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• RAM being displayed is lesser than the actual in my Windows 7

  - by Prateek Somani

  I am using Windows 7 and Ubuntu on the same machine. Earlier I had 3 GB of RAM,but now the Windows is displaying just 1 GB of RAM. Please also find the output of the free command in my Ubuntu : total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 1008208 904808 103400 5736 13516 239596 -/+ buffers/cache: 651696 356512 Swap: 3127292 10252 3117040 Has the swap memory consumed my 2 GB of RAM? Will I be able to use the whole of 3GB of the RAM in my Windows? Regards, Prateek Update : I tried to run the lshw command and I got the following output : *-memory description: System Memory physical id: 1b slot: System board or motherboard size: 1GiB *-bank:0 description: SODIMM DDR3 Synchronous 1067 MHz (0.9 ns) product: HMT112S6BFR6C-H9 vendor: Hynix physical id: 0 serial: 2C71D069 slot: Bottom - Slot 1 size: 1GiB width: 64 bits clock: 1067MHz (0.9ns) *-bank:1 description: SODIMM DDR3 Synchronous 1067 MHz (0.9 ns) [empty] product: 16JSF25664HZ-1G4F1 vendor: Micron physical id: 1 serial: FD421821 slot: Bottom - Slot 2 width: 64 bits clock: 1067MHz (0.9ns) Why it is able to detect the vendor/product name of the bank-1 RAM, why can't it detect the RAM size and other details ? Has my RAM got faulty?

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• Proxy settings in Java mail API

  - by coder

  I've written a piece of java code where user1 sends email to user2. I'm behind a proxy and hence I'm getting a javax.mail.MessagingException. How do I solve this problem? Here is the code- import java.util.Properties; import javax.mail.Message; import javax.mail.MessagingException; import javax.mail.PasswordAuthentication; import javax.mail.Session; import javax.mail.Transport; import javax.mail.internet.InternetAddress; import javax.mail.internet.MimeMessage; public class Mail { public static void main(String[] args) { final String username = "[email protected]"; final String password = "abc"; Properties props = new Properties(); props = System.getProperties(); props.put("mail.smtp.auth", "true"); props.put("mail.smtp.starttls.enable", "true"); props.put("mail.smtp.host", "smtp.gmail.com"); props.put("mail.smtp.port", "587"); Session session = Session.getInstance(props, new javax.mail.Authenticator() { protected PasswordAuthentication getPasswordAuthentication() { return new PasswordAuthentication(username, password); } }); try { Message message = new MimeMessage(session); message.setFrom(new InternetAddress("[email protected]")); message.setRecipients(Message.RecipientType.TO, InternetAddress.parse("[email protected]")); message.setSubject("Testing Subject"); message.setText("Dear Mail Crawler," + "\n\n No spam to my email, please!"); Transport.send(message); System.out.println("Done"); } catch (MessagingException e) { throw new RuntimeException(e); } } }

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• Not able to find scripts present in /etc/profile.d directory [on hold]

  - by priya

  I am using Red Hat Linux 6.0 ... using davinchi board. I have to change system clock resolution so I am changing (HZ) env var. For this I have written script so that I can change HZ = 1000 n insert that script in /etc/profile.d and write code for loop in /etc/profile so that while running as usual /etc/profile can load the scripts present in /etc/profile.d. But when I am logging into the system at root level then showing error as "-bash: ./etc/profile.d/resolution.sh(my script name): No such file or directory Also here why it is showing ./etc and not /etc . Is something related to that?? Also I tried to add script in /etc/init.d but still no change in value of HZ takes place. Please tell where to change so that this env var can get changed. The script(resolution.sh) written has :- #!/bin/bash export HZ=1000 The content of /etc/profile which I entered is: if [ -d /etc/profile.d ]; then for i in /etc/profile.d/*.sh; do if [ -r $i ]; then .$i fi done unset i fi And the output of grep command is -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 535 Feb 4 2004 profile -rwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Feb 2 2004 profile.d

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• Why is my filesystem being mounted read-only in linux?

