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• Need a push in the write direction, to write my first functional test in Rails?

  - by Jason

  Hi, I've read quiet a bit of documentation over the last few days about testing in Rails, I'm sitting down to write my first real test and not 100% sure how to tie what I have learned together to achieve the following functional test (testing a controller) I need to send a GET request to a URL and pass 3 parameters (simple web-service), if the functionality works the keyword "true" is simply returned, otherwise the keyword "false" is returned - its in only value returned & not contained in any , or other tags. The test should assert that if "true" is returned the test is successful. This is probably very simple so apologies for such a non-challenging question. If anyone could point me in the write direction on how I can get started, particularly how I can test the response, I'd be very grateful! Thanks!

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• PHP Changing Class Variables Outside of Class

  - by Jamie Bicknell

  Apologies for the wording on this question, I'm having difficulties explaining what I'm after, but hopefully it makes sense. Let's say I have a class, and I wish to pass a variable through one of it's methods, then I have another method which outputs this variable. That's all fine, but what I'm after is that if I update the variable which was originally passed, and do this outside the class methods, it should be reflected in the class. I've created a very basic example: class Test { private $var = ''; function setVar($input) { $this->var = $input; } function getVar() { echo 'Var = ' . $this->var . '<br />'; } } If I run $test = new Test(); $string = 'Howdy'; $test->setVar($string); $test->getVar(); I get Var = Howdy However, this is the flow I would like: $test = new Test(); $test->setVar($string); $string = 'Hello'; $test->getVar(); $string = 'Goodbye'; $test->getVar(); Expected output to be Var = Hello Var = Goodbye I don't know what the correct naming of this would be, and I've tried using references to the original variable but no luck. I've come across this in the past, with the PDO prepared statements, see Example #2 $stmt = $dbh->prepare("INSERT INTO REGISTRY (name, value) VALUES (?, ?)"); $stmt->bindParam(1, $name); $stmt->bindParam(2, $value); // insert one row $name = 'one'; $value = 1; $stmt->execute(); // insert another row with different values $name = 'two'; $value = 2; $stmt->execute(); I know I can change the variable to public and do the following, but it isn't quite the same as how the PDO class handles it, and I'm really looking to mimic that behaviour. $test = new Test(); $test->setVar($string); $test->var = 'Hello'; $test->getVar(); $test->var = 'Goodbye'; $test->getVar(); Any help, ideas, pointers, or advice would be greatly appreciated, thanks.

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• Python urllib.urlopen IOError

  - by Michael

  So I have the following lines of code in a function sock = urllib.urlopen(url) html = sock.read() sock.close() and they work fine when I call the function by hand. However, when I call the function in a loop (using the same urls as earlier) I get the following error: > Traceback (most recent call last): File "./headlines.py", line 256, in <module> main(argv[1:]) File "./headlines.py", line 37, in main write_articles(headline, output_folder + "articles_" + term +"/") File "./headlines.py", line 232, in write_articles print get_blogs(headline, 5) File "/Users/michaelnussbaum08/Documents/College/Sophmore_Year/Quarter_2/Innovation/Headlines/_code/get_content.py", line 41, in get_blogs sock = urllib.urlopen(url) File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.6/lib/python2.6/urllib.py", line 87, in urlopen return opener.open(url) File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.6/lib/python2.6/urllib.py", line 203, in open return getattr(self, name)(url) File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.6/lib/python2.6/urllib.py", line 314, in open_http if not host: raise IOError, ('http error', 'no host given') IOError: [Errno http error] no host given Any ideas?

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• Testing sample code in python modules

  - by Andrew Walker

  I'm in the process of writing a python module that includes some samples. These samples aren't unit-tests, and they are too long and complex to be doctests. I'm interested in best practices for automatically checking that these samples run. My current project layout is pretty standard, except that there is an extra top level makefile that has build, install, unittest, coverage and profile targets, that delegate responsibility to setup.py and nose as required. projectname/ Makefile README setup.py samples/ foo-sample foobar-sample projectname/ __init__.py foo.py bar.py tests/ test-foo.py test-bar.py I've considered adding a sampletest module, or adding nose.tools.istest decorators to the entry-point functions of the samples, but for a small number of samples, these solutions sound a bit ugly. This question is similar to http://stackoverflow.com/questions/301365/automatically-unit-test-example-code, but I assume python best practices will differ from C#

