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• Mac OS X - Time Machine backup fails verification - What can I do to save the history?

  - by usermac75

  Hi, How do I make Time Machine to make a new complete backup without losing older versions of backed up files? Verbose: I am using the Time Machine backup on my OS X (Snow Leopard) to backup the whole computer to an external drive. I especially like the "history", i.e. the feature that allows you to restore the older version of a file. Problem: I had some data corruption on my external backup drive, I repaired it with the System Tool for doing that, it found some faults. I had the disk tool repair the external drive. After that, the external drive was OK and I could use Time Machine again. I let Time Machine do one more backup. Now I made a verification according to http://superuser.com/questions/47628/verifying-time-machine-backups, namely along sudo diff -qr . $HOME/Desktop 2>&1 | tee $HOME/timemachine-diff.log However: After doing the command above, several differences and missing files were reported, approx. 200 files in sum. Whereas some of the missing files were cache or excluded directories, the differences do bother me, especially as some important documents from me are listed as differing. How can I make sure that the data on the external drive is synced correctly? Is it possible to have Time Machine to do a complete new backup without losing the history? Or to have Time Machine compare all files for differences and re-write all files that are different? Or can I set some flags on the files that do not match to have them copied again? (like the archive-flag in Windows/Dos). I'd rather not touch the files because I would like to keep the date of last change/date of creation) Thank you for your thoughts!

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• Use both OpenVPN & eth0 together

  - by shadyabhi

  I connect to a VPN using openVPN. Now, after the connection is established, all my traffic goes through tun0. My LAN gateway is 10.100.98.4... So, for apps to use my direct internet connnection I did sudo route add default gw 10.100.98.4 But, I cant use tun0 now. I know this because curl --interface tun0 google.com doesnt give me anything.. How do I go about using both connections simultaneously. How can I achieve that? ROUTING TABLES:- Without VPN running:- Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 10.100.98.0 * 255.255.255.0 U 1 0 0 eth0 default 10.100.98.4 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0 With VPN:- Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 10.10.0.1 10.10.54.230 255.255.255.255 UGH 0 0 0 tun0 10.10.54.230 * 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 tun0 free-vpn.torvpn 10.100.98.4 255.255.255.255 UGH 0 0 0 eth0 10.100.98.0 * 255.255.255.0 U 1 0 0 eth0 default 10.10.54.230 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 tun0 After the route command- Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 10.10.0.1 10.10.54.230 255.255.255.255 UGH 0 0 0 tun0 10.10.54.230 * 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 tun0 free-vpn.torvpn 10.100.98.4 255.255.255.255 UGH 0 0 0 eth0 10.100.98.0 * 255.255.255.0 U 1 0 0 eth0 default 10.100.98.4 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0 default 10.10.54.230 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 tun0

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• Redirecting or routing all traffic to OpenVPN on a Mac OS X client

