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  • Mounting both /dev/sda and /dev/sda1 - how can this be?

    - by itsadok
    I work on an Amazon EC2 instance that somebody else set up. We have an EBS volume mounted on /dev/sda, even though the root device is already on /dev/sda1, and we're also using `/dev/sda2' user@server:~$ mount /dev/sda1 on / type ext3 (rw) ... (snip) /dev/sda2 on /mnt type ext3 (rw) /dev/sda on /vol type xfs (rw,noatime) ... This doesn't seem to fit with what I know about the way /dev/ works. How is this possible, and more importantly: will this cause trouble in the future? I'm running ubuntu 9.04 jaunty.

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  • How can I measure actual memory usage from my running processes?

    - by NullUser
    I have two servers, server1 and server2. Both of them are identical HP blades, running the exact same OS (RHEL 5.5). Here's the output of free for both of them: ### server1: total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 8017848 2746596 5271252 0 212772 1768800 -/+ buffers/cache: 765024 7252824 Swap: 14188536 0 14188536 ### server2: total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 8017848 4494836 3523012 0 212724 3136568 -/+ buffers/cache: 1145544 6872304 Swap: 14188536 0 14188536 If I understand correctly, server2 is using significantly more memory for disk I/O caching, which still counts as memory used. But both are running the same OS and if I remember correctly, I configured both with the same parameters when they were installed. I did a diff on /etc/sysctl.conf and they are identical. The problem is, I am collecting memory usage and other metrics over a period of time, (eg: vmstat, iostat, etc.) while a load is generated on the system. The memory used for caching is throwing off my calculations on the results. How can I measure actual memory usage from my running processes, rather than system usage? Is used - (buffers + cached) a valid way to measure this?

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  • Disk monitor script with long file systems

    - by DD.
    $ df -H Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/vg_app001-lv_root 34G 12G 21G 35% / tmpfs 8.4G 0 8.4G 0% /dev/shm /dev/sda1 508M 54M 429M 12% /boot /dev/mapper/vg_app001-lv_home 19G 309M 17G 2% /home I want to run a disk monitor script but because the filesystem is so long the row has been split into two lines and the script fails. Any suggestions?

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  • use network drives as mount points during installation?

    - by ajsie
    is it possible to use network storage locations as mount points during installation? cause i want to separate system (ubuntu) with data (personal files). eg. if i have 5 computers i don't want to recreate /home/david 5 times. so i want to mount networkdrive/home to /home in local ubuntu server. so ALL users home folders could be used and maybe also networkdrive/projects to /projects. in that way its ok if i by accident repartitioned the local ubuntu server cause all data is not there on that server, but in the data server. is separating "data" from "logic" good in this case? and is it possible? what protocol should i use for the mapping over internet? (maybe the server is in Sweden, and the data is in Norway). thanks.

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  • How can I remove OLD history from Google Chrome?

    - by Norman Ramsey
    I'm working on a laptop with a modest hard drive, and 500MB is taken up with Google Chrome "History Index" and "Thumbnails" files. Some of these files are a year old. Chrome offers me the option to remove recent history, but I want the opposite: I want to remove old history. (Ideally I would remove the least recently used history information, but I don't expect to be able to do that.) Anyone have any ideas? I'm running the standard Debian google-chrome-beta package.

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  • How can I recover an ext4 filesystem corrupted after a fsck?

