN= That's from today, but on other days it looks like this, too (sometimes the rate varies). What might be the reason? Any help is greatly appreciated. kind regards Janning

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• What is the fall off of subsecond throughput on Ethernet Network Interfaces

  - by Kyle Brandt

  On a network interface, speeds are given in term of data over time, in particular, they are bits per second. However, in the uber-fast world of computing -- a second is kind of a really long time. So for example, given a linear falloff. A 1 GBit per second interface would do 500MBit per half second, 250Mbit per quarter second etc. I imagine at certain units of time, this is no longer linear. Perhaps this is set by ethernet frequencies, system clock speeds, interrupt timers etc. I am sure this varies depending on the system -- but does anyone have more information or whitepapers on this? One of the main reasons I am curious is to understand output drops on interfaces. Even if the speed per second is much lower than the interface can handle -- perhaps there are spikes that cause drops for only small numbers of milliseconds. Perhaps various coalescing would hide this effect -- or perhaps increase it on the receiving interface? Do queues make a difference here? Example: So given if this is linear down to the MS we would have 1Mbit/MS, and if Wireshark isn't distorting what I see, should I see drops when I have a spike beyond 1Mbit?

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• Remote offscreen rendering

  - by redmoskito

  My research lab recently added a server that has a beefy NVIDIA graphics card, which we would like to use to do scientific computations. Since it isn't a workstation, we'll have to run our jobs remotely, over an ssh connection. Most of our applications require doing opengl rendering to an offscreen buffer, then doing image analysis on the result in CUDA. My initial investigation suggests that X11 forwarding is a bad idea, because opengl rendering will occur on the client machine (or rather the X11 server--what a confusing naming convention!) and will suffer network bottlenecks when sending our massive textures. We will never need to display the output, so it seems like X11 forwarding shouldn't be necessary, but Opengl needs the $DISPLAY to be set to something valid or our applications won't run. I'm sure render farms exist that do this, but how is it accomplished? I think this is probably a simple X11 configuration issue, but I'm too unfamiliar with it to know where to start. We're running Ubuntu server 10.04, with no gdm, gnome, etc installed. However, xserver-xorg package is installed.

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• How can I make my Super keys (Windows Key) behave more like Ctrl/Alt/Shift in Linux

  - by deltaray

  After using the Ctrl + "arrow keys" for 13 years to switch virtual desktops in X windows, I've been convinced recently to change to using the Super keys instead (the windows key and the context menu key, which I've remapped). This all works fine for the most part. However, something is still picking up the key events that these keys are sending as if they are a normal alphanumeric like key. For example, I first noticed this in Google Docs spreadsheet that if I press the windows key alone over top of a cell, that it starts editing that cell. It doesn't insert anything, it just sends a key event that Firefox sees and starts editing the cell. This caused problems on a collaborative document I was working on as the way Google docs works, it led to me accidentally erasing the data in a few fields before I realised what was going on. I like using the super keys, but I want them to behave more like a Ctrl or Alt key does in that its a modifier key and doesn't send anything until a second key is pressed. My setup is the following: Ubuntu 10.10 XFCE 4 Microsoft Natural Ergo 4000 keyboard (with the logo scratched out) The following is my .Xmodmap file: remove Lock = Caps_Lock keycode 66 = Escape ! The below maps my other windows context menu key. keycode 135 = Super_R Edit: As requested, here is the relevant output from xev for a keypress and keyrelease of my Super_L (left windows key) KeyPress event, serial 34, synthetic NO, window 0x8200001, root 0x15d, subw 0x0, time 2428849342, (177,174), root:(182,228), state 0x10, keycode 133 (keysym 0xffeb, Super_L), same_screen YES, XLookupString gives 0 bytes: XmbLookupString gives 0 bytes: XFilterEvent returns: False KeyRelease event, serial 34, synthetic NO, window 0x8200001, root 0x15d, subw 0x0, time 2428849430, (177,174), root:(182,228), state 0x50, keycode 133 (keysym 0xffeb, Super_L), same_screen YES, XLookupString gives 0 bytes: XFilterEvent returns: False

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• Symlink path can be followed manually, but `cd` returns Permission denied