  - by Tim

  I am trying to set up a small linux system based on Gentoo on a VirtualBox machine, as a step towards deploying the same system onto a low-spec Single Board Computer. For some reason, my filesystem is being mounted read-only. In my /etc/fstab, I have: /dev/sda1 / ext3 defaults 0 0 none /proc proc defaults 0 0 none /sys sysfs defaults 0 0 none /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0 However, once booted /proc/mounts shows rootfs / rootfs rw 0 0 /dev/root / ext3 ro,relatime,errors=continue,barrier=0,data=writeback 0 0 proc /proc proc rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0 sysfs /sys sysfs rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0 udev /dev tmpfs rw,nosuid,relatime,size=10240k,mode=755 0 0 devpts /dev/pts devpts rw,nosuid,noexec,relatime,gid=5,mode=620 0 0 none /dev/shm tmpfs rw,relatime 0 0 usbfs /proc/bus/usb usbfs rw,nosuid,noexec,relatime,devgid=85,devmode=664 0 0 binfmt_misc /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc binfmt_misc rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0 (the above may contain errors: there's no practical way to copy and paste) The partition at /dev/hda1 is clearly being mounted OK, since I can read all the data, but it's not being mounted as described in fstab. How might I go about diagnosing / resolving this? Edit: I can remount with mount -o remount,rw / and it works as expected, except that /proc/mounts reports /dev/root mounted at / rather than /dev/sda1 as I'd expect. If I try to remount with mount -a I get mount: none already mounted or /sys busy mount: according to mtab, sysfs is already mounted on /sys Edit 2: I resolved the problem with mount -a (the same error was occuring during startup, it turned out) by changing the sysfs and proc lines to proc /proc proc [...] sysfs /sys sysfs [...] Now mount -a doesn't complain, but it doesn't result in a read-write root partition. mount -o remount / does cause the root partition to be remounted, however.

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• Firewall for internal networks

  - by Cylindric

  I have a virtualised infrastructure here, with separated networks (some physically, some just by VLAN) for iSCSI traffic, VMware management traffic, production traffic, etc. The recommendations are of course to not allow access from the LAN to the iSCSI network for example, for obvious security and performance reasons, and same between DMZ/LAN, etc. The problem I have is that in reality, some services do need access across the networks from time to time: System monitoring server needs to see the ESX hosts and the SAN for SNMP VSphere guest console access needs direct access to the ESX host the VM is running on VMware Converter wants access to the ESX host the VM will be created on The SAN email notification system wants access to our mail server Rather than wildly opening up the entire network, I'd like to place a firewall spanning these networks, so I can allow just the access required For example: SAN SMTP Server for email Management SAN for monitoring via SNMP Management ESX for monitoring via SNMP Target Server ESX for VMConverter Can someone recommend a free firewall that will allow this kind of thing without too much low-level tinkering of config files? I've used products such as IPcop before, and it seems to be possible to achieve this using that product if I re-purpose their ideas of "WAN", "WLAN" (the red/green/orange/blue interfaces), but was wondering if there were any other accepted products for this sort of thing. Thanks.

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• How to manage processes-to-CPU cores affinities ?

  - by Philippe

  I use a distributed user-space filesystem (GlusterFS) and I would like to be sure GlusterFS processes will always have the computing power they need. Each execution node of my grid have 2 CPU, with 4 cores per CPU and 2 threads per core (16 "processors" are seen by Linux). My goal is to guarantee that GlusterFS processes have enough processing power to be reliable, responsive and fast. (There is no marketing here, just the dreams of a sysadmin ;-) I consider two main points : GlusterFS processes I/O for data access (on local disks, or remote disks) I thought about binding the Linux Kernel and GlusterFS instances on a specific "processor". I would like to be sure that : No grid job will impact the kernel and the GlusterFS instances Researchers jobs won't be affected by system processes (I'd like to reserve a pool of cores to job execution and be sure that no system process will use these CPUs) But what about I/O ? As we handle a huge amount of data (several terabytes), we'll have a lot of interuptions. How can I distribute these operations on my processors ? What are the "best practices" ? Thanks for your comments!

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• Windows XP Setup Fails to Recognize USB Floppy after formatting AHCI disk

  - by Strahn

  I am attempting to install Windows XP Professional x64 onto a HP EliteBook 8540w. I have downloaded both the latest Intel Rapid Storage Technology drivers and the Intel Storage Matrix drivers that are listed on HPs website and copied the drivers over to a floppy disk (two separate floppies, one for each version of the drivers.) Booting to my WinXP Pro x64 install CD, I go through the F6 process, load the driver and am able to see my HDD, delete, create and format partitions on it. When I go to continue the install, after checking the disk, the system asks me to enter the disk labeled "Intel Rapid Storage Technology" and press enter to continue. Nothing happens at this point when I press enter. This happens if I use the latest drivers or the older drivers. We have created a slipstreamed install CD using nLite that has the AHCI drivers integrated, which installs fine. However, we have identified a number of issues with the system that I believe are side-effects of using nLite for the slipstreaming and I am attempting to verify that. I have researched this issue and found a few examples of others having the same problem, but no solution. The USB floppy is a Lacie branded floppy, connecting it to a working XP workstation shows it to be the Y-E Data USB floppy drive that is supposedly 100% compatible with XP per MS KB 916196.