    - by Regan
    I have an ext4 filesystem on luks over software raid5. The filesystem was operating "just fine" for several years when I was beginning to run out of space. I had a 9T volume on 6x2T drives. I began upgrading to 3T drives by doing the mdadm fail, remove, add, rebuild, repeat process until I had a larger array. I then grew the luks container, and then when I unmounted and tried to resize2fs I was given the message the filesystem was dirty and needed e2fsck. Without thinking I just did e2fsck -y /dev/mapper/candybox and it began spewing all kinds of inode being removed type messages (can't remember exactly) I killed e2fsck and tried to remount the filesystem to backup data I was concerned about. When trying to mount at this point I get: # mount /dev/mapper/candybox /candybox mount: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/mapper/candybox, missing codepage or helper program, or other error In some cases useful info is found in syslog - try dmesg | tail or so Looking back at my older logs I noticed the filesystem was giving this error each time the machine booted: kernel: [79137.275531] EXT4-fs (dm-2): warning: mounting fs with errors, running e2fsck is recommended So shame on me for not paying attention :( I then tried to mount using every backup superblock (one after another) and each attempt left this in my log: EXT4-fs (dm-2): ext4_check_descriptors: Checksum for group 0 failed (26534!=65440) EXT4-fs (dm-2): ext4_check_descriptors: Checksum for group 1 failed (38021!=36729) EXT4-fs (dm-2): ext4_check_descriptors: Checksum for group 2 failed (18336!=39845) ... EXT4-fs (dm-2): ext4_check_descriptors: Checksum for group 11911 failed (28743!=44098) BUG: soft lockup - CPU#0 stuck for 23s! [mount:2939] Attempts to restart e2fsck results in: # e2fsck /dev/mapper/candybox e2fsck 1.41.14 (22-Dec-2010) e2fsck: Group descriptors look bad... trying backup blocks... candy: recovering journal e2fsck: unable to set superblock flags on candy At this point, I decided it best to order some more drives and make an image using ddrescue Now two weeks later I have an image of the luks partition in a .img file. # ls -lh total 14T -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 14T Oct 25 01:57 candybox.img -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 271 Oct 20 14:32 candybox.logfile After numerous attempts using everything I could find online I could not coerce e2fsck to do anything on the image, so I used mkfs.ext4 -L candy candybox.img -m 0 -S and I was able to mount the dirty filesystem readonly without the journal and recover 960G of data. It gave all kinds of errors of various directories not existing and so forth but I was able to get some stuff. Which gave me some hope! I then ran e2fsck again and it had to recreate the root inode and gave a massive list of correcting group counts, I accepted the root inode creation and said no to everything else, leaving a completely empty filesystem. Re-ran again and said yes to all questions with the same result but now a "clean" but empty filesystem. extundelete gives me 0 recoverable inodes found. And now I'm stuck again, I can't come up with any other methods other than dropping to something like photorec which will give me an absolute mess with how large the filesystem was. I'm willing to re-copy the image from the original array and start over, if I can get any suggestions or ideas on a way to get more of my files back. I wish I could give more detailed logs of the commands that have run, but the output is long scrolled passed except for what gets logged to syslog and my memory is not as detailed due to the timeframe this has occurred over. Any help is greatly appreciated!

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  • How to disable or tune filesystem cache sharing for OpenVZ?

    - by gertvdijk
    For OpenVZ, an example of container-based virtualization, it seems that host and all guests are sharing the filesystem cache. This sounds paradoxical when talking about virtualization, but this is actually a feature of OpenVZ. It makes sense too. Because only one kernel is running, it's possible to benefit from sharing the same pages of filesystem cache in memory. And while it sounds beneficial, I think a set up here actually suffers in performance from it. Here's why I think why: my machines aren't actually sharing any files on disk so I can't benefit from this feature in OpenVZ. Several OpenVZ machines are running MySQL with MyISAM tables. MyISAM relies on the system's filesystem cache for caching of data files, unlike InnoDB's buffer pool. Also some virtual machines are known to do heavy and large I/O operations on the same filesystem in the host. For example, when running cat *.MYD > /dev/null on some large database in one machine, I saw the filesystem cache lowering in another, monitored by htop. This essentially flushes all the useful filesystem cache in guests (FIFO) and so it flushes the MySQL caches in the guests. Now users are complaining that MySQL is very slow. And it is. Some simple SELECT queries take several seconds on times disk I/O is heavily used by other machines. So, simply put: Is there a way to avoid filesystem cache being wiped out by other virtual machines in container-based virtualization? Some thoughts: Choosing algorithm for flushing filesystem cache in the kernel. (possible? how?) Reserving a certain amount of pages for a single VM. (seems no option for filesystem cache type of pages that reading man vzctl) Will running MySQL on another filesystem get me anywhere? If not, I think my alternatives are: Use KVM for MySQL-MyISAM running VMs. KVM actually assigns memory to the VM and does not allow swapping out caches unless using a balloon driver. Move to InnoDB and tune the buffer pools, dirty pages, etc. This is now considered to be 'nice to have' on the long-term as not everyone responsible for administration of the system understands InnoDB. more suggestions welcome. System software: Proxmox (now 1.9, could be upgraded to 2.x). One big LV assigned for the VMs.