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• "AttributeError: fileno" when attemping to import from pyevolve

  - by Corey Sunwold

  I just installed Pyevolve using easy_install and I am getting errors trying to run my first program. I first tried copy and pasting the source code of the first example but this is what I receive when I attempt to run it: Traceback (most recent call last): File "/home/corey/CTest/first_intro.py", line 3, in from pyevolve import G1DList File "/usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/Pyevolve-0.5-py2.6.egg/pyevolve/init.py", line 15, in File "/usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/Pyevolve-0.5-py2.6.egg/pyevolve/Consts.py", line 240, in import Selectors File "/usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/Pyevolve-0.5-py2.6.egg/pyevolve/Selectors.py", line 12, in File "/usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/Pyevolve-0.5-py2.6.egg/pyevolve/GPopulation.py", line 11, in File "/usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/Pyevolve-0.5-py2.6.egg/pyevolve/FunctionSlot.py", line 14, in File "/usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/Pyevolve-0.5-py2.6.egg/pyevolve/Util.py", line 20, in AttributeError: fileno I am running python 2.6 on Fedora 11 X86_64.

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• Python and App Engine project structure

  - by Joel

  Hello, I am relatively new to python and app engine, and I just finished my first project. It consists of several *.py files (usually py file for every page on the site) and respectively temple files for each py file. In addition, I have one big PY file that has many functions that are common to a lot of pages, in I also declared the classes of db.Model (that is the datastore kinds). My question is what is the convention (if there is one) of arranging these files. If I create a model.py with the datastore classes, should it be in different package? Where should I put my template files and all of the py files that handle every page (should they be in the same directory as the one big common PY file)? I have tried to look for MVC and such implementations online but there are very few. Thanks, Joel

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• How can I put all twill commands together into one piece of code in a .py file?

  - by brilliant

  Hello everybody! I have just started exploring TWILL. Twill is an amazing scripting language for Web browsing and it does all I want!!! So far I've been using twill from a Python shell (IDLE (Python GUI) to be precise) and I do things in the way of executing commands one by one (I mean, I type one command, run it, then type the next command): But I don't know how to put all these commands together in one .py file, so that they would all be executed one by one automatically. It seems that there is such possibility in twill. This example from the twill documentation page (you can see it HERE) shows us one piece of code consisting of several commands: So, my question is: How can I put all commands together in twill?

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• Modifing settings in Django

  - by Cato Johnston

  I'm trying to get Django's manage.py to run with modified settings files. I have three settings files settings.py preview.py live.py settings.py contains my base settings but on live & preview sites I point the ['DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE'] to live or preview which in turn load the base file and any settings specific to that environment. This works fine, until I try to run migrations using manage.py I updated the manage.py file to import settings.preview but now when I try to run syncdb or migrate I get this error: django.core.exceptions.ImproperlyConfigured: You haven't set the DATABASE_ENGINE setting yet. My settings file has this in it though: DATABASE_ENGINE = 'mysql' How can I get this to work?

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• How to finish a broken data upload to the production Google App Engine server?

  - by WooYek

  I was uploading the data to App Engine (not dev server) through loader class and remote api, and I hit the quota in the middle of a CSV file. Based on logs and progress sqllite db, how can I select remaining portion of data to be uploaded? Going through tens of records to determine which was and which was not transfered, is not appealing task, so I look for some way to limit the number of record I need to check. Here's relevant (IMO) log portion, how to interpret work item numbers? [DEBUG 2010-03-30 03:22:51,757 bulkloader.py] [Thread-2] [1041-1050] Transferred 10 entities in 3.9 seconds [DEBUG 2010-03-30 03:22:51,757 adaptive_thread_pool.py] [Thread-2] Got work item [1071-1080] <cut> [DEBUG 2010-03-30 03:23:09,194 bulkloader.py] [Thread-1] [1141-1150] Transferred 10 entities in 4.6 seconds [DEBUG 2010-03-30 03:23:09,194 adaptive_thread_pool.py] [Thread-1] Got work item [1161-1170] <cut> [DEBUG 2010-03-30 03:23:09,226 bulkloader.py] [Thread-3] [1151-1160] Transferred 10 entities in 4.2 seconds [DEBUG 2010-03-30 03:23:09,226 adaptive_thread_pool.py] [Thread-3] Got work item [1171-1180] [ERROR 2010-03-30 03:23:10,174 bulkloader.py] Retrying on non-fatal HTTP error: 503 Service Unavailable