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• "Delivered-To" Header in Exchange

  - by Kaii

  In some SMTP server implementations (i.e. Postfix) you can enable Delivered-To and X-Original-To headers that will be added to your email. (or [X-]Envelope-To) This is very helpful with distribution lists to determine which e-mail address the mail has been redirected to. So, when the mail has been sent to [email protected], you can see in the Delivered-To or Envelope-To header that it has been redirected (distributed) to [email protected], which is one of many other e-mail addresses that are linked to a single mailbox. How do I find which address was used to deliver this mail to a specific mailbox on Microsoft Exchange 2010? Looking at the plain message (with all headers) i can not find any information that the mail arrived via address [email protected] I think I need the Delivered-To header (or a similar one) to be set on Microsoft Exchange when a mail is delivered via distribution lists. Is there any way to enable such header in Exchange 2010? I need it so that our Ticket system (OTRS) correctly recognizes where the ticket belongs to. Adding all the e-mail addresses of all distribution lists to the system configuration is not the right solution. And if there is a solution for Exchange 2010, is this possibly also applicable to Exchange 2007?

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• Exchange MSExchangeIS Mailbox Store Error

  - by Bart Silverstrim

  Boss asked me to check to see if I could figure out why he's had to restart the services on the Exchange server three mornings in a row now. While going through the system logs I ran across an error from the MSExchangeIs Mailbox Store, category General, Event 9690. The message said (edited to make generalized): Exchange store 'First Storage Group\Mailbox Store (Servername)': The logical size of this database (the logical size equals the physical size of the .edb file and the .stm file minus the logical free space in each) is 22GB. This database size has exceeded the size limit of 22 GB. This database will be dismounted immediately. Hmm...happened at five in the morning, and I'm thinking this is a pretty good hint that this leads to the culprit. Thing is I'm not an Exchange expert, so I'm still googling around to figure out how to fix the problem. Any better guidance out there? Or am I barking up the wrong binary tree? Exchange System Manager reports that the server is "version 6.5 build 7638.2, SP2", standard, which I believe is Exchange 2003. It's running on Windows Server 2003 R2 Standard, SP2.

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• Windows XP only loads in VGA mode, and crashes when raising resolution

  - by Harel

  My kid's computer (Windows XP, SP3) started to (what appears to be) crash on boot. It will only boot in Safe or VGA mode, and if I try to raise the resolution from 640x480 it just reboots itself, and a error appears in the Event Log. When it loads up not in VGA mode, the monitor shuts off just after the windows logo is shown. It seems like windows is actually running but I can't see anything on screen (monitor is off for lack of signal). Nothing was installed recently that I know of, short of the usual windows updates. Thanks, Harel Below is the event log error: Event Type: Error Event Source: System Error Event Category: (102) Event ID: 1003 Date: 15/04/2012 Time: 16:27:11 User: N/A Computer: ----- Description: Error code 1000008e, parameter1 c0000005, parameter2 f745b0bf, parameter3 ede24f98, parameter4 00000000. For more information, see Help and Support Center at http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/events.asp. Data: 0000: 53 79 73 74 65 6d 20 45 System E 0008: 72 72 6f 72 20 20 45 72 rror Er 0010: 72 6f 72 20 63 6f 64 65 ror code 0018: 20 31 30 30 30 30 30 38 1000008 0020: 65 20 20 50 61 72 61 6d e Param 0028: 65 74 65 72 73 20 63 30 eters c0 0030: 30 30 30 30 30 35 2c 20 000005, 0038: 66 37 34 35 62 30 62 66 f745b0bf 0040: 2c 20 65 64 65 32 34 66 , ede24f 0048: 39 38 2c 20 30 30 30 30 98, 0000 0050: 30 30 30 30 0000

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• Broken filesystem on Windows XP / 7 virtual machine

  - by Pekka

  I created a virtual machine with Windows XP as the guest system in Microsoft's Virtual PC that ships along with Windows 7. I then installed Virtualbox and began running the MS machine in it. It worked fine. Then, I accidentally started the machine in Microsoft's Virtual PC again. The screen stayed blank, so after a while, realizing my mistake, I closed the Machine. Since then, the VM won't start any more, claiming massive file system problems. Starting Windows in normal mode results in a SOMETHING_FILESYSTEM blue screen; I can start in protected mode and run a checkdisk. That will fix something on every run, but every time I restart, it will start again. I tried re-booting the VM with the Windows CD and doing a repair install. I didn't watch whether that worked out, but I'm caught in the reset / check disk / reset cycle again. Is there anything VM specific that can still be done? On a physical machine, I would say reformat. Is there any way to get hold of the data on the virtual machine through either Virtual PC or Virtualbox? It was an experimental machine, but I had started entering some data on it that would be nice to recover.

