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• networking tunnel adapter connections?

  - by Karthik Balaguru

  I understand that Tunnel Adapter LAN is for encapsulating IPv6 packets with an IPv4 header so that they can be sent across an IPv4 network. Few queries popped up in my mind based on this :- If i do 'ipconfig', Apart from ethernet adapter LAN details, I get a series of statments as below - Tunnel adapter Local Area Connection* 6 Tunnel adapter Local Area Connection* 7 Tunnel adapter Local Area Connection* 12 Tunnel adapter Local Area Connection* 13 Tunnel adapter Local Area Connection* 14 Tunnel adapter Local Area Connection* 15 Tunnel adapter Local Area Connection* 16 Except for the *16, all the other Tunnel Adapter Local Area Connections show Media Disconnected. Why is the numbering for the Tunnel adapter LAN not sequential? It is like 6, 7, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16. A strange numbering scheme! I tried to figure it out by thinking of some arithmetic series. But, it does not seem to fit in. There is a huge gap between 7 and 12. Any ideas? What is the need for so many Tunnel Adapter LAN connections? Can you tell me a scenario that requires all of those ? I did ipconfig /all to get more information. From the listing, I understand that: 16, 15, 14, 12 are Microsoft 6to4 Adapters 13, 6 are isatap Adapters 7 is Teredo Tunneling Pseudo-interface I understand that the above are for automatic tunneling so that the tunnel endpoints are determined automatically by the routing infrastructure. 6to4 is recommended by RFC3056 for automatic tunneling that uses protocol 41 for encapsulation. It is typically used when an end-user wants to connect to the IPv6 Internet using their existing IPv4 connection. Teredo is an automatic tunneling technique that uses UDP encapsulation across multiple NATs. That is, It is to grant IPv6 connectivity to nodes that are located behind IPv6-unaware NAT devices ISATAP treats the IPv4 network as a virtual IPv6 local link, with mappings from each IPv4 address to a link-local IPv6 address. That is to transmit IPv6 packets between dual-stack nodes on top of an IPv4 network. That is, to put in simple words, ISATAP is an intra-site mechanism, while the 6to4 and Teredo are for inter-site tunnelling mechanisms. It seems that Teredo should alone enabled by default in Vista, But my system does not show it to be enabled by default. Interestingly, it shows a 6to4 tunnel adapter (Tunnel adapter LAN connection 16) to be enabled by default? Any specific reasons for it? If i do ipconfig /all, why is only one Teredo present while four 6to4 are present ? I searched the internet for answers to the above queries, but I am unable to find clear answers.

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• Revolutionary brand powder packing machine price from affecting marketplace boom and put on uniform in addition to a lengthy service life

  - by user74606

  In mining in stone crushing, our machinery company's encounter becomes much more apparent. As a consequence of production capacity in between 600~800t/h of mining stone crusher, stone is mine Mobile Cone Crushing Plant Price 25~40 times, effectively solved the initially mining stone crusher operation because of low yield prices, no upkeep problems. Full chunk of mining stone crusher. Maximum particle size for crushing 1000x1200mm, an effective answer for the original side is mine stone provide, storing significant chunks of stone can not use complications in mines. Completed goods granularity is modest, only 2~15mm, an effective option for the original mine stone size, generally blocking chute production was an issue even the grinding machine. Two types of material mixed great uniformity, desulfurization of mining stone by adding weight considerably. Present quantity added is often reached 60%, effectively minimizing the cost of raw supplies. Electrical energy consumption has fallen. Dropped 1~2KWh/t tons of mining stone electrical energy consumption, annual electricity savings of one hundred,000 yuan. Efficient labor intensity of workers and also the atmosphere. Due to mine stone powder packing machine price a high degree of automation, with out human make contact with supplies, workers working circumstances enhanced significantly. Positive aspects, and along with mine for stone crushing, CS series cone Crusher has the following efficiency traits. CS series cone Crusher Chamber is divided into 3 unique designs, the user is usually chosen in accordance with the scenario on site crushing efficiency is high, uniform item size, grain shape, rolling mortar wall friction and put on uniform in addition to a extended service life of crushing cavity-. CS series cone Crusher utilizes a one of a kind dust-proof seal, sealing dependable, properly extend the service life of the lubricant replacement cycle and parts. CS series Sprial Sand washer price manufacture of important components to choose unique materials. Each and every stroke left rolling mortar wall of broken cone distances, by permitting a lot more products into the crushing cavity, as well as the formation of big discharge volume, speed of supplies by way of the crushing Chamber. This machine makes use of the principle of crushing cavity, also as unique laminated crushing, particle fragmentation, so that the completed product drastically improved the proportions of a cube, needle-shaped stones to lower particle levels extra evenly.

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• Setting up a home server - what to use? (ZFS vs btrfs, BSD vs Linux, misc other requirements)

  - by monch1962

  I need to get all our home content off individual machines and onto a central server. What I'd like to have is the metaphorical "server under the stairs". Stuff we need: expandable storage. I want to be able to add extra disc as we go along, with minimal maintenance required. Currently we've got about 3Tb of files we need to host, and that's likely to grow by another Tb every 6-12 months based on recent history. I need to be able to add additional disc with minimal pain needs to store all the media (i.e. photos, video, music) we have, and run services to serve the various devices we have in the house to playback (e.g. DAAP so we can play stuff through iTunes, ccxstream so we can play stuff over XBMC). DAAP and ccxstream are needed now, but we also need to support new standards as they emerge (so a closed-box solution isn't going to work) RAID 5, or something broadly equivalent (e.g. RAID-Z) BitTorrent client ssh, NFS, Samba access snapshot capability (as in ZFS), so we can snapshot individual file systems regularly and rollback when my kids delete their school assignments the day before they're due... ability to recover quickly from power outages (it's not unusual for us to have power outages that last longer than our UPS' batteries) FOSS software a modern distributed version control system running on the box, such as Mercurial Stuff I'd like to have on the server, but can live without: PVR capability, so I could record TV to the box Web server. We currently run a small Web server on a very old box, and I'd ideally like to turn the old box off and move the content to the new server just to save some electricity Nagios + mrtg I've been looking at using a EEE Box as the server, primarily because I can get them cheap and they don't consume much power. The choice of OS and file system is more difficult, from what I've found: I've got most experience with various Linux distros, but am happy to use another Unix FreeBSD and OpenSolaris seem to be the best choices for hosting ZFS OpenSolaris' hardware support is nowhere near as good as e.g. Ubuntu btrfs, while looking very good, doesn't seem ready for prime-time yet ZFS doesn't let you (easily?) add new discs to a RAID5 or RAID-Z reading around, it seems that ZFS is a bit short of tools for recovering lost data At the moment, I'm leaning towards running FreeNAS+ZFS, but I'm concerned about the requirement to be able to add new disc on a fairly regular basis to an existing RAID-Z. Can anyone provide some recommendations, or share experiences? Thanks in advance

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• Setting up a home server - what to use? (ZFS vs btrfs, BSD vs Linux, misc other requirements)