  - by sdr56p

  I have configured an OpenVPN (2.2.1) server on an Ubuntu virtual machine in the Amazon elastic compute cloud. The server is up and running. I have installed OpenVPN (2.2.1) on a Mac OS X (10.8.2) client and I am using the openvpn2 binary to connect (in opposition to other clients like Tunnelblick or Viscosity). I can connect with the client and successfully ping or ssh the server through the tunnel. However, I can't redirect all internet traffic through the VPN even if I use the push "redirect-gateway def1 bypass-dhcp" option in the server.conf configurations. When I connect to the server with these configurations, I get a successful connection, but then an infinite series of error messages: "write UDPv4: No route to host (code=65)". Traffic routing seems to be compromised because I am not able to access anything anymore, not even the OpenVPN server (by pinging 10.8.0.1 for instance). This is beyond me. I am finding little help on the web and don't know what to try next. I don't think it is a problem of forwarding the traffic on the server since, first, I have also took care of that and, second, I can't even ping the VPN server locally through the tunnel (or ping anything at all for that matter). Thank you for your help. Here is the server.conf. file: port 1194 proto udp dev tun ca ca.crt cert ec2-server.crt key ec2-server.key # This file should be kept secret dh dh1024.pem server 10.8.0.0 255.255.255.0 ifconfig-pool-persist ipp.txt push "redirect-gateway def1 bypass-dhcp" client-to-client keepalive 10 120 comp-lzo persist-key persist-tun status openvpn-status.log verb 3 And the client.conf file: client dev tun proto udp remote servername.com 1194 resolv-retry infinite nobind persist-key persist-tun ca ca.crt cert Toto5.crt key Toto5.key ns-cert-type server comp-lzo verb 3 Here is the connection log with the error messages: $ sudo openvpn2 --config client.conf Wed Mar 13 22:58:22 2013 OpenVPN 2.2.1 x86_64-apple-darwin12.2.0 [SSL] [LZO2] [eurephia] built on Mar 4 2013 Wed Mar 13 22:58:22 2013 NOTE: OpenVPN 2.1 requires '--script-security 2' or higher to call user-defined scripts or executables Wed Mar 13 22:58:22 2013 LZO compression initialized Wed Mar 13 22:58:22 2013 Control Channel MTU parms [ L:1542 D:138 EF:38 EB:0 ET:0 EL:0 ] Wed Mar 13 22:58:22 2013 Socket Buffers: R=[196724->65536] S=[9216->65536] Wed Mar 13 22:58:22 2013 Data Channel MTU parms [ L:1542 D:1450 EF:42 EB:135 ET:0 EL:0 AF:3/1 ] Wed Mar 13 22:58:22 2013 Local Options hash (VER=V4): '41690919' Wed Mar 13 22:58:22 2013 Expected Remote Options hash (VER=V4): '530fdded' Wed Mar 13 22:58:22 2013 UDPv4 link local: [undef] Wed Mar 13 22:58:22 2013 UDPv4 link remote: 54.234.43.171:1194 Wed Mar 13 22:58:22 2013 TLS: Initial packet from 54.234.43.171:1194, sid=ffbaf343 d0c1a266 Wed Mar 13 22:58:22 2013 VERIFY OK: depth=1, /C=US/ST=CA/L=SanFrancisco/O=Fort-Funst ... ost.domain Wed Mar 13 22:58:22 2013 VERIFY OK: nsCertType=SERVER Wed Mar 13 22:58:22 2013 VERIFY OK: depth=0, /C=US/ST=CA/L=SanFrancisco/O=Fort-Funst ... ost.domain Wed Mar 13 22:58:23 2013 Data Channel Encrypt: Cipher 'BF-CBC' initialized with 128 bit key Wed Mar 13 22:58:23 2013 Data Channel Encrypt: Using 160 bit message hash 'SHA1' for HMAC authentication Wed Mar 13 22:58:23 2013 Data Channel Decrypt: Cipher 'BF-CBC' initialized with 128 bit key Wed Mar 13 22:58:23 2013 Data Channel Decrypt: Using 160 bit message hash 'SHA1' for HMAC authentication Wed Mar 13 22:58:23 2013 Control Channel: TLSv1, cipher TLSv1/SSLv3 DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA, 1024 bit RSA Wed Mar 13 22:58:23 2013 [ec2-server] Peer Connection Initiated with 54.234.43.171:1194 Wed Mar 13 22:58:25 2013 SENT CONTROL [ec2-server]: 'PUSH_REQUEST' (status=1) Wed Mar 13 22:58:25 2013 PUSH: Received control message: 'PUSH_REPLY,route 10.8.0.0 255.255.255.0,topology net30,ping 10,ping-restart 120,ifconfig 10.8.0.6 10.8.0.5' Wed Mar 13 22:58:25 2013 OPTIONS IMPORT: timers and/or timeouts modified Wed Mar 13 22:58:25 2013 OPTIONS IMPORT: --ifconfig/up options modified Wed Mar 13 22:58:25 2013 OPTIONS IMPORT: route options modified Wed Mar 13 22:58:25 2013 ROUTE default_gateway=0.0.0.0 Wed Mar 13 22:58:25 2013 TUN/TAP device /dev/tun0 opened Wed Mar 13 22:58:25 2013 /sbin/ifconfig tun0 delete ifconfig: ioctl (SIOCDIFADDR): Can't assign requested address Wed Mar 13 22:58:25 2013 NOTE: Tried to delete pre-existing tun/tap instance -- No Problem if failure Wed Mar 13 22:58:25 2013 /sbin/ifconfig tun0 10.8.0.6 10.8.0.5 mtu 1500 netmask 255.255.255.255 up Wed Mar 13 22:58:25 2013 /sbin/route add -net 10.8.0.0 10.8.0.5 255.255.255.0 add net 10.8.0.0: gateway 10.8.0.5 Wed Mar 13 22:58:25 2013 Initialization Sequence Completed ^CWed Mar 13 22:58:30 2013 event_wait : Interrupted system call (code=4) Wed Mar 13 22:58:30 2013 TCP/UDP: Closing socket Wed Mar 13 22:58:30 2013 /sbin/route delete -net 10.8.0.0 10.8.0.5 255.255.255.0 delete net 10.8.0.0: gateway 10.8.0.5 Wed Mar 13 22:58:30 2013 Closing TUN/TAP interface Wed Mar 13 22:58:30 2013 SIGINT[hard,] received, process exiting toto5:ttntec2 Dominic$ sudo openvpn2 --config client.conf --remote ec2-54-234-43-171.compute-1.amazonaws.com Wed Mar 13 22:58:57 2013 OpenVPN 2.2.1 x86_64-apple-darwin12.2.0 [SSL] [LZO2] [eurephia] built on Mar 4 2013 Wed Mar 13 22:58:57 2013 NOTE: OpenVPN 