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• SSD seems dead after wakeup from Windows Sleep, BIOS stalls but doesn't find it anymore

  - by Abel

  The morning, the following scary scenario happened: I woke up my Windows system Typed in my username and got an error (something like "could not load security xxx", but unsure of exact wording) System auto-restarted after cliking OK It didn't boot up anymore to the SSD with Windows 7 OS (I have another disk I can boot to, but that doesn't see the disk either). Obviously, this happened right after I instantiated a backup procedure, which hasn't succeeded either. The BIOS can't find the drive when I connect to SATA. And it can't find the drive when I connect it to SAS. I have a Dell Workstation T7400, most recent BIOS (version A06), version of SAS Host Bus Adapter BIOS (HBA) is MPTBIOS 6.14.10.00 (2007.09.29) from LSI Logic Corp. Other findings: When connecting to SATA, the DELL Logo screen stays really long (5 minutes) and then at the end of POST it says that a drive is not found When connecting to SAS, the SAS HBA initializing phase takes long (2 minutes, against normally 15 seconds) When running Dell Diagnostics, it doesn't finish and gives the error Exception occurred in module MPCACHE.MDM file "IOAPICSP.ASM" line 1645. I contacted Dell. On their advice I tried different slots and different cables to no avail. I use an APIC battery power, spikes in the power are thus unlikely. My conclusion so far: the disk is dead. I need this disk very badly because it contains the last few days of important development of which not all code was checked in the moment this happened. Are there any ways to recover dead SSD drives? The drive is a new X25-M G2 160GB model SSDSA2M160G2GC 2.5" in an extension bay and has been running without issues for 3 months on SAS.

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• RAID6 mdraid -> LVM -> EXT4 root with GRUB2?

  - by Rotonen

  2012-03-31 Debian Wheezy daily build in VirtualBox 4.1.2, 6 disk devices. My steps to reproduce so far: Setup one partition, using the entire disk, as a physical volume for RAID, per disk Setup a single RAID6 mdraid array out of all of those Use the resulting md0 as the only physical volume for the volume group Setup your logical volumes, filesystems and mount points as you wish Install your system Both / and /boot will be in this stack. I've chosen EXT4 as my filesystem for this setup. I can get as far as GRUB2 rescue console, which can see the mdraid, the volume group and the LVM logical volumes (all named appropriately on all levels) on it, but I cannot ls the filesystem contents of any of those and I cannot boot from them. As far as I can see from the documentation the version of GRUB2 shipped there should handle all of this gracefully. http://packages.debian.org/wheezy/grub-pc (1.99-17 at the time of writing.) It is loading the ext2, raid, raid6rec, dosmbr (this one is in the list of modules once per disk) and lvm modules according to the generated grub.cfg file. Also it is defining the list of modules to be loaded twice in the generated grub.cfg file and according to quick Googling around this seems to be the norm and OK for GRUB2. How to get further by getting GRUB2 to actually be able to read the content of the filesystems and boot the system? What am I wrong about in my assumptions of functionality here? EDIT (2012-04-01) My generated grub.cfg: http://pastie.org/3708436 It seems it first makes my /usr logical volume the root and that might be source of the failure? A grub-mkconfig bug? Or is it supposed to get access to stuff from /usr before / and /boot? /boot is on / for me - no separate boot logical volume.

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• Implications of disabling the AMD Phenom's TLB patch?

  - by DMA57361

  I'm currently running a AMD Phenom X4 9600 processor (yeah, it's aging a bit, but other recent problems mean it's not getting upgraded in the immediate future), which happens to be one of the chips that suffer from the TLB errata. I recall that the first time I played with disabling the TLB patch (probably over a year ago, while playing a game that had a severe performance problem such that it was almost unplayable unless the patch was disabled) I had at least one BSOD, but I can't remeber them being particularly frequent. However, because it decreased instability, I stopped disabling the patch once I was done with the game. Now, after some recent hardware changes I was experiancing much worse performance than expected from the new hardware under some circumstances, and the TLB jumped to mind - after testing I found that disabling the patch would improve the performance to expected levels. I'm now wondering if it's worthwhile always having the patch disabled to avoid any potential slowdowns cropping up in the future, or if it is too dangerous. Everything I read states that the bug, when not patched, can causes a system lock-up in "rare circumstances". So, with the TLB patch disabled: How frequently should system lock-ups be expected? Do we know what the circumstances that trigger the lock-ups are? (Don't worry too much about being highly technical, but essentially I wonder if the chip more vunerable under heavy load, or heavy memory usage, etc?) Are there any secondary problems I should be aware of? (Don't include things that are charateristic to all lock-ups, please)

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• No apparent reason for high load average

  - by Oz.