  - by monch1962

  I need to get all our home content off individual machines and onto a central server. What I'd like to have is the metaphorical "server under the stairs". Stuff we need: expandable storage. I want to be able to add extra disc as we go along, with minimal maintenance required. Currently we've got about 3Tb of files we need to host, and that's likely to grow by another Tb every 6-12 months based on recent history. I need to be able to add additional disc with minimal pain needs to store all the media (i.e. photos, video, music) we have, and run services to serve the various devices we have in the house to playback (e.g. DAAP so we can play stuff through iTunes, ccxstream so we can play stuff over XBMC). DAAP and ccxstream are needed now, but we also need to support new standards as they emerge (so a closed-box solution isn't going to work) RAID 5, or something broadly equivalent (e.g. RAID-Z) BitTorrent client ssh, NFS, Samba access snapshot capability (as in ZFS), so we can snapshot individual file systems regularly and rollback when my kids delete their school assignments the day before they're due... ability to recover quickly from power outages (it's not unusual for us to have power outages that last longer than our UPS' batteries) FOSS software a modern distributed version control system running on the box, such as Mercurial Stuff I'd like to have on the server, but can live without: PVR capability, so I could record TV to the box Web server. We currently run a small Web server on a very old box, and I'd ideally like to turn the old box off and move the content to the new server just to save some electricity Nagios + mrtg I've been looking at using a EEE Box as the server, primarily because I can get them cheap and they don't consume much power. The choice of OS and file system is more difficult, from what I've found: I've got most experience with various Linux distros, but am happy to use another Unix FreeBSD and OpenSolaris seem to be the best choices for hosting ZFS OpenSolaris' hardware support is nowhere near as good as e.g. Ubuntu btrfs, while looking very good, doesn't seem ready for prime-time yet ZFS doesn't let you (easily?) add new discs to a RAID5 or RAID-Z reading around, it seems that ZFS is a bit short of tools for recovering lost data At the moment, I'm leaning towards running FreeNAS+ZFS, but I'm concerned about the requirement to be able to add new disc on a fairly regular basis to an existing RAID-Z. Can anyone provide some recommendations, or share experiences? Thanks in advance

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• Setting up a home server - what to use? (ZFS vs btrfs, BSD vs Linux, misc other requirements)

  - by monch1962

  I need to get all our home content off individual machines and onto a central server. What I'd like to have is the metaphorical "server under the stairs". Stuff we need: expandable storage. I want to be able to add extra disc as we go along, with minimal maintenance required. Currently we've got about 3Tb of files we need to host, and that's likely to grow by another Tb every 6-12 months based on recent history. I need to be able to add additional disc with minimal pain needs to store all the media (i.e. photos, video, music) we have, and run services to serve the various devices we have in the house to playback (e.g. DAAP so we can play stuff through iTunes, ccxstream so we can play stuff over XBMC). DAAP and ccxstream are needed now, but we also need to support new standards as they emerge (so a closed-box solution isn't going to work) RAID 5, or something broadly equivalent (e.g. RAID-Z) BitTorrent client ssh, NFS, Samba access snapshot capability (as in ZFS), so we can snapshot individual file systems regularly and rollback when my kids delete their school assignments the day before they're due... ability to recover quickly from power outages (it's not unusual for us to have power outages that last longer than our UPS' batteries) FOSS software a modern distributed version control system running on the box, such as Mercurial Stuff I'd like to have on the server, but can live without: PVR capability, so I could record TV to the box Web server. We currently run a small Web server on a very old box, and I'd ideally like to turn the old box off and move the content to the new server just to save some electricity Nagios + mrtg I've been looking at using a EEE Box as the server, primarily because I can get them cheap and they don't consume much power. The choice of OS and file system is more difficult, from what I've found: I've got most experience with various Linux distros, but am happy to use another Unix FreeBSD and OpenSolaris seem to be the best choices for hosting ZFS OpenSolaris' hardware support is nowhere near as good as e.g. Ubuntu btrfs, while looking very good, doesn't seem ready for prime-time yet ZFS doesn't let you (easily?) add new discs to a RAID5 or RAID-Z reading around, it seems that ZFS is a bit short of tools for recovering lost data At the moment, I'm leaning towards running FreeNAS+ZFS, but I'm concerned about the requirement to be able to add new disc on a fairly regular basis to an existing RAID-Z. Can anyone provide some recommendations, or share experiences? Thanks in advance

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• ISC DHCP - Force clients to get a new IP address, instead of the being re-issued their previous lease's IP

  - by kce

  We are in the middle of a migration of our DHCP and DNS services from a Debian-based server to a Windows Server 2008 R2 implementation. The Debian server is running isc-dhcpd-V3.1.1. All of workstations are configured to have fixed-addresses between .3 and .40 (the motivation behind that choice is mostly management/political much like here). DHCP leases are given out in the range of .100 to .175. Statically configured servers live in the .200 block and above (which is mostly empty). When we move to the Windows platform, management/political considerations require me to move the IP ranges around again. We would like to keep .1 - .10 reserved for network appliances, switches, and other infrastructure. .200 will remain designated for servers. The addressing space in between should be available to clients and IPs should be dynamically allocated (Edit: instead of automatic as originally mentioned) by the server. My Address Pool on the Windows Server looks like this: 192.168.0.1 192.168.0.254 (Address range for distribution) 192.168.0.1 192.168.0.10 (IP addresses excluded from distribution) 192.168.0.200 192.168.0.254 (IP addresses excluded from distribution) Currently, we have all of our clients still on the .3 - .40 range, and a few machines still active in the .100 - .175 (although there are lots devices that are powered off that still have expired leases with IPs from that range). Since the lease "database" isn't shared between the old and new DHCP server how can I prevent clients from receiving a lease with an IP address that is currently being held by client with a non-expired lease from the old DHCP server? If I just expand the range on the Debian DHCP server to be 192.168.0.10 - 192.168.0.199 is there a way to force clients to not re-use their old IP address when they send their DHCPDISCOVER? Can I make the Windows DHCP server be authoritiative like the ISC implementation? The dhcpd.conf from the Debian server: ddns-update-style none; authoritative; default-lease-time 43200; #12 hours max-lease-time 86400; #24 hours subnet 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 { option routers 192.168.0.1; option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0; option broadcast-address 192.168.0.255; range 192.168.0.100 192.168.0.175; } host workstation-1 { hardware ethernet 00:11:22:33:44:55; fixed-address 192.168.0.3; } ... and so on until 192.168.0.40

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• DCHP and Router load testing

  - by John H

  I manage a campground wifi network with an average of 10 - 60 active users. I have encountered issues where the router starts acting flaky (failing to assign DHCP or failing to pass traffic) without any clear warning (low cpu utilization, etc). I upgraded the router a couple times and ended up with a Netgear ProSafe VPN router that seems to be handling the traffic. The interesting thing is that the Netgear has lower specs than the Buffalo router it replaced, indicating the issue is with the DD-WRT firmware. While I'll be pursuing this issue on the dd-wrt forums, I need a way to test routers. My vision is having 1-2 computers connected on the LAN side and 1-2 computers connected on the WAN side. I want the LAN computers to be generating various type of traffic and connections, as well as requesting DCHP addresses. A few notes: The wireless aspect should be a non-issue. Most clients would connect to a wireless bridge and come into the router through a network cable. I had a monitoring server with Nagios running check_dhcp against the router. This server was connected directly by a network cable, eliminating wifi bridges and other devices from the equation. This question is somewhat related, but not exactly: Load testing wireless LANs I am going to look at IxChariot. While I'd ideally like to use a 1 computer on each side running Linux and preferably free software, I can entertain running Windows, multiple computers, or non-free software. Total bandwidth doesn't seem to be the issue. I can transfer large files all day. Even on the busiest days, the users seemed to only pull ~5Mbps. There is very little "LAN to LAN traffic" and most of it might never have reached the main router. The issue I need to test for seems to be tied to active users, or more appropriately, active sessions. I know active users or active clients is a meaningless term from a router standpoint and wouldn't mind having more appropriate terms to use. Summary: I need a way to test a routers ability in handling traffic from a large number of clients. My current strategy is to purchase a router, deploy it, and see how it fails in the live environment.