2.1 requires '--script-security 2' or higher to call user-defined scripts or executables Wed Mar 13 22:58:57 2013 LZO compression initialized Wed Mar 13 22:58:57 2013 Control Channel MTU parms [ L:1542 D:138 EF:38 EB:0 ET:0 EL:0 ] Wed Mar 13 22:58:57 2013 Socket Buffers: R=[196724->65536] S=[9216->65536] Wed Mar 13 22:58:57 2013 Data Channel MTU parms [ L:1542 D:1450 EF:42 EB:135 ET:0 EL:0 AF:3/1 ] Wed Mar 13 22:58:57 2013 Local Options hash (VER=V4): '41690919' Wed Mar 13 22:58:57 2013 Expected Remote Options hash (VER=V4): '530fdded' Wed Mar 13 22:58:57 2013 UDPv4 link local: [undef] Wed Mar 13 22:58:57 2013 UDPv4 link remote: 54.234.43.171:1194 Wed Mar 13 22:58:57 2013 TLS: Initial packet from 54.234.43.171:1194, sid=a0d75468 ec26de14 Wed Mar 13 22:58:58 2013 VERIFY OK: depth=1, /C=US/ST=CA/L=SanFrancisco/O=Fort-Funst ... ost.domain Wed Mar 13 22:58:58 2013 VERIFY OK: nsCertType=SERVER Wed Mar 13 22:58:58 2013 VERIFY OK: depth=0, /C=US/ST=CA/L=SanFrancisco/O=Fort-Funst ... ost.domain Wed Mar 13 22:58:58 2013 Data Channel Encrypt: Cipher 'BF-CBC' initialized with 128 bit key Wed Mar 13 22:58:58 2013 Data Channel Encrypt: Using 160 bit message hash 'SHA1' for HMAC authentication Wed Mar 13 22:58:58 2013 Data Channel Decrypt: Cipher 'BF-CBC' initialized with 128 bit key Wed Mar 13 22:58:58 2013 Data Channel Decrypt: Using 160 bit message hash 'SHA1' for HMAC authentication Wed Mar 13 22:58:58 2013 Control Channel: TLSv1, cipher TLSv1/SSLv3 DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA, 1024 bit RSA Wed Mar 13 22:58:58 2013 [ec2-server] Peer Connection Initiated with 54.234.43.171:1194 Wed Mar 13 22:59:00 2013 SENT CONTROL [ec2-server]: 'PUSH_REQUEST' (status=1) Wed Mar 13 22:59:00 2013 PUSH: Received control message: 'PUSH_REPLY,redirect-gateway def1 bypass-dhcp,route 10.8.0.0 255.255.255.0,topology net30,ping 10,ping-restart 120,ifconfig 10.8.0.6 10.8.0.5' Wed Mar 13 22:59:00 2013 OPTIONS IMPORT: timers and/or timeouts modified Wed Mar 13 22:59:00 2013 OPTIONS IMPORT: --ifconfig/up options modified Wed Mar 13 22:59:00 2013 OPTIONS IMPORT: route options modified Wed Mar 13 22:59:00 2013 ROUTE default_gateway=0.0.0.0 Wed Mar 13 22:59:00 2013 TUN/TAP device /dev/tun0 opened Wed Mar 13 22:59:00 2013 /sbin/ifconfig tun0 delete ifconfig: ioctl (SIOCDIFADDR): Can't assign requested address Wed Mar 13 22:59:00 2013 NOTE: Tried to delete pre-existing tun/tap instance -- No Problem if failure Wed Mar 13 22:59:00 2013 /sbin/ifconfig tun0 10.8.0.6 10.8.0.5 mtu 1500 netmask 255.255.255.255 up Wed Mar 13 22:59:00 2013 /sbin/route add -net 54.234.43.171 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 add net 54.234.43.171: gateway 0.0.0.0 Wed Mar 13 22:59:00 2013 /sbin/route add -net 0.0.0.0 10.8.0.5 128.0.0.0 add net 0.0.0.0: gateway 10.8.0.5 Wed Mar 13 22:59:00 2013 /sbin/route add -net 128.0.0.0 10.8.0.5 128.0.0.0 add net 128.0.0.0: gateway 10.8.0.5 Wed Mar 13 22:59:00 2013 /sbin/route add -net 10.8.0.0 10.8.0.5 255.255.255.0 add net 10.8.0.0: gateway 10.8.0.5 Wed Mar 13 22:59:00 2013 Initialization Sequence Completed Wed Mar 13 22:59:00 2013 write UDPv4: No route to host (code=65) Wed Mar 13 22:59:00 2013 write UDPv4: No route to host (code=65) Wed Mar 13 22:59:01 2013 write UDPv4: No route to host (code=65) Wed Mar 13 22:59:01 2013 write UDPv4: No route to host (code=65) Wed Mar 13 22:59:01 2013 write UDPv4: No route to host (code=65) Wed Mar 13 22:59:02 2013 write UDPv4: No route to host (code=65) Wed Mar 13 22:59:02 2013 write UDPv4: No route to host (code=65) Wed Mar 13 22:59:02 2013 write UDPv4: No route to host (code=65) Wed Mar 13 22:59:02 2013 write UDPv4: No route to host (code=65) Wed Mar 13 22:59:02 2013 write UDPv4: No route to host (code=65) ... The routing table after a connection WITHOUT the push redirect-gateway (all traffic is not redirected to the VPN and everything is working fine, I can ping or ssh the OpenVPN server and access all other Internet resources through my default gateway): Destination Gateway Flags Refs Use Netif Expire default user148-1.wireless UGSc 50 0 en1 10.8/24 10.8.0.5 UGSc 2 7 tun0 10.8.0.5 10.8.0.6 UH 3 2 tun0 127 localhost UCS 0 0 lo0 localhost localhost UH 6 6692 lo0 client.openvpn.net client.openvpn.net UH 3 18 lo0 142.1.148/22 link#5 UCS 2 0 en1 user148-1.wireless 0:90:b:27:10:71 UHLWIir 50 0 en1 76 user150-173.wirele localhost UHS 0 0 lo0 142.1.151.255 ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff UHLWbI 0 2 en1 169.254 link#5 UCS 1 0 en1 169.254.255.255 0:90:b:27:10:71 UHLSWi 0 0 en1 71 The routing table after a connection with the push redirect-gateway option enable as in the server.conf file above (all internet traffic should be redirected to the VPN tunnel, but nothing is working, I can't access any Internet ressources at all): Destination Gateway Flags Refs Use Netif Expire 0/1 10.8.0.5 UGSc 1 0 tun0 default user148-1.wireless UGSc 7 0 en1 10.8/24 10.8.0.5 UGSc 0 0 tun0 10.8.0.5 10.8.0.6 UHr 6 0 tun0 54.234.43.171/32 0.0.0.0 UGSc 1 0 en1 127 localhost UCS 0 0 lo0 localhost localhost UH 3 6698 lo0 client.openvpn.net client.openvpn.net UH 0 27 lo0 128.0/1 10.8.0.5 UGSc 2 0 tun0 142.1.148/22 link#5 UCS 1 0 en1 user148-1.wireless 0:90:b:27:10:71 UHLWIir 1 0 en1 833 user150-173.wirele localhost UHS 0 0 lo0 169.254 link#5 UCS 1 0 en1 169.254.255.255 0:90:b:27:10:71 UHLSW 0 0 en1