  We have several web servers running on Amazon (ec2) c1.xlarge, over Amazon AMI. The servers are duplicates of each other, running the exact same hardware and software. Each server spec is: 7 GB of memory 20 EC2 Compute Units (8 virtual cores with 2.5 EC2 Compute Units each) 1690 GB of instance storage 64-bit platform I/O Performance: High API name: c1.xlarge A couple of weeks ago we have run a yum upgrade on one of the servers. Starting on this upgrade the upgraded server started showing a high load average. Needless to say, we did not update the other servers and we can not do so until we understand the reason for this behavior. The strange thing is that when we compare the servers using top or iostat, we can not find the reason for the high load. Note that we have moved traffic from the "problematic" server to the others, which have made the "problematic" server less crowded in terms of requests, and still his load is higher. Do you have any idea what could it be, or where else can we check? Many thanks for the help! Oz. # # proper server # w command # 00:42:26 up 2 days, 19:54, 2 users, load average: 0.41, 0.48, 0.49 USER TTY FROM LOGIN@ IDLE JCPU PCPU WHAT pts/1 82.80.137.29 00:28 14:05 0.01s 0.01s -bash pts/2 82.80.137.29 00:38 0.00s 0.02s 0.00s w # # proper server # iostat command # Linux 3.2.12-3.2.4.amzn1.x86_64 _x86_64_ (8 CPU) avg-cpu: %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle 9.03 0.02 4.26 0.17 0.13 86.39 Device: tps Blk_read/s Blk_wrtn/s Blk_read Blk_wrtn xvdap1 1.63 1.50 55.00 367236 13444008 xvdfp1 4.41 45.93 70.48 11227226 17228552 xvdfp2 2.61 2.01 59.81 491890 14620104 xvdfp3 8.16 14.47 94.23 3536522 23034376 xvdfp4 0.98 0.79 45.86 192818 11209784 # # problematic server # w command # 00:43:26 up 2 days, 21:52, 2 users, load average: 1.35, 1.10, 1.17 USER TTY FROM LOGIN@ IDLE JCPU PCPU WHAT pts/0 82.80.137.29 00:28 15:04 0.02s 0.02s -bash pts/1 82.80.137.29 00:38 0.00s 0.05s 0.00s w # # problematic server # iostat command # Linux 3.2.20-1.29.6.amzn1.x86_64 _x86_64_ (8 CPU) avg-cpu: %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle 7.97 0.04 3.43 0.19 0.07 88.30 Device: tps Blk_read/s Blk_wrtn/s Blk_read Blk_wrtn xvdap1 2.10 1.49 76.54 374660 19253592 xvdfp1 5.64 40.98 85.92 10308946 21612112 xvdfp2 3.97 4.32 93.18 1087090 23439488 xvdfp3 10.87 30.30 115.14 7622474 28961720 xvdfp4 1.12 0.28 65.54 71034 16487112

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• Intermittent NFS lockups on Isilon cluster

  - by blackbox222

  We have an Isilon cluster with 8 IQ 12000x nodes which exports storage via several NFS shares for a handful of Linux and Solaris clients. There is a Linux system that has one of these NFS filesystems mounted. I/O to this filesystem is moderately heavy from the Linux system. Every 3-4 weeks (it's not on any kind of discernible schedule, and sometimes is more/less frequent than this), we notice that all activity ceases on this NFS mount (the process hangs, as if the network stopped working so process is stuck in uninterruptible sleep) - 30 minutes later, the share recovers and things continue to work normally. The kernel log from the affected machine is as follows: Dec 3 10:07:29 redacted kernel: [8710020.871993] nfs: server nfs-redacted not responding, still trying Dec 3 10:37:17 redacted kernel: [8711805.966130] nfs: server nfs-redacted OK relevant /etc/fstab line: nfs-redacted:/ifs/nfs/export_data/shared/...redacted... /data nfs defaults 0 0 I've checked to see if there are any scheduled processes e.g. cron jobs, Isilon related functions e.g. snapshots, etc that might be causing these hangups but I can't seem to find anything. I'm also not aware of any network related issues or maintenance that would cause this. All of the lockups last almost exactly 30 minutes per the kernel logs. Perhaps someone has some suggestions I could try? (I considered a soft mount to avoid the problems associated with processes accessing the filesystem hanging; however am wary of the corruption that could result and it would not really solve the underlying issue anyway).