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• importing same module more than once

  - by wallacoloo

  So after a few hours, I discovered the cause of a bug in my application. My app's source is structure like: main/ __init__.py folderA/ __init__.py fileA.py fileB.py Really, there are about 50 more files. But that's not the point. In main/__init__.py, I have this code: from folderA.fileA import * in folderA/__init__.py I have this code: sys.path.append(pathToFolderA) in folderA/fileB.py I have this code: from fileA import * The problem is that fileA gets imported twice. However, I only want to import it once. The obvious way to fix this (to me atleast) is to change certain paths from path to folderA.path But I feel like Python should not even have this error in the first place. What other workarounds are there that don't require each file to know it's absolute location?

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• passing an array of structures (containing two mpz_t numbers) to a function

  - by jerome

  Hello, I'm working on some project where I use the type mpz_t from the GMP C library. I have some problems passing an array of structures (containing mpz_ts) adress to a function : I wille try to explain my problem with some code. So here is the structure : struct mpz_t2{ mpz_t a; mpz_t b; }; typedef struct mpz_t2 *mpz_t2; void petit_test(mpz_t2 *test[]) { printf("entering petit test function\n"); for (int i=0; i < 4; i++) { gmp_printf("test[%d]->a = %Zd and test[%d]->b = %Zd\n", test[i]->a, test[i]->b); } } /* IN MAIN FUNCTION */ mpz_t2 *test = malloc(4 * sizeof(mpz_t2 *)); for (int i=0; i < 4; i++) { mpz_t2_init(&test[i]); // if I pass test[i] : compiler error mpz_set_ui(test[i].a, i); //if test[i]->a compiler error mpz_set_ui(test[i].b, i*10); //same problem gmp_printf("%Zd\n", test[i].b); //prints correct result } petit_test(test); The programm prints the expected result (in main) but after entering the petit_test function produces a segmentation fault error. I would need to edit the mpz_t2 structure array in petit_test. I tried some other ways allocating and passing the array to the function but I didn't manage to get this right. If someone has a solution to this problem, I would be very thankfull! Regards, jérôme.

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• web2py error while using distinct in the queries

  - by Steve

  Hi, I am using web2py with GAE. While using some of the queries which has a distinct clause, GAE throws out an error.I have pasted the Traceback. Can someone please help me out with this. In FILE: /base/data/home/apps/panneersoda/1.341206242889687944/applications/init/controllers/default.py Traceback (most recent call last): File "/base/data/home/apps/panneersoda/1.341206242889687944/gluon/restricted.py", line 173, in restricted exec ccode in environment File "/base/data/home/apps/panneersoda/1.341206242889687944/applications/init/controllers/default.py:profileview", line 263, in <module> File "/base/data/home/apps/panneersoda/1.341206242889687944/gluon/globals.py", line 96, in <lambda> self._caller = lambda f: f() File "/base/data/home/apps/panneersoda/1.341206242889687944/applications/init/controllers/default.py:profileview", line 97, in profileview File "/base/data/home/apps/panneersoda/1.341206242889687944/gluon/contrib/gql.py", line 675, in select (items, tablename, fields) = self._select(*fields, **attributes) File "/base/data/home/apps/panneersoda/1.341206242889687944/gluon/contrib/gql.py", line 624, in _select raise SyntaxError, 'invalid select attribute: %s' % key SyntaxError: invalid select attribute: distinct Thanks

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• Is NUnit's ExpectedExceptionAttribute only way to test if something raises an exception?

  - by Dariusz Walczak

  Hello, I'm completely new at C# and NUnit. In Boost.Test there is a family of BOOST_*_THROW macros. In Python's test module there is TestCase.assertRaises method. As far as I understand it, in C# with NUnit (2.4.8) the only method of doing exception test is to use ExpectedExceptionAttribute. Why should I prefer ExpectedExceptionAttribute over - let's say - Boost.Test's approach? What reasoning can stand behind this design decision? Why is that better in case of C# and NUnit? Finally, if I decide to use ExpectedExceptionAttribute, how can I do some additional tests after exception was raised and catched? Let's say that I want to test requirement saying that object has to be valid after some setter raised System.IndexOutOfRangeException. How would you fix following code to compile and work as expected? [Test] public void TestSetterException() { Sth.SomeClass obj = new SomeClass(); // Following statement won't compile. Assert.Raises( "System.IndexOutOfRangeException", obj.SetValueAt( -1, "foo" ) ); Assert.IsTrue( obj.IsValid() ); } Edit: Thanks for your answers. Today, I've found an It's the Tests blog entry where all three methods described by you are mentioned (and one more minor variation). It's shame that I couldn't find it before :-(.