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• Win7 x64 unresponsive for a minute or so. HD failing?

  - by Gaia

  On a fully updated Win7 x64, every so often the system stalls for a minute or so. This has been going on for a couple months now. By stalling I mean the mouse responds and I can move windows around, but any window, any program, that is open becomes whiteish when I select it AND any new programs will not open. It doesn't matter what kind of program it is. When the stall stops all clicks I made (open new programs for example) take effect. Nothing shows up consistently (as in every time this happens) in the event log. Today though I was able to find something, but it doesn't reveal much other than the "system was unresponsive". It's a 7009 for "A timeout was reached (30000 milliseconds) while waiting for the Windows Error Reporting Service service to connect." It doesn't matter if I have any USB devices plug-in or not. I've ran Microsoft Security Essentials and Malwarebytes. While the machine is unresponsive, I've noticed that Drive D (the other partition on the single internal HD in this laptop) is displayed like this in explorer. This never occurs with Drive C or any other drive on the machine. . SMART report for the physical drive: Read benchmark by HD Tune 5 Pro, probably the most telling piece of the puzzle. Isn't this alone enough to see there is a problem with the drive, regardless of whether the unresponsiveness is caused by such purported problem? Here is a short hardware report: Computer: LENOVO ThinkPad T520 CPU: Intel Core i5-2520M (Sandy Bridge-MB SV, J1) 2500 MHz (25.00x100.0) @ 797 MHz (8.00x99.7) Motherboard: LENOVO 423946U Chipset: Intel QM67 (Cougar Point) [B3] Memory: 8192 MBytes @ 664 MHz, 9.0-9-9-24 - 4096 MB PC10600 DDR3 SDRAM - Samsung M471B5273CH0-CH9 - 4096 MB PC10600 DDR3 SDRAM - Patriot Memory (PDP Systems) PSD34G13332S Graphics: Intel Sandy Bridge-MB GT2+ - Integrated Graphics Controller [D2/J1/Q0] [Lenovo] Intel HD Graphics 3000 (Sandy Bridge GT2+), 3937912 KB Drive: ST320LT007, 312.6 GB, Serial ATA 3Gb/s Sound: Intel Cougar Point PCH - High Definition Audio Controller [B2] Network: Intel 82579LM (Lewisville) Gigabit Ethernet Controller Network: Intel Centrino Advanced-N 6205 AGN 2x2 HMC OS: Microsoft Windows 7 Professional (x64) Build 7601 The drive less than 1 year old. Do I have a defective drive? Seagate Tools diag says there is nothing wrong with the drive... UPDATE: I noticed that the windows error reporting service entered the running state then the stopped state and the space between the two events was exactly 2 minutes. Which error it was trying to report I don't know. I check the "Reliability Monitor" and it shows no errors to be reported. I've disabled the windows error reporting service to see if the problem stops.

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• Unecrypted Image of Truecrypt-Encrypted System Partition

  - by Dexter

  The general tenor around the internet seems to be that you can't create images of system partitions that have been encrypted (with truecrypt) other than with dd or similar sector-by-sector copy tools. These files however are very impractical given their size (and are obviously incompressible) which makes keeping multiple states/backups of your system partition rather expensive (..especially considering current hdd prices). The problem is that backup tools (like Acronis True Image, Clonezilla, etc.) won't give you the option to create an image of (mounted/opened) Truecrypt partitions, or that there is no recovery environment for restoring the backup, that would allow to run truecrypt before doing any actual restoring. After some trial and error however, I believe I have found a very simple way. Since Truecrypt (running in Linux) creates a virtual block device, that it uses for mounting the unencrypted partitions into the file system, partclone can be used for creating/restoring images. What I did: boot up a linux live disk mount/open the drive/device/partition in truecrypt unmount the filesystem mount point again, like so: umount /media/truecryptX ("X" being the partition number assigend by truecrypt) use partclone (this is what clonezilla would do too, except that clonezilla only offers you to back up real drive partitions, not virtual block devices): partclone.ntfs -c -s /dev/mapper/truecryptX -o nameOfBackupFile for restoring steps 1-3 remain the same, and step 4 is partclone.ntfs -r -s nameOfBackupFile -o /dev/mapper/truecryptX A backup and test-restore of the system (with this method) seems to have worked fine (and the changed settings were reverted to the backup-state). The backup file is ~40 GB (and compressible down to <8GB with 7zip/LZMA2 on the "fast" setting). I can't quite believe that I'm the only one that wants to create images of encrypted drives, but doesn't want to waste 100GB on the backup of one single system state. So my question now is, given how simple this was, and that no one seems to mention anywhere that this is possible - did I miss something? or did I do something wrong? Is there any situation that I didn't think of where this method will fail? Obviously, the backup file needs to be stored in some other encrypted place in order to still remain confidential, since it is unencrypted. Also, in order to do a full "bare metal" restore, one would have to actually first (re-)install Windows, encrypt it, and only then restore the backup file. The funny thing however is that you won't need to backup any partition tables, etc. since the reinstall will effectively take care of that. Is there anything else? This is imho still a lot better than having sector-by-sector images..

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• Linux filesystem with inodes close on the disk

  - by pts

  I'd like to make the ls -laR /media/myfs on Linux as fast as possible. I'll have 1 million files on the filesystem, 2TB of total file size, and some directories containing as much as 10000 files. Which filesystem should I use and how should I configure it? As far as I understand, the reason why ls -laR is slow because it has to stat(2) each inode (i.e. 1 million stat(2)s), and since inodes are distributed randomly on the disk, each stat(2) needs one disk seek. Here are some solutions I had in mind, none of which I am satisfied with: Create the filesystem on an SSD, because the seek operations on SSDs are fast. This wouldn't work, because a 2TB SSD doesn't exist, or it's prohibitively expensive. Create a filesystem which spans on two block devices: an SSD and a disk; the disk contains file data, and the SSD contains all the metadata (including directory entries, inodes and POSIX extended attributes). Is there a filesystem which supports this? Would it survive a system crash (power outage)? Use find /media/myfs on ext2, ext3 or ext4, instead of ls -laR /media/myfs, because the former can the advantage of the d_type field (see in the getdents(2) man page), so it doesn't have to stat. Unfortunately, this doesn't meet my requirements, because I need all file sizes as well, which find /media/myfs doesn't print. Use a filesystem, such as VFAT, which stores inodes in the directory entries. I'd love this one, but VFAT is not reliable and flexible enough for me, and I don't know of any other filesystem which does that. Do you? Of course, storing inodes in the directory entries wouldn't work for files with a link count more than 1, but that's not a problem since I have only a few dozen such files in my use case. Adjust some settings in /proc or sysctl so that inodes are locked to system memory forever. This would not speed up the first ls -laR /media/myfs, but it would make all subsequent invocations amazingly fast. How can I do this? I don't like this idea, because it doesn't speed up the first invocation, which currently takes 30 minutes. Also I'd like to lock the POSIX extended attributes in memory as well. What do I have to do for that? Use a filesystem which has an online defragmentation tool, which can be instructed to relocate inodes to the the beginning of the block device. Once the relocation is done, I can run dd if=/dev/sdb of=/dev/null bs=1M count=256 to get the beginning of the block device fetched to the kernel in-memory cache without seeking, and then the stat(2) operations would be fast, because they read from the cache. Is there a way to lock those inodes and/or blocks into memory once they have been read? Which filesystem has such a defragmentation tool?