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• How can I format an SD card with a more robust Linux-usable filesystem with a specific cluster size for better write performace?

  - by Harvey

  Goal: microSD card formatted... for best write performance for use only with embedded Linux for better reliability (random power failures may occur) using an 64kB cluster size I'm using an 8GB microSD card for data storage inside an embedded Linux/ARM device. The SD card is not removable. I've been using ext3 instead of the pre-installed FAT32 because it seems to better handle random power failures during writes. However, I kept noticing that my write performance is always best with the pre-installed FAT32 from Kingston. If I reformat the card with FAT32, the performance still suffers. After browsing wikipedia, I stumbled upon the following comment saying that some cards are optimized for specific cluster sizes. In my case, the Kingston comes pre-formatted for an 64kB cluster size. Risks of reformatting Reformatting an SD card with a different file system, or even with the same one, may make the card slower, or shorten its lifespan. Some cards use wear leveling, in which frequently modified blocks are mapped to different portions of memory at different times, and some wear-leveling algorithms are designed for the access patterns typical of the file allocation table on a FAT16 or FAT32 device.[60] In addition, the preformatted file system may use a cluster size that matches the erase region of the physical memory on the card; reformatting may change the cluster size and make writes less efficient.

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• Postfix spool on ext3 optimiziations in >=linux-2.6.34 days

  - by Luke404

  Given the very specific nature of the subject (we're not talking about mailboxes, just the spool; we're not talking about other filesystems, just ext3; and so on...) and the maturity of the softwares involved (linux kernel, ext3fs, postfix) I'd think there should be a more or less agreed on set of best practices to filesystem related tuning. I'm trying to get a roundup of them: data=journal became the default in recent kernels (somewhere around 2.6.30 IIRC) so we should be ok with that Wietse Venema says atime must be on, but Postfix documentation recommendsnoatime while talking about the Incoming Queue. Does that mean that postfix needs atime on just for some queue directories and will benefit from noatime on the others? can we use noatime if we just don't use ETRN? filesystem can be mounted nodev,noexec,nosuid - no* won't prevent you from setting attributes (postfix uses exec attr) they just won't have any effect (we don't run anything from the spool) the fsync() issue cited by Wietse and/or the chattr -S are probably linked to sync/async options of ext3fs but I do not understand them enough. Mouting the filesystem with async option is equivalent to chattr -R -S the whole fs? Seems like it will increase performance, but will that pose a risk of "loss of mail after a system crash" or is it really "safe on /var/spool/postfix" ? would you tune anything else on postfix-2.6.x to work better on ext3 or do you leave defaults everywhere? is there a "best" linux I/O scheduler for this kind of workload (namely CFQ or deadline?) or that's something that will vary too much based on hardware configuration? would you tune anything else in the filesystem or in the kernel? anything else? References: Postfix Performance here on SF Postfix documentation about the Incoming Queue Wietse Venema in Best file system on [email protected] here Postfix and ext3 on [email protected] here and there

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• Small Business HP Virtualisation and iSCSI SAN Options

  - by Robin Day

  We are a small business that hosts our core product on a number of HP servers. Our core production setup is 1x HP DL380, high powered for a SQL Server Database 1x HP DL360, mid powered for our core application server 6x HP DL320, low powered for our front ends We run our training / testing / support systems on a similar setup, the servers are just older and less powerful. Unfortunately this is now causing us issues as the system has grown beyond the capabilities of these older servers. Upgrading these servers would be expensive and we believe that virtualisation is probably the way to go for the future. Locally we run a number of test / dev environments on ESXi using Direct Storoage on a couple of high powered DL360's and these are performing fairly well. We're thinking that instead of replacing all of our test servers that we can implement an iSCSI SAN and one or two high powered hosts. Hopefully looking that when it comes to replace our live servers as well that we can just expand the virual environment to cope. So my question is... Can anyone offer any advice on some suitable options? We have generally always been extremely happy with HP servers, all of our kit is currently HP, therefore our preference would be to stick with HP, however, I'm always happy to hear about other options. I'm hoping that initially a budget of around 15-25k (GBP) would be suitable, this could potentially be increased if I had confidence that the system would pave the way for a cost effective upgrade of our live systems in the future as well. I am new to SAN's and my only real experience is playing with OpenFiler on some old desktops. I think iSCSI should be suitable, but I've not done any research into how SQL server may perform. I've had a browser through HP's sites and see plenty of information about EVA, MSA, LeftHand, etc. However, from looking at all that, I don't see which options would be best and more importantly I don't know exactly what I would need to buy. Any help, links, opinions would be much appreciated. Thanks

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• How does it hurt to use Linux (Ubuntu) as a guest OS for all my tasks?