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• IE7 contentEditable word wrapping

  - by Iker Jimenez

  I have the following code: <html> <style type="text/css"> DIV { display:inline; border: solid red 1px; } .editable { background:yellow; } </style> <div class="editable" contentEditable="true"> This is test text. This is test text.This is test text.This is test text.This is test text.Thihis is test text.This is test text.</div> <div class="editable" contentEditable="true"> short </div> <div class="editable" contentEditable="true"> This is test text.This is test text.This is test text.his is test text.Thihis is test text.Thihis is test text.Thihis is test text.Thi </div> And I need IE7 (IE6 not needed and FF3.x works fine) to wrap the text correctly, which it does if I remove the contentEditable="true" from the divs. Just try this code with and without contentEditable and you'll see what I mean. Make the browser window small enough so you see how the text wraps. Thanks.

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• Object reference not set to an instance of an object.

  - by Lambo

  I have the following code - private static void convert() { string csv = File.ReadAllText("test.csv"); string year = "2008"; XDocument doc = ConvertCsvToXML(csv, new[] { "," }); doc.Save("update.xml"); XmlTextReader reader = new XmlTextReader("update.xml"); XmlDocument testDoc = new XmlDocument(); testDoc.Load(@"update.xml"); XDocument turnip = XDocument.Load("update.xml"); webservice.singleSummary[] test = new webservice.singleSummary[1]; webservice.FinanceFeed CallWebService = new webservice.FinanceFeed(); foreach(XElement el in turnip.Descendants("row")) { test[0].account = el.Descendants("var").Where(x => (string)x.Attribute("name") == "account").SingleOrDefault().Attribute("value").Value; test[0].actual = System.Convert.ToInt32(el.Descendants("var").Where(x => (string)x.Attribute("name") == "actual").SingleOrDefault().Attribute("value").Value); test[0].commitment = System.Convert.ToInt32(el.Descendants("var").Where(x => (string)x.Attribute("name") == "commitment").SingleOrDefault().Attribute("value").Value); test[0].costCentre = el.Descendants("var").Where(x => (string)x.Attribute("name") == "costCentre").SingleOrDefault().Attribute("value").Value; test[0].internalCostCentre = el.Descendants("var").Where(x => (string)x.Attribute("name") == "internalCostCentre").SingleOrDefault().Attribute("value").Value; MessageBox.Show(test[0].account, "Account"); MessageBox.Show(System.Convert.ToString(test[0].actual), "Actual"); MessageBox.Show(System.Convert.ToString(test[0].commitment), "Commitment"); MessageBox.Show(test[0].costCentre, "Cost Centre"); MessageBox.Show(test[0].internalCostCentre, "Internal Cost Centre"); CallWebService.updateFeedStatus(test, year); } It is coming up with the error of - NullReferenceException was unhandled, saying that the object reference not set to an instance of an object. The error occurs on the first line test[0].account. How can I get past this?

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• c# multi inheritance

  - by user326839

  So ive got a base class which requires a Socket: class Sock { public Socket s; public Sock(Socket s) { this.s = s; } public virtual void Process(byte[] data) { } ... } then ive got another class. if a new socket gets accepted a new instance of this class will be created: class Game : Sock { public Random Random = new Random(); public Timerr Timers; public Test Test; public Game(Socket s) : base(s) { } public static void ReceiveNewSocket(object s) { Game Client = new Game((Socket)s); Client.Start(); } public override void Process(byte[] buf) { Timers = new Timerr(s); Test = new Test(s); Test.T(); } } in the Sock class ive got a virtual function that gets overwritten by the Game class.(Process function) in this function im calling a function from the Test Class(Test+ Timerr Class: class Test : Game { public Test(Socket s) : base(s) { } public void T() { Console.WriteLine(Random.Next(0, 10)); Timers.Start(); } } class Timerr : Game { public Timerr(Socket s) : base(s) { } public void Start() { Console.WriteLine("test"); } } ) So in the Process function im calling a function in Test. And in this function(T) i need to call a function from the Timerr Class.But the problem is its always NULL , although the constructor is called in Process. And e.g. the Random Class can be called, i guess its because its defined with the constructor.: public Random Random = new Random(); and thats why the other classes(without a constructor): public Timerr Timers; public Test Test; are always null in the inherited class Test.But its essentiel that i call other Methods of other classes in this function.How could i solve that?