  - by Ricket

  I am trying to access the directory /usr/software/test/agnostic. There are several symlinks involved in this path. As you can see by the below transcript, I am unable to cd directly to the path, but I can check each step of the way and cd to the symlinked directories until I reach the destination. Why is this? (and how do I fix it?) Ubuntu 12.10, bash > ls /usr/software/test/agnostic ls: cannot access /usr/software/test/agnostic: Permission denied > cd /usr/software/test > cd agnostic bash: cd: agnostic: Permission denied > pwd -P /x/eng/localtest/arch/x86_64-redhat-rhel5 > ls -al | grep agnostic lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15 Oct 23 2007 agnostic -> noarch/agnostic > ls -al | grep noarch ... lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 23 Oct 23 2007 noarch -> /x/eng/localtest/noarch > cd noarch > cd agnostic bash: cd: agnostic: Permission denied > ls -al | grep agnostic lrwxrwxrwx 1 5808 dip 4 Oct 5 2010 agnostic -> main > cd main > ls (correct output of `ls`) > pwd /usr/software/test/noarch/main > pwd -P /x/eng/localtest/noarch/main

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• How much free memory should I have on my webserver?

  - by neanderslob

  I have a webserver that's currently hosting two Wordpress sites and some java-based collaboration software. The server has 2G of memory and is currently using about 1.8G of the available memory. Right now what's on here is pretty much a pilot project that's getting negligible traffic so I think it's pretty clear that I'll be needing more memory. I was wondering, if I was to release it, how I might anticipate my memory needs based on the traffic it gets. I've poked around on Google and what I've found has been a bit tenuous. Is there a good heuristic that one should use when calculating memory demands as a function of the base (no traffic) load on the server? For reference, the output of free -m can be seen below: total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 2048 1832 215 0 0 0 -/+ buffers/cache: 1832 215 Swap: 0 0 0 To me this looks like actual memory used and isn't an illusion due to caching or anything else. I figure the demands of my collaboration software will have to be experimentally tested so here's free -m without that software running: total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 2048 1109 938 0 0 0 -/+ buffers/cache: 1109 938 Swap: 0 0 0 My plan B to figure this out is to add a bunch of swap space to the server, give it some traffic and adjust according the the amount that swap gets used. I was just wondering if anyone had a good rule of thumb to estimate how much memory I should plan on in advance...or if what I'm thinking is nuts. Many thanks in advance (I'm really quite new to this).

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• What Logs / Process Stats to monitor on a Ubuntu FTP server?

  - by Adam Salkin

  I am administering a server with Ubuntu Server which is running pureFTP. So far all is well, but I would like to know what I should be monitoring so that I can spot any potential stability and security issues. I'm not looking for sophisticated software, more an idea of what logs and process statistics are most useful for checking on the health of the system. I'm thinking that I can look at various parameters output from the "ps" command and compare to see if I have things like memory leaks. But I would like to know what experienced admins do. Also, how do I do a disk check so that when I reboot, I don't get a message saying something like "disk not checked for x days, forcing check" which delays the reboot? I assume there is command that I can run as a cron job late at night. How often should it be run? What things should I be looking at to spot intrusion attempts? The only shell access is SSH on a non-standard port through UFW firewall, and I regularly do a grep on auth.log for "Fail" or "Invalid". Is there anything else I should look at? I was logging the firewall (UFW) but I have very few open ports (FTP and SSH on a non standard port) so looking at lists of IP's that have been blocked did not seem useful. Many thanks

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• Assembling Software RAID in Live CD for data recovery

  - by Maletor

  I need help recovering some data that's on my RAID which is on a LVM on my server running Ubuntu. What happened was I deleted the logical volume that controlled my swap space which was on a partition on drives sda2, sdb2, sdc2, and sdd2 in RAID1. This foobared my whole system for one reason or another. Booting leave me with grub rescue and an error saying that it is an unknown filesystem. When I boot to a live cd I can see my RAID arrays and I can even start them up. However, it doesn't appear to mount them anywhere so I can't see the data. I am in the live cd now and I have done sudo apt-get install mdadm lvm2 so it should be mounting them correctly. I just can't see why it wouldn't. Please any help is appreciated here. Here is some output. By the way, there are 3 RAIDs, 1) /boot 100mb RAID1, 2) swap 10gb RAID1, 3) root 990GB RAID5 ubuntu@ubuntu:~$ df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on aufs 124M 101M 18M 86% / none 2.0G 324K 2.0G 1% /dev /dev/sde1 2.0G 826M 1.2G 42% /cdrom /dev/loop0 667M 667M 0 100% /rofs none 2.0G 164K 2.0G 1% /dev/shm tmpfs 2.0G 28K 2.0G 1% /tmp none 2.0G 92K 2.0G 1% /var/run none 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /var/lock none 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /lib/init/rw /dev/md1 91M 73M 15M 84% /media/5ac3dbf1-a6c5-409c-96ae-edc6e27992c7 ubuntu@ubuntu:~$ cat /etc/fstab aufs / aufs rw 0 0 tmpfs /tmp tmpfs nosuid,nodev 0 0 /dev/sda2 swap swap defaults 0 0 /dev/sdb2 swap swap defaults 0 0 /dev/sdc2 swap swap defaults 0 0 /dev/sdd2 swap swap defaults 0 0