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• Partition table corrupted (USB flash drive)

  - by 13ren

  It's an 8 GB Patriot thumb drive, which I've used extensively with lots of data. Today, it is detected, but all data is gone: (EDIT at least some data is still there, but the partition table is gone) EDIT @Sathya (thanks) here's the relevant output from sudo fdisk -l: Disk /dev/sdc: 8019 MB, 8019509248 bytes 247 heads, 62 sectors/track, 1022 cylinders Units = cylinders of 15314 * 512 = 7840768 bytes Disk /dev/sdc doesn't contain a valid partition table It looks like it is /dev/sdc, with that 8 GB... and no partition table. I tried to mount /dev/sdc (and then dmesg | tail): /media> sudo mount /dev/sdc mytmp mount: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/sdc, missing codepage or other error In some cases useful info is found in syslog - try dmesg | tail or so /media> dmesg | tail [ 24.300000] sdc: unknown partition table [ 24.320000] sd 2:0:0:0: Attached scsi removable disk sdc [ 24.370000] usb-storage: device scan complete [ 26.870000] EXT2-fs error (device sdc): ext2_check_descriptors: Block bitmap for group 1 not in group (block 0)! [ 26.870000] EXT2-fs: group descriptors corrupted! [ 50.420000] unhashed dentry being revalidated: .DCOPserver_eeepc-brendanma__0 [ 50.430000] unhashed dentry being revalidated: .DCOPserver_eeepc-brendanma__0 [ 50.430000] unhashed dentry being revalidated: .DCOPserver_eeepc-brendanma__0 [ 5565.470000] EXT2-fs error (device sdc): ext2_check_descriptors: Block bitmap for group 1 not in group (block 0)! [ 5565.470000] EXT2-fs: group descriptors corrupted! EDIT @Col: results from testdisk Disk /dev/sdc - 8013 MB / 7642 MiB - CHS 1022 247 62 Current partition structure: Partition Start End Size in sectors Partition sector doesn't have the endmark 0xAA55 After I hit [proceed], it says: Structure: Ok. Keys A: add partition, L: load backup, Enter: to continue The "Structure: Ok." seems reassuring... will "A: add partition" make my old data accessible (if it's still there), or will it make a new, fresh partition? Another option is "[ MBR Code ] Write TestDisk MBR code to first sector" - would it be better to do this? EDIT I found that at least some of my data is still on the flash drive, by using the below, and searching for English text in less (like " the "): cat /dev/sde | tr -cd '\11\12\40\1540-\176' | less (The drive changed from "/dev/sdb" to "/dev/sde" because I connected some extra drives today). I've learnt that "/dev/sde1" would be the first partition; and "/dev/sde" is the whole drive. Because unix treats these devices just like files, you can use all the ordinary unix file commands on them, like cat, and then process them like any other stream of data. The tr above removes non-printable characters ("\40" is space, which I wanted to preserve). In less, you can use "/" to search, similar to Vim. How can I get my data back (assuming it's still there)? If only the partition table is corrupted, is there a standard "partition recovery tool"? Is there a way to "repartition" without deleting everything?

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• Raid1 with active and spare partition

  - by Daniel Baron

  I am having the following problem with a RAID1 software raid partition on my Ubuntu system (10.04 LTS, 2.6.32-24-server in case it matters). One of my disks (sdb5) reported I/O errors and was therefore marked faulty in the array. The array was then degraded with one active device. Hence, I replaced the harddisk, cloned the partition table and added all new partitions to my raid arrays. After syncing all partitions ended up fine, having 2 active devices - except one of them. The partition which reported the faulty disk before, however, did not include the new partition as an active device but as a spare disk: md3 : active raid1 sdb5[2] sda5[1] 4881344 blocks [2/1] [_U] A detailed look reveals: root@server:~# mdadm --detail /dev/md3 [...] Number Major Minor RaidDevice State 2 8 21 0 spare rebuilding /dev/sdb5 1 8 5 1 active sync /dev/sda5 So here is the question: How do I tell my raid to turn the spare disk into an active one? And why has it been added as a spare device? Recreating or reassembling the array is not an option, because it is my root partition. And I can not find any hints to that subject in the Software Raid HOWTO. Any help would be appreciated. Current Solution I found a solution to my problem, but I am not sure that this is the actual way to do it. Having a closer look at my raid I found that sdb5 was always listed as a spare device: mdadm --examine /dev/sdb5 [...] Number Major Minor RaidDevice State this 2 8 21 2 spare /dev/sdb5 0 0 0 0 0 removed 1 1 8 5 1 active sync /dev/sda5 2 2 8 21 2 spare /dev/sdb5 so readding the device sdb5 to the array md3 always ended up in adding the device as a spare. Finally I just recreated the array mdadm --create /dev/md3 --level=1 -n2 -x0 /dev/sda5 /dev/sdb5 which worked. But the question remains open for me: Is there a better way to manipulate the summaries in the superblock and to tell the array to turn sdb5 from a spare disk to an active disk? I am still curious for an answer.

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• What is it that kills laptop batteries?

  - by Mala

  There are many superstitions on what you must never do lest your battery become worthless - and by worthless I mean hold about 16 - 24 seconds of charge. This has happened to every laptop I have ever owned, and I just got a new one, so please help me sort out fact from fiction. Here are some of the things I've heard: Do not keep your laptop fully charged. You must run it completely down every so often. Do not use your laptop plugged in to the wall. Only plug it in when it needs charge. If you will not be using your laptop for a long period of time, don't leave it at full charge. Do not leave your laptop running 24/7. The first two I know to be complete fiction: this was true of old batteries such as you might have had in an iPod in 2003, but modern batteries function better when kept at or near full charge. Devices even have circuitry to prevent you from completely depleting your battery, as this is dangerous. The third point sounds probable, and I'd be interested to know if it was true. However, it doesn't really apply to me because I'm not really the type to leave my laptop alone for a day, much less a "long period of time" The fourth seems most likely of the above, but only because of causality: I have always done this, and my batteries have always crapped out on me. I've generally treated a laptop like a desktop with a battery backup, and that I can move from one room to another if necessary. The fact that my batteries tend to last less than 30 seconds has further entrenched this behavior. Should I be trying to break this habit? Are there any other things that ruin laptop batteries? I love that I can actually use my new laptop unplugged :) I'd like to keep it that way. Update: Additional question: If the computer will be used for an extended period of time plugged in, does it make sense to remove the battery first? Update 2: I know people with laptops older than mine, who actively use their laptops as much as I do, and their batteries still hold about an hours' charge while mine holds less than 30 seconds, hence my belief that something I'm doing kills them.