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• Get Matrox Millenium video card working in Ubuntu 9.10

  - by wcoenen

  I have installed Ubuntu 9.10 on an old PC and it is mostly working, except for some heavy drawing defects that show up whenever I start dragging a window or scrolling inside a window or menu. It looks like the video driver copies the rectangle being moved to the wrong location. I have taken a look in /var/log/Xorg.0.log and the following line shows the detected video card: (--) PCI:*(0:0:8:0) 102b:0519:0000:0000 Matrox Graphics, Inc. MGA 2064W [Millennium] rev 1, Mem@ 0xf9800000/16384, 0xfb000000/8388608, BIOS @0x????????/65536 (==) Using default built-in configuration (30 lines) (==) --- Start of built-in configuration --- Section "Device" Identifier "Builtin Default mga Device 0" Driver "mga" EndSection How do I fix the drawing defects? It turned out that the 24 bit color depth (automatically selected by ubuntu 9.10) was the problem; apparantly the mga driver doesn't handle this well for cards with little memory. I took the following steps to resolve the issue (you can skip the first three steps if you already have a semi-working xorg.conf file): Reboot ubuntu in recovery mode, to get a root console without X running. Run Xorg -configure to generate a xorg.conf.new file Copy the file to /etc/X11/xorg.conf with cp xorg.conf.new /etc/X11/xorg.conf (assuming it didn't exist yet; that's why I generated it) Open the new config file with sudo nano /etc/X11/xorg.conf and make sure the screen section is configured for 16 bit color depth like this: Section "Screen" Identifier "Screen0" Device "Card0" Monitor "Monitor0" DefaultDepth 16 SubSection "Display" Viewport 0 0 Depth 16 Modes "1024x768" EndSubSection EndSection I can't guarantee those were the only important changes I made - I tried a few things in my attempts to create a valid xorg.conf file. But I'm pretty sure that the screen section was the important part.

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• Some doubts about the use of usermod and groupmod command

  - by AndreaNobili

  I am not yet a true "Linux guy" and I have the following doubts about how exactly do the following shell procedure (a list of commands steps) founded in a tutorial that I am following (I want deeply understand what I am doing before do it): sudo passwd root then login again as root usermod -l miner pi usermod -m -d /home/miner miner groupmod -n miner pi exit So at the beginning it enable the root account and I have to login again in the system as root...this is perfectly clear for me. And now I have the followings doubts: 1) The usermod command: usermod -l miner pi usermod -m -d /home/miner miner Reading the official documentation of the usermod command I understand that this command modify the informations related to an existing account Reading the documentation it seems to me that the -l parmether modify the name of the user pi in miner and then the -m -d paramether move the contents of the old home directory to the new one (named miner) and use this new directory as home directory My doubt is: what exactly do the executions of these operation? I think that: Rename the existing pi user in miner Then move the content of the old home directory (the pi home directory? or what?) into a new directory (/home/miner) that now is the home directory for the miner user. Is it right? The the second doubt is related to this command groupmod -n miner pi It seems to me that change the group name from pi in miner But what exactly is a group in Linux and why is it used? Tnx

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• How to configure hostname for `apache22` package on FreeBSD?

  - by Eonil

  I'm configuring development & test FreeBSD machine on VM. I installed apache22 package and restarted. But the daemon does not started with this error: %apachectl start httpd: apr_sockaddr_info_get() failed for test.box httpd: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using 127.0.0.1 for ServerName (13)Permission denied: make_sock: could not bind to address [::]:80 (13)Permission denied: make_sock: could not bind to address 0.0.0.0:80 no listening sockets available, shutting down Unable to open logs % My hostname is test.box. Because this is temporary test box, it has no real domain-name. But I used 2-level name to avoid long time waiting of sshd on booting. However, I searched web, and I modified /etc/hosts file like this (I didn't touches this file before): # This is original configuration #::1 localhost localhost.my.domain #127.0.0.1 localhost localhost.my.domain # New configuration ::1 localhost test.box 127.0.0.1 localhost test.box 127.0.0.1 test.box test Now apache fails with this error message: %apachectl start httpd: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using test.box for ServerName (13)Permission denied: make_sock: could not bind to address [::]:80 (13)Permission denied: make_sock: could not bind to address 0.0.0.0:80 no listening sockets available, shutting down Unable to open logs % I don't know what's required now. Please let me know reason and solution of this error. ---- (edit) ---- The permission errors are caused from omission of sudo.

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• OpenVPN + iptables / NAT routing

  - by Mikeage

  Hi, I'm trying to set up an OpenVPN VPN, which will carry some (but not all) traffic from the clients to the internet via the OpenVPN server. My OpenVPN server has a public IP on eth0, and is using tap0 to create a local network, 192.168.2.x. I have a client which connects from local IP 192.168.1.101 and gets VPN IP 192.168.2.3. On the server, I ran: iptables -A INPUT -i tap+ -j ACCEPT iptables -A FORWARD -i tap+ -j ACCEPT iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s 192.168.2.0/24 -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE On the client, the default remains to route via 192.168.1.1. In order to point it to 192.168.2.1 for HTTP, I ran ip rule add fwmark 0x50 table 200 ip route add table 200 default via 192.168.2.1 iptables -t mangle -A OUTPUT -j MARK -p tcp --dport 80 --set-mark 80 Now, if I try accessing a website on the client (say, wget google.com), it just hangs there. On the server, I can see $ sudo tcpdump -n -i tap0 tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode listening on tap0, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 96 bytes 05:39:07.928358 IP 192.168.1.101.34941 > 74.125.67.100.80: S 4254520618:4254520618(0) win 5840 <mss 1334,sackOK,timestamp 558838 0,nop,wscale 5> 05:39:10.751921 IP 192.168.1.101.34941 > 74.125.67.100.80: S 4254520618:4254520618(0) win 5840 <mss 1334,sackOK,timestamp 559588 0,nop,wscale 5> Where 74.125.67.100 is the IP it gets for google.com . Why isn't the MASQUERADE working? More precisely, I see that the source showing up as 192.168.1.101 -- shouldn't there be something to indicate that it came from the VPN? Edit: Some routes [from the client] $ ip route show table main 192.168.2.0/24 dev tap0 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.2.4 192.168.1.0/24 dev wlan0 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.1.101 metric 2 169.254.0.0/16 dev wlan0 scope link metric 1000 default via 192.168.1.1 dev wlan0 proto static $ ip route show table 200 default via 192.168.2.1 dev tap0