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  • What is wrong with my expect script?

    - by Bryan
    I'm trying to learn how to use the expect command, to help me automate deployment of some software via shell scripts, and figured I start with something simple to get me started. I've created a file in my home dir called 'foo' using: touch foo And I've created the following script saved as test.exp #!/usr/bin/expect spawn rm -i foo expect "rm: remove regular empty file `foo'?" send "y\r" When I run the script using ./test.exp, it spawns the rm command, but it doesn't appear to send the Y and carriage return. I know I don't have a typo in the expect string, as I've used copy and paste to put in the script. What am I doing wrong?

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  • mdadm - Recovering a 'split' RAID1 array

    - by Hamza
    I have two drives that used to be part of a single RAID1 volume but it appears that one of them went offline for some time, something I've noticed just now when I rebooted my system. I now seem to have two RAID volumes, as reported by: # cat /proc/mdstat Personalities : [linear] [multipath] [raid0] [raid1] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4] [raid10] md126 : active raid1 sdc[1] 2096116 blocks super 1.2 [2/1] [_U] md127 : active (auto-read-only) raid1 sdb[0] 2096116 blocks super 1.2 [2/1] [U_] unused devices: <none> Not exactly sure where to go from here. How can I merge and re-sync these volumes without data loss? Thanks.

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  • Using udev to create a character device based on a driver being loaded

    - by SteveCB
    I'm in the process of setting up RAID monitoring for a number of Dell servers that use the PERC 6i integrated card. We're using Nagios at present and the check_megasasctl plugin seems to fit the bill. However, the plugin relies upon the existence of: /dev/megaraid_sas_ioctl_node This device node doesn't exist by default, you have to create it by hand using something like: mknod /dev/megaraid_sas_ioctl_node c 253 0 Now, to make the existence of this device node persistent across reboots, I thought I could write a udev rule, but as usual, I'm missing something. I thought I could create a file such as /etc/udev/rules.d/10-local/rules that contained: DRIVER=="megasas" NAME="megaraid_sas_ioctl_node" MODE="0600" But this doesn't work - no device node after a reboot. Dmesg output indicates the megasas driver is loaded and functional: megasas: 00.00.04.01-RH1 Thu July 10 09:41:51 PST 2008 megasas: 0x1000:0x0060:0x1028:0x1f0c: bus 1:slot 0:func 0 megasas: FW now in Ready state Further, I don't see any means to instruct udev on which type of device node to create: character or block. I suspect I'm failing to understand exactly how udev is meant to work. I realise I could just cheat and run MegaCLI in /etc/rc.local, redirecting output to /dev/null; it creates the megaraid_sas_ioctl_node device node as part of its execution. I just thought using udev rules would be a) cleaner and b) a useful learning exercise. Perhaps I should just dump the above mknod command in /etc/rc.local... So how do I get udev to create the /dev/megaraid_sas_ioctl_node device node based on the presence of the megasas driver? Cheers Steve

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  • Ubuntu terminal questions

    - by Camran
    I am wondering about my VPS providers ubuntu terminal. Are all these terminals the same? I think they are so user-UN-friendly. I can't copy-paste into the terminal, when I try opening textfiles, I can't scroll up and down easily. I cant save easily. Nothing is easy... Is it always like this with Ubuntu? Is there any way to make it easier? I use windows but I login to my vps provider with login details and then simply click "terminal" to open the terminal. Please help me out here

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  • VirtualBox management interface unreliability