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• Python Importing object that originates in one module from a different module into a third module

  - by adewinter

  I was reading the sourcode for a python project and came across the following line: from couchexport.export import Format (source: https://github.com/wbnigeria/couchexport/blob/master/couchexport/views.py#L1 ) I went over to couchexport/export.py to see what Format was (Class? Dict? something else?). Unfortunately Format isn't in that file. export.py does however import a Format from couchexport.models where there is a Format class (source: https://github.com/wbnigeria/couchexport/blob/master/couchexport/models.py#L11). When I open up the original file in my IDE and have it look up the declaration, in line I mentioned at the start of this question, it leads directly to models.py. What's going on? How can an import from one file (export.py) actually be an import from another file (models.py) without being explicitly stated?

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• Python fCGI + sqlAlchemy = malformed header from script. Bad header=FROM tags : index.py

  - by crgwbr

  I'm writing an Fast-CGI application that makes use of sqlAlchemy & MySQL for persistent data storage. I have no problem connecting to the DB and setting up ORM (so that tables get mapped to classes); I can even add data to tables (in memory). But, as soon as I query the DB (and push any changes from memory to storage) I get a 500 Internal Server Error and my error.log records malformed header from script. Bad header=FROM tags : index.py, when tags is the table name. Any idea what could be causing this? Also, I don't think it matters, but its a Linux development server talking to an off-site (across the country) MySQL server.

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• Python - werid behavior

  - by orokusaki

  I've done what I shouldn't have done and written 4 modules (6 hours or so) without running any tests along the way. I have a method inside of /mydir/__init__.py called get_hash(), and a class inside of /mydir/utils.py called SpamClass. /mydir/utils.py imports get_hash() from /mydir/__init__. /mydir/__init__.py imports SpamClass from /mydir/utils.py. Both the class and the method work fine on their own but for some reason if I try to import /mydir/, I get an import error saying "Cannot import name get_hash" from /mydir/__init__.py. The only stack trace is the line saying that __init__.py imported SpamClass. The next line is where the error occurs in in SpamClass when trying to import get_hash. Why is this?

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• Understanding how software testing works and what to test.

  - by RHaguiuda

  Intro: I've seen lots of topics here on SO about software testing and other terms I don't understand. Problem: As a beginner developer I, unfortunately, have no idea how software testing works, not even how to test a simple function. This is a shame, but thats the truth. I also hope this question can help others beginners developers too. Question: Can you help me to understand this subject a little bit more? Maybe some questions to start would help: When I develop a function, how should I test it? For example: when working with a sum function, should I test every input value possible or just some limits? How about testing functions with strings as parameters? In a big program, do I have to test every single piece of code of it? When you guys program do you test every code written? How automated test works and how can I try one? How tools for automated testing works and what they do? I`ve heard about unit testing. Can I have a brief explanation on this? What is a testing framework? If possible please post some code with examples to clarify the ideas. Any help on this topic is very welcome! Thanks.

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• Google App Engine Application Error 5

  - by Sam

  I frequently get this Application error. What does this mean ? File "/base/data/home/apps/0xxopdp/10.347467753731922836/matrices.py", line 215, in insert_into_db obj.put() File "/base/python_runtime/python_lib/versions/1/google/appengine/ext/db/__init__.py", line 895, in put return datastore.Put(self._entity, config=config) File "/base/python_runtime/python_lib/versions/1/google/appengine/api/datastore.py", line 404, in Put return _GetConnection().async_put(config, entities, extra_hook).get_result() File "/base/python_runtime/python_lib/versions/1/google/appengine/datastore/datastore_rpc.py", line 601, in get_result self.check_success() File "/base/python_runtime/python_lib/versions/1/google/appengine/datastore/datastore_rpc.py", line 572, in check_success rpc.check_success() File "/base/python_runtime/python_lib/versions/1/google/appengine/api/apiproxy_stub_map.py", line 502, in check_success self.__rpc.CheckSuccess() File "/base/python_runtime/python_lib/versions/1/google/appengine/api/apiproxy_rpc.py", line 126, in CheckSuccess raise self.exception ApplicationError: ApplicationError: 5 I do make many calls to the datastore. What caused this problem ?