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• Change to different user, or let different user execute a command

  - by WG-

  I have a problem. There is a server which I can access with an account by ssh, lets say WG. Now there is a folder with the following permissions. drwxr-s---+ 855 vvz www-data 20K Aug 21 17:56 pictures I want to copy this folder using rsync, however since I am not the user www-data but WG I cannot execute rsync. So I want www-data to execute a rsync command. However, I do not posses sudo powers. My friend however tells me that I am actually able to execute the rsync command as www-data, but he will not tell me how. I asked him for some clues and he told me that it had something to do with reverse shell (which I figured out to be that you connect by ssh to your server and then you connect back to your own server, or something). I also asked if it was by-design or actually a flaw in the system. He tells me it is both. Furthermore I think it has something to do with the group permissions. If I just make sure that I am with the group permissions then I can also read the files. Anybody has a clue?

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• No sound out of headphone port

  - by Thanatos

  I cannot get sound out of the headphone port. Headphones are plugged in, and sound comes out of the internal speakers. Windows behaves normally (sound switches to headphones when headphones are inserted). It did work in Linux at one point, but something changed, we're just not sure what. Rebooting doesn't fix. This appears to occur whether or not PulseAudio is running. Things I've tried: Rebooting. No effect. Booting into Windows. It works properly, so probably not a hardware issue. All of alsamixer. My only controls are this: "Master" Volume bar & mutable, unmuted. Controls volume. "PCM" Volume bar only. 100%. "S/PDIF" Mutable only, currently muted, has no effect. "S/PDIF" Default PCM", Mutable only, currently unmuted, has no effect. Killing PulseAudio. No effect. (It also won't stay dead! Something appears to be restarting it, and I can't tell what, but it is annoying as fuck.) alsactl init 0, no effect. sudo rm -f /var/lib/alsa/asound.state, no effect. General system info: Ubuntu 10.04 LTS Toshiba Satellite T135D-S1324 lspci says I have: 00:14.2 Audio device: ATI Technologies Inc SBx00 Azalia (Intel HDA) 01:05.1 Audio device: ATI Technologies Inc RS780 Azalia controller

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• How to flash Dell Precision 390 from linux (debian)

  - by malat

  I am trying to update my BIOS: $ sudo dmidecode -s bios-version 2.1.2 With a newer one: 2.6.0. I went to this page Dell Precision System BIOS, 2.6.0 After downloading the file WS390-020600.BIN, here is what it states: $ ./WS390-020600.BIN --help Usage: WS390-020600.BIN [options] Options: --help Print this text. --version Print package versions. If no options, update the BIOS. and $ ./WS390-020600.BIN --version Dell BIOS Update Installer 1.2 Copyright 2006 Dell Inc. All Rights Reserved. ./WS390-020600.BIN: 60: ./WS390-020600.BIN: ./flash: not found Does anyone knows where this flash command can be found ? Update: it looks like this is a self-extracting archive (need bash as per comment in header). $ head -30 WS390-020600.BIN [...] Extract() { tail -n +`awk '/^__ARC__/ { print NR + 1; exit 0; }' $0` $0 | gzip -cd >$_PRG So the flash command should have been auto-generated, however the above command does not appear to be running as original author intended. I do not see anything wrong with the command though.

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• How to add a user to Wheel group?

  - by Natasha Thapa

  I am trying to add a use to wheel group using in a Ubuntu server. sudo usermod -aG wheel john I get: usermod: group 'wheel' does not exist On my /etc/sudoers I have this: > cat /etc/sudoers > # sudoers file. > # > # This file MUST be edited with the 'visudo' command as root. > # > # See the sudoers man page for the details on how to write a sudoers file. > # > > # Host alias specification > > # User alias specification > > # Cmnd alias specification > > # Defaults specification > > # User privilege specification root ALL=(ALL) ALL %root ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL > > %wheel ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL Do I have to do groupadd of wheel?

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• Can't do anything with Ext. HDD, ".Trashes" is probably the boogyman. (On a MAC!)

  - by Sander Schaeffer

  I bought a external Harddrive today, A Samsung. But I'm not able to do anything with it A few notes on that. I can't put anything on the harddrive. It keeps on 'preparing copying files' I can delete anything on the harddrive system files, except the folder ".Trashes". It gives error 'Unexpected error: -50' I've tried to empty my own trashcan, no changes. I've set the file permission on the .Trashes to read/write everyone, doesn;t change a thing Trying to format the whole drive with DiskUtility, but quits at start, because the drive cannot be deactivated I've tried a few terminal commands sudo -s -r rf /Volumes/Untitled\ 1/.Trashes - Directory not empty -r rf /Volumes/Untitled\ 1/.Trashes - no permissions Also cd /Volumes ls -al cd name_of_partition ls -al -rm -rf .Trashes Again: Permission error. Also: I can't change drive permissions via Disk Utility, via the button 'recover drive permissions', because it is 'blank' I really can't figure out how to delete .Trashes, format the drive or get the damn thing working. Any suggestions? p.s. If this is the wrong Stack Exchange site: Please redirect me!

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• Safe to remove Python2.6 files?