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• Adaptec 5805 not recognized after reboot

  - by Rakedko ShotGuns

  After rebooting the system, the controller is not recognized. It only works if the computer is shut down and turned off. I have recently updated the firmware to "Adaptec RAID 5805 Firmware Build 18948". How do I fix the problem? Configuration summary --------------------------- 1. Server name.....................raid_test Adaptec Storage Manager agent...7.31.00 (18856) Adaptec Storage Manager console.7.31.00 (18856) Number of controllers...........1 Operating system................Windows Configuration information for controller 1 ------------------------------------------------------- Type............................Controller Model...........................Adaptec 5805 Controller number...............1 Physical slot...................2 Installed memory size...........512 MB Serial number...................8C4510C6C9E Boot ROM........................5.2-0 (18948) Firmware........................5.2-0 (18948) Device driver...................5.2-0 (16119) Controller status...............Optimal Battery status..................Charging Battery temperature.............Normal Battery charge amount (%).......37 Estimated charge remaining......0 days, 16 hours, 12 minutes Background consistency check....Disabled Copy back.......................Disabled Controller temperature..........Normal (40C / 104F) Default logical drive task priority High Performance mode................Dynamic Number of logical devices.......1 Number of hot-spare drives......0 Number of ready drives..........0 Number of drive(s) assigned to MaxCache cache0 Maximum drives allowed for MaxCache cache8 MaxCache Read Cache Pool Size...0 GB NCQ status......................Enabled Stay awake status...............Disabled Internal drive spinup limit.....0 External drive spinup limit.....0 Phy 0...........................No device attached Phy 1...........................No device attached Phy 2...........................No device attached Phy 3...........................1.50 Gb/s Phy 4...........................No device attached Phy 5...........................No device attached Phy 6...........................No device attached Phy 7...........................No device attached Statistics version..............2.0 SSD Cache size..................0 Pages on fetch list.............0 Fetch list candidates...........0 Candidate replacements..........0 69319...........................31293 Logical device..................0 Logical device name............. RAID level......................Simple volume Data space......................148,916 GB Date created....................09/19/2012 Interface type..................Serial ATA State...........................Optimal Read-cache mode.................Enabled Preferred MaxCache read cache settingEnabled Actual MaxCache read cache setting Disabled Write-cache mode................Enabled (write-back) Write-cache setting.............Enabled (write-back) Partitioned.....................Yes Protected by hot spare..........No Bootable........................Yes Bad stripes.....................No Power Status....................Disabled Power State.....................Active Reduce RPM timer................Never Power off timer.................Never Verify timer....................Never Segment 0.......................Present: controller 1, connector 0, device 0, S/N 9RX3KZMT Overall host IOs................99075 Overall MB......................4411203 DRAM cache hits.................71929 SSD cache hits..................0 Uncached IOs....................29239 Overall disk failures...........0 DRAM cache full hits............71929 DRAM cache fetch / flush wait...0 DRAM cache hybrid reads.........3476 DRAM cache flushes..............-- Read hits.......................0 Write hits......................0 Valid Pages.....................0 Updates on writes...............0 Invalidations by large writes...0 Invalidations by R/W balance....0 Invalidations by replacement....0 Invalidations by other..........0 Page Fetches....................0 0...............................0 73..............................10822 8...............................3 46138...........................4916 27184...........................15226 20875...........................323 16982...........................1771 1563............................5317 1948............................2969 Serial attached SCSI ----------------------- Type............................Disk drive Vendor..........................Unknown Model...........................ST3160815AS Serial Number...................9RX3KZMT Firmware level..................3.AAD Reported channel................0 Reported SCSI device ID.........0 Interface type..................Serial ATA Size............................149,05 GB Negotiated transfer speed.......1.50 Gb/s State...........................Optimal S.M.A.R.T. error................No Write-cache mode................Write back Hardware errors.................0 Medium errors...................0 Parity errors...................0 Link failures...................0 Aborted commands................0 S.M.A.R.T. warnings.............0 Solid-state disk (non-spinning).false MaxCache cache capable..........false MaxCache cache assigned.........false NCQ status......................Enabled Phy 0...........................1.50 Gb/s Power State.....................Full rpm Supported power states..........Full rpm, Powered off 0x01............................113 0x03............................98 0x04............................99 0x05............................100 0x07............................83 0x09............................75 0x0A............................100 0x0C............................99 0xBB............................100 0xBD............................100 0xBE............................61 0xC2............................39 0xC3............................69 0xC5............................100 0xC6............................100 0xC7............................200 0xC8............................100 0xCA............................100 Aborted commands................0 Link failures...................0 Medium errors...................0 Parity errors...................0 Hardware errors.................0 SMART errors....................0 End of the configuration information for controller 1

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• How can I reverse mouse movement (X & Y axis) system-wide? (Win 7 x64)

  - by Scivitri

  Short Version I'm looking for a way to reverse the X and Y mouse axis movements. The computer is running Windows 7, x64 and Logitech SetPoint 6.32. I would like a system-level, permanent fix; such as a mouse driver modification or a registry tweak. Does anyone know of a solid way of implementing this, or how to find the registry values to change this? I'll settle quite happily for how to enable the orientation feature in SetPoint 6.32 for mice as well as trackballs. Long Version People seem never to understand why I would want this, and I commonly hear "just use the mouse right-side up!" advice. Dyslexia is not something which can be cured by "just reading things right." While I appreciate the attempts to help, I'm hoping some background may help people understand. I have a user with an unusual form of dyslexia, for whom mouse movements are backward. If she wants to move her cursor left, she will move the mouse right. If she wants the cursor to move up, she'll move the mouse down. She used to hold her mouse upside-down, which makes sophisticated clicking difficult, is terrible for ergonomics, and makes multi-button mice completely useless. In olden times, mouse drivers included an orientation feature (typically a hot-air balloon you dragged upward to set the mouse movement orientation) which could be used to set the relationship between mouse movement and cursor movement. Several years ago, mouse drivers were "improved" and this feature has since been limited to trackballs. After losing the orientation feature she went back to upside-down mousing for a bit, until finding UberOptions, a tweak for Logitech SetPoint, which would enable all features for all pointing devices. This included the orientation feature. And there was much rejoicing. Now her mouse has died, and current Logitech mice require a newer version of SetPoint for which UberOptions has not been updated. We've also seen MAF-Mouse (the developer indicated the version for 64-bit Windows does not support USB mice, yet) and Sakasa (while it works, commentary on the web indicate it tends to break randomly and often. It's also just a running program, so not system-wide.). I have seen some very sophisticated registry hacks. For example, I used to use a hack which would change the codes created by the F1-F12 keys when the F-Lock key was invented and defaulted to screwing my keyboard up. I'm hoping there's a way to flip X and Y in the registry; or some other, similar, system-level tweak out there. Another solution could be re-enabling the orientation feature for mice, as well as trackballs. It's very frustrating that input device drivers include the functionality we desperately need for an accessibilty concern, but it's been disabled in the name of making the drivers more idiot-proof.

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• How should I convert a physical drive to a VHD for use with VirtualPC?