  - by sauparna

  I have a machine running Windows, where the disk has two partitions C (50 GB) and D (250GB). I do research in Information Retrieval and need to work with a large corpus (more than 50 GB) and in Linux. So if I want to install Linux on the existing system, keeping the Windows installation intact, will it be fine to run it in a virtual box? (say, QEMU, VMWare, etc.) An alternative is using Wubi. In that case the Linux installation has to be on drive C. Then, if I keep a small Linux installation (say 5GB) on C, and my corpus on D (mounted in Linux), how will it affect the performance of my programs which would be accessing the mounted Windows drive D. Is it feasible to use Linux this way? Which of the above is better if at all they are a way out? Note : Since my post in July 2010, I have been using and have tried several ways of maintaining a disk-image that I can mount in Linux. I had a 100GB qcow2 disk and a 100GB raw disk, both formatted to an EXT3 file system. I was mounting and connecting to the qcow2 disk using qemu-nbd. The problem was that every now and then, the connection to the disk would get lost and the running programs would throw disk I/O errors. The raw disk would mount and work fine as a loop mounted device, but when writing data to it, the mount.ntfs program would hog the CPU and the process would take an enormous amount of time. I was in fact running make on a piece of software located on this raw disk, and after a point of time make was waiting while mount.ntfs would show 100% CPU usage.

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• Conditionally permitting HTTP-only requests to Tomcat?

  - by Mike

  I have 2 versions of a system: Tomcat webserver Nginx reverse-proxy sitting in front of a tomcat webserver. In version 2, nginx only ever talks to Tomcat over HTTP. A user could configure the system so that only HTTPS requests are allowed. If the user does this in Version 1 and then the XML configuration files for Tomcat takes care of this. In version 2, nginx takes care of this. The problem is this: I cannot force a user to update their Tomcat XML config files when they upgrade from version 1 to version 2 (it will be recommended that they do so) because this is done as part of a larger process. This means that if they upgrade and don't update the Tomcat config, an HTTPS request will arrive at nginx, which will proxy it over HTTP to Tomcat which will reject the request because it is not HTTPS. So I can't force an update to the Tomcat XML, and I have to use HTTP between nginx and Tomcat. Any ideas? Is there some way I can affect how Tomcat reads its config in Version 2 so that it ignores the HTTPS-only section?

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• How to cache authentication in Linux using PAM/Kerberos authentication (for CVS)?

  - by Calonthar

  We have several Linux servers that authenticate Linux user passwords on our Windows Active Directory Server using PAM and Kerberos 5. The Linux distro we use is CentOS 6. On one system, we have several Version Control Systems like CVS and Subversion, both of which authenticate users throug PAM, such that users can use their normal Unix resp. Windows AD accounts. Since we started using Kerberos for password authentication, we experienced that CVS on a client machine is often much slower in establishing a connection. CVS authenticates the user on every request (eg. cvs diff, log, update...). Is is possible to cache the credentials that kerberos uses, sucht that is does not need to ask the Windows AD server every time a user executes a cvs action? Our PAM config /etc/pam.d/system-auth looks like the following: auth required pam_env.so auth sufficient pam_unix.so nullok try_first_pass auth requisite pam_succeed_if.so uid >= 500 quiet auth sufficient pam_krb5.so use_first_pass auth required pam_deny.so account required pam_unix.so broken_shadow account sufficient pam_succeed_if.so uid < 500 quiet account [default=bad success=ok user_unknown=ignore] pam_krb5.so account required pam_permit.so password requisite pam_cracklib.so try_first_pass retry=3 password sufficient pam_unix.so md5 shadow nullok try_first_pass use_authtok password sufficient pam_krb5.so use_authtok password required pam_deny.so session optional pam_keyinit.so revoke session required pam_limits.so session [success=1 default=ignore] pam_succeed_if.so service in crond quiet use_uid session required pam_unix.so session optional pam_krb5.so

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• Cannot access server shares over VPN