  - by darkfeline

  I'm using Linux Mint 11 (will upgrade soon), and I've noticed that, even though I don't have any python2.6 packages installed with apt, there's a bunch of residual python2.6 files scattered around my drive, including, but not limited to, dist-packages in /usr/lib/python2.6 and various /usr/share stuff. Is there any way to test if these files are still being used? I'm tempted to sudo rm -rf the lot of them, but I'm scared it'll break stuff. Also, does anyone have any idea where these files could have come from? I believe I had python2.6 installed once upon a time, but I made sure to --purge them, so there shouldn't be any trace of them left, right? EDIT: after using a quick script to check all of the files, it appears most of them belong to important packages, so I won't try weeding out the few which I know are probably useless. Although I am curious why so many packages have python2.6 files when I don't even have it installed. These files are not associated with any packages and I'm not sure if they are safe to remove: /usr/bin/ipython2.6 /usr/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/distribute-0.6.15.egg-info /usr/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/easy_install.py /usr/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/IPython /usr/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/ipython-0.10.1.egg-info /usr/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/setuptools /usr/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/setuptools.egg-info /usr/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/setuptools.pth /usr/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/site.py /usr/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/wx.pth /usr/local/lib/python2.6 /usr/local/lib/python2.6/dist-packages /usr/local/lib/python2.6/site-packages /usr/share/man/man1/ipython2.6.1.gz

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• linux shutdown hang with wifi cifs mounts

  - by Sirex

  Since fedora 15 (and now with 16) it seems that wireless clients take a long while to shutdown when they have network filesystems mounted at shutdown time. I've pushed out a cifs mount via puppet, and all clients have it, including those on wireless. If say a laptop is on a wired connection it shuts down just fine, but if its on the wifi at the time (and no wired connection) it'll hang at the fedora f logo. I'm not sure if its indefinite or just a really long while, but ill give it a test when i shut this machine down in a second. Needless to say its pretty annoying, so is there a way of causing the machine to shutdown even if network connectivity has been lost at unmount time, -- or an official way to reorder events so the wireless card is kept up until after the unmount happens during the shut down process (short of writing a custom script for shutdowns which is a bit of a kludge) ? It does this on multiple machines, and all started doing it when we went from fedora 14 to 15. It was such an obvious issue i'd kind of assumed someone must have reported it or there was an easy fix, but i've not discovered anything yet. Additional info: I can confirm that manually unmounting the mounts then shutting down (sudo shutdown or the xfce shutdown button) will shutdown just fine, it only hangs if the mounts are still mounted The puppet config that sets the mount looks like this (now with the _netdev entry that is indeed pushed to clients successfully, but makes no difference): file { "/mnt/share": ensure = directory,} mount { "/mnt/share": atboot = true, ensure = mounted, remounts = false, fstype = cifs, device = "//srv/share", options = "user,gid=shareusers,uid=${user},file_mode=0700,dir_mode=0700,credentials=/root/.smbcreds,_netdev", require = [ File["/mnt/share"], Group["shareusers"] ], } }

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• virtual host settings fail on multiple sites

  - by Ricalsin

  Wow. I'm puzzled. On my ubuntu system I've setup an apache2 server and configured three virtual hosts in the /etc/apache2/sites-available directory. a2ensite to symbolic link the sites-enabled. The first two work great; a simple url of localhost.mysitenames.com works great for the first two sites, both finding their DocumentRoot and Directory paths. The third always generates a Bad Request (Invalid Hostname) response. No server error.log as it never hits it. I've copied/pasted the working vhost files, made the minor changes to the ServerName, DocumentRoot and Directory and the same problem persists. I always "sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart" whenever I make a change. I've cleared the browser cache as well. No love. There's not a limit to the number of sites you can host, right? My goal was a localhost development environment with the expectation I can run any number of websites locally before pushing them to a live server. Any thoughts on how to debug this? Or, just a simple solution I am missing?

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• Assembling Software RAID in Live CD for data recovery

  - by Maletor

  I need help recovering some data that's on my RAID which is on a LVM on my server running Ubuntu. What happened was I deleted the logical volume that controlled my swap space which was on a partition on drives sda2, sdb2, sdc2, and sdd2 in RAID1. This foobared my whole system for one reason or another. Booting leave me with grub rescue and an error saying that it is an unknown filesystem. When I boot to a live cd I can see my RAID arrays and I can even start them up. However, it doesn't appear to mount them anywhere so I can't see the data. I am in the live cd now and I have done sudo apt-get install mdadm lvm2 so it should be mounting them correctly. I just can't see why it wouldn't. Please any help is appreciated here. Here is some output. By the way, there are 3 RAIDs, 1) /boot 100mb RAID1, 2) swap 10gb RAID1, 3) root 990GB RAID5 ubuntu@ubuntu:~$ df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on aufs 124M 101M 18M 86% / none 2.0G 324K 2.0G 1% /dev /dev/sde1 2.0G 826M 1.2G 42% /cdrom /dev/loop0 667M 667M 0 100% /rofs none 2.0G 164K 2.0G 1% /dev/shm tmpfs 2.0G 28K 2.0G 1% /tmp none 2.0G 92K 2.0G 1% /var/run none 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /var/lock none 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /lib/init/rw /dev/md1 91M 73M 15M 84% /media/5ac3dbf1-a6c5-409c-96ae-edc6e27992c7 ubuntu@ubuntu:~$ cat /etc/fstab aufs / aufs rw 0 0 tmpfs /tmp tmpfs nosuid,nodev 0 0 /dev/sda2 swap swap defaults 0 0 /dev/sdb2 swap swap defaults 0 0 /dev/sdc2 swap swap defaults 0 0 /dev/sdd2 swap swap defaults 0 0

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• install Oracle’s VirtualBox