  - by RBerteig

  I have the hard disks from a PC that was happily running Windows Me until is it suffered an unknown hardware failure. The drives are intact, and can be mounted and read on other PCs. We have data backups, but there is licensed software installed that may not be possible to migrate to newer versions running on a more modern platform making the idea of just booting a virtual image attractive. Is it possible to make VHDs from the drives such that I can boot them in VirtualPC? If not VirtualPC, would it be possible in any other virtualization tool? Edit: Some more details.... The system was running Windows Me, but upgraded from Windows 95 (or possibly 98). It can't have been more than a Pentium II, but I will have to look at the motherboard to confirm that. There were no "exotic" devices installed, and nothing beyond the usual legacy stuff that would need to survive into a virtual machine. The licensed software did not have a dongle, so I won't need to worry about virtualizing a physical dongle of some kind. Licenses were probably died to the disk serial number. There were two HDs, both IDE. The boot disk is about 6GB, and the spare data disk is 12GB, but nearly empty. I have a small bias in favor of VirtualPC just because its free and I've used it successfully in the past. But this is a good excuse to revisit the state of the art. I do know from direct experience that it is possible to install and boot DOS 5.0 and Win95 in VirtualPC, but the VM extensions weren't available so the experience isn't as seamless as I would have liked. A very old DirectX game that failed miserably under XP SP2 runs really nicely on that VM, and actually plays better in a lot of ways than it did on period hardware, so that gives me hope that this is possible. Edit 2: Well, I'm closer than I was when I asked... so thanks to all for helpful suggestions and hints to what I should be trying. I used WinImage to copy the disks, and VirtualPC 2007 to attempt to boot. So far, I have it booting in safe mode, but hanging with a black screen otherwise. I strongly suspect that the copy of Artisoft Lantastic 8.0 (anyone else remember them?) that is still installed for networking with even older PCs that mostly don't exist any more is the culprit there. In my infinite free time, I will try to resolve the differences between a Safe Mode boot and a normal boot, and feel that it is likely to yield to pressure. I'd accept more than one answer if I could... this isn't as black and white a question as the one accepted answer convention assumes.

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• Port forwarding using a BT Home Hub 2.0 (Supplied to new BT Infinity Customers in the UK)

  - by Jasarien

  I don't usually have trouble with port forwarding, I've been able to do it successfully on a number of different routers, including Linksys, Belkin, Netgear and Apple (Time Capsule / Airport Extreme). So I'm quite confused here. I had been using my Apple Time Capsule as my router for a few years now, with several port mappings all working fine. But it died recently, so I've had to resort to using the BT Home Hub 2.0 that was supplied with my BT Infinity broadband subscription. The forwarding interface for the Home Hub is simplified for the most part, allowing you to select an application or game and assign it to a particular computer on the network which you choose from a list that the Home Hub has 'discovered'. My Mac Pro has a manually assigned static IP 192.168.1.4 and my router is static at 192.168.1. I have chosen SSH from the list of applications and assigned it to my Mac Pro (the only computer in the list currently). The Home Hub also has a feature to keep a DNS service updated, and I have set it to keep my external IP address updated on my hostname. This is how I had it setup in the past with other routers and not had trouble before. I am able to ping my hostname (and external IP) from outside the network and get a response. But when I try to connect using SSH, the connection times out. The Home Hub also has "Firewall settings". The currently selected setting is: Default: Allow all outgoing connections and block all incoming traffic. Games and application sharing is allowed. But I've tried changing it to: Disabled: All traffic is allowed to pass through your BT Home Hub to your devices. Note: you’ll still need to use the games and application sharing feature to make sure that certain applications work properly. And the connection still times out... So frustrating. The OS X firewall on my Mac is disabled, so I don't think that's in the way. I have tried setting the port forwarding manually, instead of relying on the preset "SSH" option (incase it's not using the port I expect). So I set up my own "application" (as the Home Hub calls it) and forwarded external port 22 TCP to internal port 22 TCP to 192.168.1.4 - but that just gives the same result - unable to connect. Next, with the router's firewall disabled and OS X's firewall disabled, I ran the Shields Up test (https://www.grc.com/x/ne.dll?bh0bkyd2) and the result was that all my service ports (0 - 1055) are in 'Stealth' mode. I.e. nothing even exists at my IP as far as any outsider is concerned... Strange. The only thing that seems to work is setting my Mac Pro as the DMZ - which I don't want to do for obvious reasons. Any help with this would be extremely appreciated, thanks.

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• Ubuntu Lucid: Erratic screen behaviour after boot

  - by fgysin

  In short: about 50% of the time I have a screwed up monitor setup after reboot. About 50% it is totally correct. Now the longer version: I updated my machine from 9.04 to 10.04 (via 9.10). At first I run into some monitor problems (I have a 3-monitor setup) because of the known bug in the new xserver driver for xinerama. This messes up behaviour if the mouse goes either left or above the screen number 0, i.e. I had to make my left-most monitor screen 0. Everything worked out fine finally, I got my 3-monitor setup back with xinerama enabled to get one big desktop streched over 3 screens. Now the fun part: Every time I start up my machine only one of the 3 monitors gets a signal and is woken up: it only recognizes the left-most monitor (screen 0) and crams all the desktop stuff into this one screen. If I go into nvidia settings I only see one physical device although all 3 are connected and have power. When I look into the xorg.conf I can still see my old setup with 3 devices, 3 screens, xinerama active etc... But I was totally unable to get 3 montitors to work. (I tried unplugging monitors, reconfiguring whole nvidia setup, ...) But it gets even better: When I restart my machine (i.e. choose the restart option from the Ubuntu menu) it shuts down and tries to restart. The restart then gets stuck after showing the Ubuntu splash screen with the 'loading bar' (the moving dots thingy) and I am forced to kill the machine by cutting power. But after the power cut the machine boots up normally and suddenly I get my 3 monitor setup back up working. That is until the next time I shut down and start up, where it all starts over again and I only have one monitor... (see above) I really have a hard time seeing where the error is. It must be that the restart boot somehow differs from the 'normal' boot. But the fact that it gets stuck and I need to cut power which then basically triggers a 'normal' boot does not really support this theory... My setup (please tell me if you need further info): 3 monitors as 3 screens as one desktop (with xinerama) 2 nvidia cards where screen 0 and 1 are on card 0 and screen 2 is on card 1 Ubuntu 10.04 Lucid Lynx (updated from 9.10, 9.04, ....) I would appreciate every idea on the subject, at the moment I really don't have any clue what to do...

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• Is there a switch that will connect directly to my modem and allow my router to serve only as a WiFi connection?

  - by Abner

  Details . . Devices . Internets -50Mbps Cable Internet Modem - Motorola Surfboard Extreme Router - Netgear WNDR3700v3 Switch - D-Link DGS-1008G Wired Ethernet Cable - Cat6_24Awg_ Device Configuration - Modem\Router\Switch . . Internet Usage . Wired Demand XBOX 360 1 Gaming PC 2 PC - HD video . WiFi Demand 3 android + 1 Laptop for browsing and group video chat simultaneously . . Specifics . I am experiencing problems with network speeds and reliability on both wired and wireless connections. On many occasions I experience WiFi Speeds that vary between the 15mbps to 0.50 mbs (or less) and ping ranging from 15ms to 500ms. These results are from when I notice problems with internet lag and run speedtest.net to get details of problems. I have a stretched out floor-plan and old building materials drastically affecting my cellphone signal strength as well). After Reading the "Known Issues" Section on the webpage below http://www.dd-wrt.com/wiki/index.php/Netgear_WNDR3700#Known_Issues I bought the switch and Cat6 cable to increase speed and relieve stress on router in an attempt to fix the symptoms. I thought I'd use the router in a Modem\Switch\Router configuration. I thought I'd only have to use the router for mobile WiFi connections like android or Laptops when necessary (hopefully eliminating the problem caused by the router when subjected to all those demanding Ethernet connections) When I started unboxing the switch, I noticed the manual of this DGS-1008G shows it being connected in the Modem\Router\Switch order and not in the Modem\Switch\Router configuration I was aiming for. I have not been able to find a solid plan to remedy my specific problem without buying another expensive router. I would like to get the speeds I am paying for without buying another router. (My WiFi Adapters would also need to be updated if new router is required, meaning more $$$). I can always sell the switch and get a better one that will bypass the router because my most demanding internet connections are Wired. . . Questions Can I accomplish a Modem\Switch\Router configuration with current switch? Is there a different way to get the wired speed I need while providing WiFi only when necessary? . .