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• User Crontab + Python + Random wallpapers = Not working?

  - by Andrew Bolster

  I have a python script that correctly sets the desktop wallpaper via gconf to a random picture in a given folder. I then have the following entry in my crontab * * * * * python /home/bolster/bin/change-background.py And syslog correctly reports execution Apr 26 14:11:01 bolster-desktop CRON[9751]: (bolster) CMD (python /home/bolster/bin/change-background.py) Apr 26 14:12:01 bolster-desktop CRON[9836]: (bolster) CMD (python /home/bolster/bin/change-background.py) Apr 26 14:13:01 bolster-desktop CRON[9860]: (bolster) CMD (python /home/bolster/bin/change-background.py) Apr 26 14:14:01 bolster-desktop CRON[9905]: (bolster) CMD (python /home/bolster/bin/change-background.py) Apr 26 14:15:01 bolster-desktop CRON[9948]: (bolster) CMD (python /home/bolster/bin/change-background.py) Apr 26 14:16:01 bolster-desktop CRON[9983]: (bolster) CMD (python /home/bolster/bin/change-background.py) But no desktopy changey, Any ideas?

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• Iterating over member typed collection fails when using untyped reference to generic object

  - by Alexander Pavlov

  Could someone clarify why iterate1() is not accepted by compiler (Java 1.6)? I do not see why iterate2() and iterate3() are much better. This paragraph is added to avoid silly "Your post does not have much context to explain the code sections; please explain your scenario more clearly." protection. import java.util.Collection; import java.util.HashSet; public class Test<T> { public Collection<String> getCollection() { return new HashSet<String>(); } public void iterate1(Test test) { for (String s : test.getCollection()) { // ... } } public void iterate2(Test test) { Collection<String> c = test.getCollection(); for (String s : c) { // ... } } public void iterate3(Test<?> test) { for (String s : test.getCollection()) { // ... } } } Compiler output: $ javac Test.java Test.java:11: incompatible types found : java.lang.Object required: java.lang.String for (String s : test.getCollection()) { ^ Note: Test.java uses unchecked or unsafe operations. Note: Recompile with -Xlint:unchecked for details. 1 error

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• Django startup importing causes reverse to happen

  - by nicknack

  This might be an isolated problem, but figured I'd ask in case someone has thoughts on a graceful approach to address it. Here's the setup: -------- views.py -------- from django.http import HttpResponse import shortcuts def mood_dispatcher(request): mood = magic_function_to_guess_my_mood(request) return HttpResponse('Please go to %s' % shortcuts.MOODS.get(mood, somedefault)) ------------ shortcuts.py ------------ MOODS = # expensive load that causes a reverse to happen The issue is that shortcuts.py causes an exception to be thrown when a reverse is attempted before django is done building the urls. However, views.py doesn't yet need to import shortcuts.py (used only when mood_dispatcher is actually called). Obvious initial solutions are: 1) Import shortcuts inline (just not very nice stylistically) 2) Make shortcuts.py build MOODS lazily (just more work) What I ideally would like is to be able to say, at the top of views.py, "import shortcuts except when loading urls"

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• Python Etiquette: Importing Modules

  - by F3AR3DLEGEND

  Say I have two Python modules: module1.py: import module2 def myFunct(): print "called from module1" module2.py: def myFunct(): print "called from module2" def someFunct(): print "also called from module2" If I import module1, is it better etiquette to re-import module2, or just refer to it as module1.module2? For example (someotherfile.py): import module1 module1.myFunct() # prints "called from module1" module1.module2.myFunct() # prints "called from module2" I can also do this: module2 = module1.module2. Now, I can directly call module2.myFunct(). However, I can change module1.py to: from module2 import * def myFunct(): print "called from module1" Now, in someotherfile.py, I can do this: import module1 module1.myFunct() # prints "called from module1"; overrides module2 module1.someFunct() # prints "also called from module2" Also, by importing *, help('module1') shows all of the functions from module2. On the other hand, (assuming module1.py uses import module2), I can do: someotherfile.py: import module1, module2 module1.myFunct() # prints "called from module1" module2.myFunct() # prints "called from module2" Again, which is better etiquette and practice? To import module2 again, or to just refer to module1's importation?

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