  - by Shamith c

  I am trying to install Oracle’s VirtualBox. I used sudo dpkg -i virtualbox-4.2_4.2.4-81684\~Ubuntu\~quantal_i386.deb Getting following errors (Reading database ... 226237 files and directories currently installed.) Preparing to replace virtualbox-4.2 4.2.4-81684~Ubuntu~quantal (using virtualbox-4.2_4.2.4-81684~Ubuntu~quantal_i386.deb) ... Unpacking replacement virtualbox-4.2 ... dpkg: dependency problems prevent configuration of virtualbox-4.2: virtualbox-4.2 depends on libc6 (>= 2.15); however: Version of libc6 on system is 2.13-20ubuntu5. virtualbox-4.2 depends on libqtcore4 (>= 4:4.8.0); however: Version of libqtcore4 on system is 4:4.7.4-0ubuntu8.1. virtualbox-4.2 depends on libqtgui4 (>= 4:4.8.0); however: Version of libqtgui4 on system is 4:4.7.4-0ubuntu8.1. dpkg: error processing virtualbox-4.2 (--install): dependency problems - leaving unconfigured Processing triggers for ureadahead ... Processing triggers for shared-mime-info ... How to solve it?

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• MySQL permissions error when showing databases

  - by Tony

  I was trying to install homebrew and very very stupidly did this: sudo chown -R $USER /usr/local The Homebrew instructions say to do this and I'm not much of a sysadmin so I took their word for it. Lesson learned (although I wouldn't really know how to test this...seems like an "undo" script would be super valuable here) Anyway, what is done is done, but now I get this error: $ mysql -u root -p Enter password: Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 548 Server version: 5.1.33 Source distribution Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the buffer. mysql> show databases; ERROR 1018 (HY000): Can't read dir of '.' (errno: 13) I tried chown-ing back to root with no avail. Does anyone know how I can fix this without reinstalling mysql? Optionally, if I have to reinstall mysql, how can I dump my databases without access to the command line so I don't lose all of my data. Thanks!

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• Upgrade of Ubuntu 8.10 distribution fails due to missing packages

  - by Tim

  I have a server that I've forgotten to upgrade for ages, which is still running Intrepid (8.10). I'd like to upgrade it to a newer version of the distribution, so that I can get security patches etc. I found some instructions that tell me to install the package update-manager-core. I tried the following: $ sudo apt-get install update-manager-core but this fails since some of the necessary packages can't be found: ... Err http://archive.ubuntu.com intrepid/main python-apt 0.7.7.1ubuntu4 404 Not Found [IP: 91.189.88.40 80] Err http://archive.ubuntu.com intrepid-updates/main update-manager-core 1:0.93.34 404 Not Found [IP: 91.189.88.40 80] Failed to fetch http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/pool/main/p/python-apt/python-apt_0.7.7.1ubuntu4_amd64.deb 404 Not Found [IP: 91.189.88.40 80] Failed to fetch http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/pool/main/u/update-manager/update-manager-core_0.93.34_amd64.deb 404 Not Found [IP: 91.189.88.40 80] ... I know that Intrepid is no longer supported, and so I guess some of the necessary files may no longer be maintained. But this seems rather unhelpful: I can't upgrade because it's too old, and the only way to fix this would be to upgrade it. Is there a way round this? Is something else wrong?

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• Files showing in smbclient but not smbmount

  - by Staale

  I have a samba folder that I try and access through smbclient, and I can browse it just fine. However, mounting it through smbmount, all the folders under the share are empty. I can list the folders directly under the share fine, but they all appear empty. smbclient: # smbclient //server/share -U username -W workgroup password smbmount # sudo smbmount //server/share mntpoint -o user=username,workgroup=workgroup,password=password I have also tried with domain=workgroup instead of workgroup, both give the same result. No error messages, everything mounts fine, but all the folders under mntpoint are empty, despite the same folders being non-empty when using smbclient. Are these using different libraries? How can I debug the error? Additionally, if I try to mount //server/share/folder, doing an ls results in a segmentation fault. Using dmesg I find: kernel BUG at /build/buildd/linux-2.6.28/fs/cifs/cifs_dfs_ref.c:315! Full trace: http://pastebin.com/m70adc213 Using a credentials file, I first get empty dirs, then Resource temporarily unavailable. In my dmesg I see the following output: CIFS VFS: compose_mount_options: Failed to resolve server part of \\srv\share to IP: -11

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• Configure X connections over TCP without using an X connection

  - by Darren Cook

  I want to run a GUI application on a remote machine I only have ssh access to. I don't need to, or want to, see the GUI window. (I know I could use something like ssh -C -X remote_server if I wanted the GUI to be on my client.) I know X is running on the remote machine, as ps shows this: root ... /usr/bin/Xorg :0 -br -audit 0 -auth /var/gdm/:0.Xauth -nolisten tcp vt7 I set DISPLAY=:0.0 but I then get "Xlib: connection to ":0.0" refused by server" when I try to use it. At Get remote x display working in linux without ssh tunneling and Xserver doesn't work unless DISPLAY=0.0 I see the advice to use gdmsetup to allow X to listen on TCP. But, gdmsetup is a GUI application! And trying to run it over ssh -X did not work ("X11 connection rejected because of wrong authentication"). So, is there a text file I can edit to remove -nolisten? And, after editing it, how do I safely restart X, remotely? (There is other stuff running on this machine, so requesting a reboot is possible, but undesirable.) If not, should gdmsetup be able to run over ssh and I should persevere in that direction? UPDATE: I had to do the ssh -X session as root (ssh as a normal user, then sudo or su, does not work.) So, I did the edit with gdmsetup. I then restarted X with gdm-restart. I've also done xhost + from that ssh -X session. The ps line no longer shows the -nolisten tcp part. But still no luck connecting to it, with either DISPLAY=:0 or DISPLAY=localhost:0

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• Getting PAM/user info into php - something like Net_Finger instead of a db?