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• MySQL timeout only from office network to remote server, but other connections are fine

  - by Adam

  I've been developing these apps just fine on a local machine as has my co worker. We recently moved our work desks so we're now on a different floor of the building, but we only have one router that we're connected to. Since then, connecting to this one server appears to timeout more often than not. Occasionally I get through, and the loading is instantaneous. Anyhow we have these connections that were tested 1. my computer -> office network -> php pdo -> mysql server A - timeout 2. my computer -> office network -> mysql cli -> mysql server A - timeout 3. my computer -> office network -> mysql cli -> mysql server A - timeout 4. another pc -> office network -> mysql cli -> mysql server A - timeout 5. my computer -> mobile network -> mysql cli -> mysql server A - ok 6. my computer -> office network -> ssh server A -> mysql server A - ok 7. my computer -> office network -> ssh server B -> mysql server A - ok 8. server B web app -> php pdo -> mysql server A - ok 9. my computer -> office network -> php pdo -> mysql server B - ok 10. my computer -> office network -> mysql cli -> mysql server B - ok This has really stumped me.

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• Is it possible to "stealth" dual boot a machine?

  - by BrianH

  I have a loaner laptop that has MS Windows with locked down permissions. It works okay for what I need to do, but I started wondering if there was a way to install a separate Windows OS on a separate hard drive to do what I want to do on it. Virtual I wish I could use VirtualBox or VMWare, but that is not an option (I even tried VBox portable). External Drive My next trial was see if it was possible to install Windows on an external drive, and then plug that drive in and boot from it whenever I wanted my own OS. After a few Google searches, I see that is not really a possibility. Swap Primary Drive Another option, would be to get a second internal hard drive, take the existing HD out, and install a new Windows OS on the secondary HD. This would mean swapping the internal hard drive each time I want to switch OSs - doable, but not very convenient. Dual Boot The laptop has an expansion slot where a second hard drive can be plugged in quickly. I thought about Dual booting, but I don't want to mess with the MBR on the primary hard drive. When I have to give the laptop back, I don't want a dual-boot screen to popup. Summary Is there a way to have 2 hard-drives on a machine, each with it's own OS, and maybe use BIOS settings to have only 1 hard drive active at a time? That way both hard drives could be physically connected, but only one would actually be active at a time. I basically want a second OS that does not (can not) affect the existing OS in any way, and can be removed at any time without affecting the existing OS. The secondary OS does not need any of the files on the main hard drive - it's basically like having 2 separate computers using the same hard ware... Is this possible, or would it be easier just to go out and buy a different laptop? Thanks in advance! EDIT I just discovered that my BIOS allows me to pick (at startup) which hard drive I want to boot from. I poked around in the BIOS and there is not a place to disable certain devices, like the primary hard drive. My only concern about plugging in a second hard drive and installing Windows to the second hard drive is that it will mess with the primary hard drive, or add a bootloader screen to pick which windows install to use. My thought would be to physically unplug the primary, plug in the secondary and install windows to the secondary. After the install is working properly, I can plug the primary back in and use the BIOS feature to determine which drive to boot to. Is there any way after I have 2 separate installs on 2 separate hard drives that one of the installs could mess with the MBR on the other drive?

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• Is it possible to change an "Unidentified Network" into a "Home" or "Work" network on Windows 7

  - by Rhys

  I have a problem with Windows 7 RC (7100). I frequently use a crossover network cable on WinXP with static IP addresses to connect to various industrial devices (e.g. robots, pumps, valves or even other Windows PCs) that have Ethernet network ports. When I do this on Windows 7, the network connection is classed as an "Unidentified Network" in Networks and Sharing Center and the public firewall profile is enforced by Windows. I do not want to change the public profile and would prefer to use the Home or Work profile instead. For other networks like Home and Work I'm able to click on them and change the classification. This is not available for unidentified networks. My questions are these:- Is there a way to manual override the "Unidentified Network" classification? What tests are performed on the network that fail, therefore classifying it as an "Unidentified Network" By googling (hitting mainly vista issues) it seems that you need to ensure that the default gateway is not 0.0.0.0. I've done this. I've also tried to remove IPv6 but this does not seem possible on Windows 7. UPDATE For those still having problems here is the answer to my issue and the possible reasons why:- Win7 keeps a list of the networks you visit by (I am assuming, but don’t know for sure) the MACID of the device pointed to by the Default Gateway. The default gateway is usually the constant device in a network (i.e. the NAT or router) so can be used to uniquely identify one network from another. The default gateway in the IPv4 properties panel must therefore point to an actual endpoint so windows can then keep track of it. If there is a device at the end of the Default Gateway windows will identify it and track it remembering its settings. The ways you can therefore fool Win7 is to either point the default gateway to your own IP address, or the IP address of the target device you’re communicating with. This will have the side effect of expecting that target device to start routing packets for IP destinations that are outside your subnet. So some applications on Win7 will try to communicate with the internet, these will be passed on to the default gateway (either back you the same IP address or a target device that is not a router) and thus will eventually timeout because neither can route packets. Which you can usually live with. This gets slightly complicated when you mix a this type of connection with a real connection to the internet via WIFI. The wired network card usually has priority when routing because of the “interface metric” so some applications might not connect correctly.

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• graphic error on console

  - by Christian Elsner

  I have Linux on an embedded system. There is no graphic system, but I still have graphic errors. For example, if I type: ifconfig eth2 hw ether 00:0e:8c:d0:59:d2 I see: ifconfig eth hw ether 00:0e:8:2:2 If I type Enter, it accepts the command I typed, so it's just a matter of displaying. Everything is fine, when I log in via SSH. Anyone any ideas, what could be the cause or where to look at? Output of lspci: 00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation 3100 Chipset Memory I/O Controller Hub 00:00.1 Unassigned class [ff00]: Intel Corporation 3100 DRAM Controller Error Reporting Registers 00:01.0 System peripheral: Intel Corporation 3100 Chipset Enhanced DMA Controller 00:02.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 3100 Chipset PCI Express Port A 00:03.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 3100 Chipset PCI Express Port A1 00:1c.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 631xESB/632xESB/3100 Chipset PCI Express Root Port 1 (rev 01) 00:1c.1 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 631xESB/632xESB/3100 Chipset PCI Express Root Port 2 (rev 01) 00:1d.0 USB Controller: Intel Corporation 631xESB/632xESB/3100 Chipset UHCI USB Controller #1 (rev 01) 00:1d.1 USB Controller: Intel Corporation 631xESB/632xESB/3100 Chipset UHCI USB Controller #2 (rev 01) 00:1d.7 USB Controller: Intel Corporation 631xESB/632xESB/3100 Chipset EHCI USB2 Controller (rev 01) 00:1e.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 82801 PCI Bridge (rev c9) 00:1f.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation 631xESB/632xESB/3100 Chipset LPC Interface Controller (rev 01) 00:1f.2 IDE interface: Intel Corporation 631xESB/632xESB/3100 Chipset SATA IDE Controller (rev 01) 00:1f.3 SMBus: Intel Corporation 631xESB/632xESB/3100 Chipset SMBus Controller (rev 01) 02:00.0 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation 82574L Gigabit Network Connection 03:01.0 Network controller: Siemens Nixdorf AG Device 4003 (rev 02) 03:01.1 Unassigned class [ff00]: Siemens Nixdorf AG Device 4003 (rev 02) 03:02.0 Ethernet controller: Siemens Nixdorf AG Device 4047 (rev 01) 03:03.0 Ethernet controller: National Semiconductor Corporation DP83815 (MacPhyter) Ethernet Controller 03:04.0 Unassigned class [ff00]: Siemens Nixdorf AG Device 4057 (rev 01) 04:00.0 PCI bridge: Texas Instruments XIO2000(A)/XIO2200(A) PCI Express-to-PCI Bridge (rev 03) 05:00.0 Ethernet controller: Advanced Micro Devices [AMD] 79c970 [PCnet32 LANCE] (rev 44) 06:00.0 PCI bridge: Texas Instruments XIO2000(A)/XIO2200(A) PCI Express-to-PCI Bridge (rev 03) 07:00.0 VGA compatible controller: Silicon Motion, Inc. SM720 Lynx3DM (rev c1) 07:01.0 USB Controller: NEC Corporation USB (rev 43) 07:01.1 USB Controller: NEC Corporation USB (rev 43) 07:01.2 USB Controller: NEC Corporation USB 2.0 (rev 04) The whole thing is running on an Intel Core 2 Duo U2500