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• linux: per-process monitor, every 10 minutes, with history access

  - by Inbar Rose

  I really didn't know a better way to ask my question, hence you get a horribly named question. I will explain what i want to do, maybe that will help you help me. I would like to have my linux machine continuously monitor (every 10 minutes) all the processes on my machine. The information from each process that I require is the name, CPU usage, allocated (virtual) memory, and resident (ram) memory. If these periodic reports were to be looked at, they would look something like this: PROCESS CPU RAM VIRTUAL name1 % MB MB name2 % MB MB ...etc..etc These reports should be stored in such a way that I can access them at a later date by giving a date/time scope (range). For instance, if I want to see the history of my processes from 12:00:00 1.12.12 till 12:00:00 2.12.12 I can - and it should give me the history of the processes for every 10 minutes between those date/time borders. The format of the return is not important, that will be handled by a script anyway and can be modified into anything I need. I have looked into a few things so far, but have not found something that clearly meets my needs. Among the things i searched: sar, free(1), top(1).. and a few other things. It should be a simple issue, i can already see all this information by simply looking at my htop, but i need only a tool that will gather the desired fields for me for each processes every 10 minutes, and then also let me extract slices of that data based on date/time scopes (ranges). note: I have limited experience with linux, so please give detailed information. note2: The desired output will be something like this (after receiving the desired range) CPU USAGE BY PROCESS: proc_nameA 1,2,2,2,2,2...... numbers represent % usage every 10 minutes... proc_nameB 4,3,3,6,1,2...... The same idea with the other information.

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• Mysterious swap usage on EC2

  - by rusty

  We're in the middle of a project to move our infrastructure from a co-lo situation into Amazon EC2 and we've noticed some weird memory characteristics of the processes in our setup. Without going into too much detail about the specifics of our processes, we've noticed that on our EC2 instances "top" will show processes using a lot of swap space -- in fact, much greater than the amount of available swap or (if you add it all up) more than the available disk. Here's a sample top output: Mem: 7136868k total, 5272300k used, 1864568k free, 256876k buffers Swap: 1048572k total, 0k used, 1048572k free, 2526504k cached PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ SWAP COMMAND 4121 jboss 20 0 5913m 603m 14m S 0.7 8.7 3:59.90 5.2g java 22730 root 20 0 2394m 4012 1976 S 2.0 0.1 4:20.57 2.3g PassengerHelper 20564 rails 20 0 2539m 220m 9828 S 0.3 3.2 0:23.58 2.3g java 1423 nscd 20 0 877m 1464 972 S 0.0 0.0 0:03.89 876m nscd You can see, for instance, that jboss is reportedly using 5.2 gigs of swap space which is definitely impossible since there's only 1G allocated and none is being used (probably because there's still 1.8G of RAM free). And here's the results of uname -a: Linux xxx.yyy.zzz 2.6.35.14-106.53.amzn1.x86_64 #1 SMP Fri Jan 6 16:20:10 UTC 2012 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux We're running an AMI based off of the default Amazon Linux AMI (Amazon Linux AMI release 2011.09, so some RHEL5 and RHEL 6) with not too many customizations and definitely no kernel-level customizations. Something here tells me that on this particular kernel/distribution, the reporting of swap or maybe even total memory usage isn't what it appears to be... Any help would be appreciated!