  - by digitaltoast

  I've got a very small user group who just need to login, upload, check and then move specific files to a different area when ready. Right now, I use the nginx PAM auth module to log them in against their unix accounts. As their login is their home directory, I've already got the info to send the uploads to the right area - one line of php and no database needed. But I'm maintaining a separate DB just so PHP can welcome them, grab their email and send them an email when processed. Yes, sure I could use nosql or sqlite instead so as to not need a whole mysql install. But it occurred to me that as I've got all these blank user fields for phone numbers I could populate with any data, that I could use something like php's Net_Finger. Which failed for me with: sudo pear install Net_Finger Starting to download Net_Finger-1.0.1.tgz (1,618 bytes) ....done: 1,618 bytes could not extract the package.xml file from "/build/buildd/php5-5.5.9+dfsg/pear-build-download/Net_Finger-1.0.1.tgz" Download of "pear/Net_Finger" succeeded, but it is not a valid package archive Error: cannot download "pear/Net_Finger" At which point I thought I'd stop, and take a ServerFault reality check - is this a really bad/dangerous/stupid idea just to stop me having to maintain details in two places rather than one? It there a better way? Googling shows that it's not an oft-asked thing, so perhaps with good reason?

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• certificate SSH login does not work on 22 but other port

  - by Hugo

  On my Red Hat server, the sshd will not accept my correct certificate login. However, If i start another sshd on another port, it works! (I assume the second sshd loads the same configruation files.) second sshd started with: sudo /usr/sbin/sshd -p 54321 -d #-d is optional and prints debug output ssh strange-host -p 22 -vvv prints: debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,gssapi-keyex,gssapi-with-mic,password debug1: Offering public key: /home/me/.ssh/id_dsa debug3: send_pubkey_test debug2: we sent a publickey packet, wait for reply debug3: Wrote 528 bytes for a total of 2389 debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,gssapi-keyex,gssapi-with-mic,password debug2: we did not send a packet, disable method debug3: authmethod_lookup password ssh strange-host -p 54321 -vvv prints: debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,gssapi-keyex,gssapi-with-mic,password debug1: Offering public key: /home/me/.ssh/id_dsa debug3: send_pubkey_test debug2: we sent a publickey packet, wait for reply debug3: Wrote 528 bytes for a total of 2389 debug1: Server accepts key: pkalg ssh-dss blen 433 debug2: input_userauth_pk_ok: SHA1 fp 0f:1c:df:27:f7:86:49:a8:47:7e:7f:f3:32:1c:7d:04:a3:73:a5:72 So the question is why the difference? I have thought of no way to get any helpful logging from the "standard" sshd to troubleshoot the problem.

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• How can I document and automate a system's configuration?

  - by Diomidis Spinellis

  Having a system's configuration represented by its current state is risky, inefficient, and opaque. At some point you may be left with an unsupported system and no upgrade path. Then configuring a new system compatible with the old is a process or trial and error. Furthermore, if at some point the system is damaged the only option is to go back to the most recent full backup, and try to remember what changes followed from that point. Also, the only way to create a system compatible with the original is through a complete dump/restore. Finally, in such a setup there's no way to know how you solved a particular problem; the only thing you can do is to look at the corresponding configuration files and try to guess what you changed to achieve the desired effect. Currently for each system I maintain, I keep a log file where I record all system administration activity, starting from the installation: installation options, added packages, changes in configuration files, updates, problem fixes etc. In theory this allows me to (manually) replay all changes to arrive at the current state, or to unroll an erroneous change by executing the reverse commands. However, this process is also inefficient, error-prone, and relies on human judgment. Another thing I've tried is to put /etc configuration files under version control with git. This helps me document the changes automatically and also apply them on a clean setup. But it's not without problems: git has to run under sudo, passwords and private keys may be stored in the repository, installed packages can't be meaningfully tracked, and git will have a fit if I try to extend this approach to all the system's directories. I've also thought about performing all changes through shell scripts or makefiles, but I think this process will require a lot of effort and will be fragile. Are there some better methods or tools that I'm missing?

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• Failed Software RAID0 on Linux - Attempting to recover data

  - by Gizmo_the_Great

  I have a two disk RAID0 software raid (not hardware raid) that is reported to have failed during boot and my OS won't start. Using a Live CD, I get the following output : sudo mdadm -E /dev/sdc1 /dev/sdd1 /dev/sdc1: Magic : a92b4efc Version : 1.2 Feature Map : 0x0 Array UUID : 3710713d:fb301031:84b61247:d1d53e0f Name : HP-xw9300:0 Creation Time : Sun Sep 1 15:22:26 2013 Raid Level : -unknown- Raid Devices : 0 Avail Dev Size : 1465145328 (698.64 GiB 750.15 GB) Data Offset : 16 sectors Super Offset : 8 sectors State : active Device UUID : ad427cd2:9f885f57:7f41015f:90f8f6af Update Time : Sun Jun 8 12:35:11 2014 Checksum : a37407ff - correct Events : 1 Device Role : spare Array State : ('A' == active, '.' == missing) /dev/sdd1: Magic : a92b4efc Version : 1.2 Feature Map : 0x0 Array UUID : 3710713d:fb301031:84b61247:d1d53e0f Name : HP-xw9300:0 Creation Time : Sun Sep 1 15:22:26 2013 Raid Level : -unknown- Raid Devices : 0 Avail Dev Size : 976771056 (465.76 GiB 500.11 GB) Data Offset : 16 sectors Super Offset : 8 sectors State : active Device UUID : 2ea0199d:cb08d9e7:0830448a:a1e1e348 Update Time : Sun Jun 8 13:06:19 2014 Checksum : 8883c492 - correct Events : 1 Device Role : spare Array State : ('A' == active, '.' == missing) GParted lists both disks, detects the flags as 'Raid' and lists the data usage. Can anyone please help me re-assemble just so that I can copy some of the data off that I have not backed up recently? Thanks

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