  - by DuncanDavies

  I've set up a single hosted server to use as a development environment for a web-based application. The web app is served up fine on port 80, however I'm struggling to get my VPN to behave how I'd expect so the developers don't have the access they require. The VPN connects fine and I can access the back-end database (SQL Server) which resides on the server with the client tools from the laptops. However they cannot access any shared folders. The server's local IP address is 10.x.x.x, and I've assigned a static IP address pool to RRAS (of 192.168.100.1 - 20). The clients pick up a valid IP Address (i.e. 192.168.100.9) when they connect. There is no name resolution setup, DNS or WINS. When connected via VPN the clients can ping the server (192.168.100.1) by IP Address, but cannot map a drive to a shared folder (net use * \\192.168.100.1\xxxxx) - I get 'System error 53 has occurred. The network path was not found.' I don't understand why I can ping by the ip, but not map by it. Some details: Server OS is Windows 2008 (Datacenter) VPN is SSTP using RRAS Clients are all Windows 7 I've tried temporarily disabling the firewalls So, why can we not access the file system when everything else (ping, RDP, SQL Server clients tools) works? Thanks for your help Duncan

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• How to read cell data in excel and output to command prompt

  - by Max Ollerenshaw

  Hi All, I'm a sys admin and I am trying to learn how to use powershell... I have never done any type of scripting or coding before and I have been teaching myself online by learning from the technet script centre and online forums. What I am trying to accomplish is to open an excel spreadsheet get information from it (usernames and password) and then output it into the command prompt in powershell. When ever I try to do this I get an Exception calling "InvokeMember" anyway, here is the code I have so far: function Invoke([object]$m, [string]$method, $parameters) { $m.PSBase.GetType().InvokeMember( $method, [Reflection.BindingFlags]::InvokeMethod, $null, $m, $parameters,$ciUS ) } $ciUS = [System.Globalization.CultureInfo]'en-US' $objExcel = New-Object -comobject Excel.Application $objExcel.Visible = $False $objExcel.DisplayAlerts = $False $objWorkbook = Invoke $objExcel.Workbooks.Open "C:\PS\User Data.xls" Write-Host "Numer of worksheets: " $objWorkbook.Sheets.Count $objWorksheet = $objWorkbook.Worksheets.Item(1) Write-Host "Worksheet: " $objWorksheet.Name $Forename = $objWorksheet.Cells.Item(2,1).Text $Surname = $objWorksheet.Cells.Item(2,2).Text Write-Host "Forename: " $Forename Write-Host "Surname: " $Surname $objExcel.Quit() If (ps excel) { kill -name excel} I have read many different posts on forums and articles on how to try and get around the en-US problem but I cannot seem to get around it and hope that someone here can help! Here is the Exeption problem I mentioned: Exception calling "InvokeMember" with "6" argument(s): "Method 'System.Management.Automation.PSMethod.C:\PS\User Data.x ls' not found." At C:\PS\excel.ps1:3 char:33 + $m.PSBase.GetType().InvokeMember <<<< ( + CategoryInfo : NotSpecified: (:) [], MethodInvocationException + FullyQualifiedErrorId : DotNetMethodException Numer of worksheets: You cannot call a method on a null-valued expression. At C:\PS\excel.ps1:18 char:45 + $objWorksheet = $objWorkbook.Worksheets.Item <<<< (1) + CategoryInfo : InvalidOperation: (Item:String) [], RuntimeException + FullyQualifiedErrorId : InvokeMethodOnNull Worksheet: You cannot call a method on a null-valued expression. At C:\PS\excel.ps1:21 char:37 + $Forename = $objWorksheet.Cells.Item <<<< (2,1).Text + CategoryInfo : InvalidOperation: (Item:String) [], RuntimeException + FullyQualifiedErrorId : InvokeMethodOnNull You cannot call a method on a null-valued expression. At C:\PS\excel.ps1:22 char:36 + $Surname = $objWorksheet.Cells.Item <<<< (2,2).Text + CategoryInfo : InvalidOperation: (Item:String) [], RuntimeException + FullyQualifiedErrorId : InvokeMethodOnNull Forename: Surname: This is the first question I have ever asked, try to be nice! :)) Many Thanks Max

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• IIS7: How to block access with a web.config file?

  - by neves

  I know that IIS7 allows me to have a per directory configuration with the web.config xml file. I have a directory with some configuration files that don't want to be web accessible. A local web.config file forbidding read access to it would be a nice solution. What should be the contents of a web.config file to forbid web access to the files? Edit: I'm trying to put a web.config file with these contents in a file: <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?> <configuration> <system.web> <authorization> <deny users="*" /> <!-- Denies all users --> </authorization> </system.web> </configuration> But I can still directly access a file inside the directory. What's wrong with it? How do I debug what's happening?

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