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• Files showing in smbclient but not smbmount

  - by Staale

  I have a samba folder that I try and access through smbclient, and I can browse it just fine. However, mounting it through smbmount, all the folders under the share are empty. I can list the folders directly under the share fine, but they all appear empty. smbclient: # smbclient //server/share -U username -W workgroup password smbmount # sudo smbmount //server/share mntpoint -o user=username,workgroup=workgroup,password=password I have also tried with domain=workgroup instead of workgroup, both give the same result. No error messages, everything mounts fine, but all the folders under mntpoint are empty, despite the same folders being non-empty when using smbclient. Are these using different libraries? How can I debug the error? Additionally, if I try to mount //server/share/folder, doing an ls results in a segmentation fault. Using dmesg I find: kernel BUG at /build/buildd/linux-2.6.28/fs/cifs/cifs_dfs_ref.c:315! Full trace: http://pastebin.com/m70adc213 Using a credentials file, I first get empty dirs, then Resource temporarily unavailable. In my dmesg I see the following output: CIFS VFS: compose_mount_options: Failed to resolve server part of \\srv\share to IP: -11

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• Passive mode FTP file download hangs from specific machine

  - by chiptuned

  I have a server which is an AWS instance that just cannot download files from a specific FTP server. I can connect to the FTP server fine and run some commands, but when I request a file it just hangs. Here is the debug output of the base linux ftp client after login: ---> SYST 215 UNIX Type: Apache FtpServer Remote system type is UNIX. ftp> get outgoing/catalog.gz catalog.gz local: catalog.gz remote: outgoing/catalog.gz ---> PASV 227 Entering Passive Mode (64,156,167,125,135,191) ---> RETR outgoing/catalog.gz 150 File status okay; about to open data connection. Thats it. Then it just sits there and nothing transfers. I have verified that a data connection is made but the client gets no data. ? ss -nt dst 64.156.167.125 State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port ESTAB 0 0 10.185.147.150:41190 64.156.167.125:21 ESTAB 0 0 10.185.147.150:48871 64.156.167.125:48557 The FTP server is not in my control and downloads from other FTP servers in passive mode have worked. Active mode does not work as the system is behind a firewall. Every FTP client I've tried has the same problem. The download works from other systems, even from other AWS instances I have with the same Security Group. Not necessarily the same distro or config though. I understand it may be some issue on the server side, but I want to know what it is about my particular machine where the transfer hangs and where on every other machine I can get my hands on, it works. Please let me know what the culprit on the client side could be or ideas on what else to look at.

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• Gigabit network limited to 25MB/s by CPU. How to make it faster?

  - by netvope

  I have a Acer Aspire R1600-U910H with a nForce gigabit network adapter. The maximum TCP throughput of it is about 25MB/s, and apparently it is limited by the single core Intel Atom 230; when the maximum throughput is reached, the CPU usage is about 50%-60%, which corresponds to full utilization considering this is a Hyper-threading enabled CPU. The same problem occurs on both Windows XP and on Ubuntu 8.04. On Windows, I have installed the latest nForce chipset driver, disabled power saving features, and enabled checksum offload. On Linux, the default driver has checksum offload enabled. There is no Linux driver available on Nvidia's website. ethtool -k eth0 shows that checksum offload is enabled: Offload parameters for eth0: rx-checksumming: on tx-checksumming: on scatter-gather: on tcp segmentation offload: on udp fragmentation offload: off generic segmentation offload: off The following is the output of powertop when the network is idle: Wakeups-from-idle per second : 61.9 interval: 10.0s no ACPI power usage estimate available Top causes for wakeups: 90.9% (101.3) <interrupt> : eth0 4.5% ( 5.0) iftop : schedule_timeout (process_timeout) 1.8% ( 2.0) <kernel core> : clocksource_register (clocksource_watchdog) 0.9% ( 1.0) dhcdbd : schedule_timeout (process_timeout) 0.5% ( 0.6) <kernel core> : neigh_table_init_no_netlink (neigh_periodic_timer) And when the maximum throughput of about 25MB/s is reached: Wakeups-from-idle per second : 11175.5 interval: 10.0s no ACPI power usage estimate available Top causes for wakeups: 99.9% (22097.4) <interrupt> : eth0 0.0% ( 5.0) iftop : schedule_timeout (process_timeout) 0.0% ( 2.0) <kernel core> : clocksource_register (clocksource_watchdog) 0.0% ( 1.0) dhcdbd : schedule_timeout (process_timeout) 0.0% ( 0.6) <kernel core> : neigh_table_init_no_netlink (neigh_periodic_timer) Notice the 20000 interrupts per second. Could this be the cause for the high CPU usage and low throughput? If so, how can I improve the situation? The other computers in the network can usually transfer at 50+MB/s without problems. And a minor question: How can I find out what is the driver in use for eth0?

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