    - by Arlen Cuss
    I'm using VirtualBox 3.2.8_OSE with 20 VMs running, and everything's going fine. I find that if I hammer the VBoxManage interface, all sorts of interesting things happen, usually necessitating either a restart of the VM in question, or of all VMs. For instance, if I use VBoxManage guestcontrol execute to run processes, after a few hours of using it maybe once or twice a minute on any given VM, it'll mysteriously start reporting VERR_NOT_IMPLEMENTED and refusing to do anything—sometimes trying to restart /usr/sbin/VBoxService on the VM itself will get it back in working order, but often it won't, and in the meantime, no data can be collected using VBoxManage. Such data includes the VM's IP, so if I hadn't recorded it earlier, I'm usually in trouble and have no option but to portscan the network for it, or kill the VM's process on the host manually and restart it. This one I haven't narrowed down yet, but it seems that even using VBoxManage guestproperty get (to retrieve a machine's IP) frequently and rapidly is enough to cause all VMs' management interfaces to die. The processes are still running fine, but VBoxManage reports them all as "powered off". In the meantime, another process somewhere in the system seems to have decided that their being powered off means they need to be powered on again, and suddenly I have 2x the number of VBoxHeadless processes running than I used to. Has anyone else seen behaviour like this? Is there any workaround? This is a serious impediment to my work, as I've had to resort to a lot of (hacky) caching of data and rate-limiting how often I call VBoxManage, just in case I accidentally bring 20 VMs to their knees.

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  • curl XPUT returning HTTP 500 error message

    - by pradeepchhetri
    I have added the following changes in nginx configuration. server { listen 8080; root /usr/share/nginx/www; client_body_temp_path /tmp/; dav_methods PUT DELETE MKCOL COPY MOVE; create_full_put_path on; dav_access user:rw group:rw all:rw; } I have my nginx configured with --with-http_dav_module also. But when I am trying to running the command: $ curl -XPUT http://172.16.31.127:8080/test.html -d 'test' I am getting 500 Internal Server error. Can anyone help me out in solving this.

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  • Name of log file where boot process is logged

    - by ant2009
    Hello, CentOS 5.3 After booting up. I am wondering what is the name of the log file that contains if all services where successfully loaded or not? For example when computer boots you get a list of start services and they can be OK or FAILED. Is there a log file where this information is kept? I had a look in the following directory /var/log/ but not sure which one will contain the informaiton that I need. Many thanks for any advice,

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  • CPU Affinity on ARM processors

    - by dsljanus
    I am using some RaspberryPI boards for a data acquisition system. They are nice boards, with plenty of community support around them, but they are really slow. I am thinking of gradually replacing them with ODROID multicore boards, with the Samsung Exynos processors. I have some experience using taskset to set CPU affinity on my servers because I am always running Node.js applications that are by definition single threaded. Now, is it possible to do this on an ARM board? I do not see why it would not in theory, but I have doubts over how well it is going to work. Does anyone have experience with this kind of hack? Also, I would appreciate any comments about ARM CPUs and how they differ from x86.

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  • How do I make a Minecraft kiosk for portable USB drive that boots on most computers

    - by user2044589
    Some time ago, someone referred me to a cool website called Rapid Rollout. It worked fine until I tried to install an OS onto a netbook. To put it short, it didn't work as well as I expected it to. It also didn't install USB flash drives. I'm trying to build a system (or use a service that would create a system) that would open up the Minecraft Launcher (jar) and show it in full-screen with no background. It would also all have to fit into 8 Gigabytes (as this is the most that I can use right now). How can I accomplish this?

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  • How to delete files quicker than rm -rf?

    - by Byakugan
    Is there any way how to delete folder/files quicker than with command rm -rf? It seems my disc is filled with bilions of files (sessions of php5) which were not deleted in cron so I need to delete them manually but it takes hours and it is still not helping reducing the amount. Thank you. My command: rm -rf /var/lib/php5/* Tried also these commands: find /var/lib/php5 -name "sess_*" -exec rm {} \; And perl -e 'chdir "/var/lib/php5/" or die; opendir D, "."; while ($n = readdir D) { unlink $n }'

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  • File permission woes on an Ubuntu ec2 instance

    - by Pardoner
    I've set up an amazon ec2 instance and I'm have some file permission issues. I've created myself a new user and added myself to the following groups: adm:x:4:me,ubuntu sudo:x:27:me www-data:x:33:me,www-data ssh:x:108:me admin:x:111:me ubuntu:x:1000:www-data,me me:x:1001:me but when I cd /var/www I can't do simple commands without doing sudo. So I chown -R www-data:www-data /var/www to ensure that I'm in the owning group but I still have to type sudo for everything. If I sudo su www-data it works fine. Since I'm in the www-data group shouldn't I have the same privilages as www-data? One strange thing I'm noticing is that when I ls -l it list the owner but not the group names. Could this possibly be part of the issue? Is is posible for a directory to not be part of a group? drwxr-xr-x 4 www-data 4.0K Oct 24 16:39 . drwxr-xr-x 14 root 4.0K Oct 10 16:58 .. drwxrwxr-x 9 www-data 4.0K Oct 23 04:03 admin.mywebsite.com drwxrwxr-x 2 www-data 4.0K Oct 4 00:29 mywebsite.com drwxrwxr-x 9 www-data 4.0K Oct 23 04:03 staging.mywebsite.com Edit : It appears I had some alias messing with my ls command. By calling \ls -l I can see that all my files are in the correct group.