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• how to use iptables to block the IP of device connected to openwrt router

  - by scola

  I have two routers(A,B).the A connect to internet with IP:192.168.1.1 The openwrt router B connect the lan of A by bridge with static IP:192.168.1.111. I am learning to use iptables to control the devices connected to B(wlan) . I use my phone to connect wifi of B,the phone's IP is IP:192.168.1.100.it can surf the internet normally. I want to block the phone's IP to make the phone can not connect to internet. refer to http://bredsaal.dk/some-small-iptables-on-openwrt-tips iptables -A input_wan -s 192.168.1.100 --jump REJECT iptables -A forwarding_rule -d 192.168.1.100 --jump REJECT but it do not work.the phone still connect to internet normally. and I tried other chain(INPUT,OUTPUT,FORWARD).so many chains confused me. iptables -I OUTPUT -o br-lan -s 192.168.1.100 -j DROP and it do not work again. I'm sure that the iptables have no problem. root@OpenWrt:/etc# iptables -L|grep Chain Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT) Chain FORWARD (policy DROP) Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT) Chain forward (1 references) Chain forwarding_lan (1 references) Chain forwarding_rule (1 references) Chain forwarding_wan (1 references) Chain input (1 references) Chain input_lan (1 references) Chain input_rule (1 references) Chain input_wan (1 references) Chain output (1 references) root@OpenWrt:/etc# ifconfig br-lan Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 0C:82:68:97:57:BA inet addr:192.168.1.111 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::e82:68ff:fe97:57ba/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:14976 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:7656 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:2851980 (2.7 MiB) TX bytes:1902785 (1.8 MiB) eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 0C:82:68:97:57:BA UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:58201 errors:0 dropped:11 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:45012 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:54591348 (52.0 MiB) TX bytes:5711142 (5.4 MiB) Interrupt:4 lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:312 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:312 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:39961 (39.0 KiB) TX bytes:39961 (39.0 KiB) mon.wlan0 Link encap:UNSPEC HWaddr 0C-82-68-97-57-BA-00-48-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00 UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:4900 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:32 RX bytes:1223807 (1.1 MiB) TX bytes:0 (0.0 B) wlan0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 0C:82:68:97:57:BA UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:37346 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:49662 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:32 RX bytes:3808021 (3.6 MiB) TX bytes:54486310 (51.9 MiB) root@OpenWrt:/etc/config# cat network config 'interface' 'loopback' option 'ifname' 'lo' option 'proto' 'static' option 'ipaddr' '127.0.0.1' option 'netmask' '255.0.0.0' config 'interface' 'lan' option 'ifname' 'eth0' option 'type' 'bridge' option 'proto' 'static' option 'ipaddr' '192.168.1.111' option 'netmask' '255.255.255.0' option 'gateway' '192.168.1.1' option dns 192.168.1.1 and how to use iptables to control the network of wlan? Thanks in advance and sorry for poor English.

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• Software Raid 10 corrupted superblock after dual disk failure, how do I recover it?

  - by Shoshomiga

  I have a software raid 10 with 6 x 2tb hard drives (raid 1 for /boot), ubuntu 10.04 is the os. I had a raid controller failure that put 2 drives out of sync, crashed the system and initially the os didnt boot up and went into initramfs instead, saying that drives were busy but I eventually managed to bring the raid up by stopping and assembling the drives. The os booted up and said that there were filesystem errors, I chose to ignore because it would remount the fs in read-only mode if there was a problem. Everything seemed to be working fine and the 2 drives started to rebuild, I was sure that it was a sata controller failure because I had dma errors in my log files. The os crashed soon after that with ext errors. Now its not bringing up the raid, it says that there is no superblock on /dev/sda2, even if I assemble manually with all the device names. I also did a memtest and changed the motherboard in addition to everything else. EDIT: This is my partition layout Disk /dev/sdb: 2000.4 GB, 2000398934016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 243201 cylinders, total 3907029168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes Disk identifier: 0x0009c34a Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 * 2048 511999 254976 83 Linux /dev/sdb2 512000 3904980991 1952234496 83 Linux /dev/sdb3 3904980992 3907028991 1024000 82 Linux swap / Solaris All 6 disks have the same layout, partition #1 is for raid 1 /boot, partition #2 is for raid 10 far plan, partition #3 is swap, but sda did not have swap enabled EDIT2: This is the output of mdadm --detail /dev/md1 Layout : near=1, far=2 Chunk Size : 64k UUID : a0feff55:2018f8ff:e368bf24:bd0fce41 Events : 0.3112126 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State 0 8 34 0 spare rebuilding /dev/sdc2 1 0 0 1 removed 2 8 18 2 active sync /dev/sdb2 3 8 50 3 active sync /dev/sdd2 4 0 0 4 removed 5 8 82 5 active sync /dev/sdf2 6 8 66 - spare /dev/sde2 EDIT3: I ran ddrescue and it has copied everything from sda except a single 4096 byte sector that I suspect is the raid superblock EDIT4: Here is some more info too long to fit here lshw: http://pastebin.com/2eKrh7nF mdadm --detail /dev/sd[abcdef]1 (raid1): http://pastebin.com/cgMQWerS mdadm --detail /dev/sd[abcdef]2 (raid10): http://pastebin.com/V5dtcGPF dumpe2fs of /dev/sda2 (from the ddrescue cloned drive): http://pastebin.com/sp0GYcJG I tried to recreate md1 based on this info with the command mdadm --create /dev/md1 -v --assume-clean --level=10 --raid-devices=6 --chunk=64K --layout=f2 /dev/sda2 missing /dev/sdc2 /dev/sdd2 missing /dev/sdf2 But I can't mount it, I also tried to recreate it based on my initial mdadm --detail /dev/md1 but it still doesn't mount It also warns me that /dev/sda2 is an ext2fs file system but I guess its because of ddrescue

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