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  • soft lockup - CPU#0 stuck for 11s! error with Xen virtual machines

    - by Arun
    Getting a kernel panic with this error on my XEN VPS's. (all on 8.04 LTS) The kernel version on my Dom-0 is 2.6.24-25-xen and the kernel version on the Xen VPS is also 2.6.24-25-xen. I read something about disabling APIC from here http://muffinresearch.co.uk/archives/2008/08/20/ubuntu-bug-soft-lockup-cpu0-stuck-for-11s/ but that doesn't seem to help as well. Anyone experienced this and are there any workarounds? Thanks in advance!

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  • SSD suddenly full

    - by Daniel
    Today the hard drive of our server was suddenly full. The disk usage always stayed around 50 % in the weeks and months before (old data is regularly expunged from the server). I deleted 10 GB of files in /tmp, which strangely freed 51 GB. Here is what I did: root@***:~# df -h Dateisystem Size Used Avail Use% Eingehängt auf /dev/sda3 139G 137G 0 100% / tmpfs 3,9G 0 3,9G 0% /lib/init/rw udev 3,9G 116K 3,9G 1% /dev tmpfs 3,9G 0 3,9G 0% /dev/shm /dev/sda1 985M 25M 910M 3% /boot root@***:/var# du -hs * 3,3M backups 438M cache 9,4G lib 4,0K local 12K lock 76M log 24K mail 4,0K opt 88K run 184K spool 10G tmp 12K www root@***:/var/tmp# find -type f -print0 | xargs -0 rm root@***:/var/tmp# df -h Dateisystem Size Used Avail Use% Eingehängt auf /dev/sda3 139G 81G 51G 62% / tmpfs 3,9G 0 3,9G 0% /lib/init/rw udev 3,9G 116K 3,9G 1% /dev tmpfs 3,9G 0 3,9G 0% /dev/shm /dev/sda1 985M 25M 910M 3% /boot Any explanation as to why deleting 10 GB in /tmp gave me back 51 GB on the disk? Could this point to an SSD failure? Are there any tools for Debian to test SSD health? I already have checked syslog. The first entry relating to this incidient is a mysql message: 1:22:02 [ERROR] /usr/sbin/mysqld: Disk is full writing... So I have absolutely no idea what caused this.

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  • Ways to increase my Ubuntu partition space

    - by Andreas Grech
    I am currently running Ubuntu and Windows 7 as dual-boot on a single HD. The problem is that when I installed Ubuntu, I didn't allocate as much space as I thought I would need and now I need 'reinstall' Ubuntu so that I can increase the amount of storage space. Now there are two ways to go about this. Either I use use gparted to increase my partition space (but I read that it's not really that safe as regards data loss) or create the new partition with more space and reinstall Ubuntu there. But if want to reinstall Ubuntu, is there a way I can somehow "save" my current Ubuntu and install that one? What I mean is that I don't want to lose my current installed packages and files that I have on this partition. Is there a way to kind of maybe 'streamline' my current Ubuntu so that I install this one on the new partition? If not, what are your opinions as regards gparted?

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  • Apache availability with the two front-ends on diferent locations. Is it possible?

    - by marc.riera
    Hello, I have to locations (office and service providers). One DNS(bind) serving our domain as authoritative, and a service provider webserver with our corporate web on a private server. So.. Now we are planing to upgrade our server on the ISP to a new one, and I would like to use this situation to improve our service. Is it possible to mount a high availability apache/mysql/php within to different locations? I will install a bind slave on the same new server, so I hope it will make things easier, but I need some hints and tips on how to ride it. THanks.

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