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  • Make GRUB automatically boot Ubuntu

    - by Matt Robertson
    I am running a dual-boot with Ubuntu (10.10) and Windows 7. Recently I edited my /boot/grub/grub.cfg file to only show one version of Ubuntu (as opposed to several kernel versions) and Windows, simply by commenting out all other menu entries. My question is if I can edit GRUB to just boot a specific entry automatically. I tried removing all other menu entries, but GRUB still showed the menu with only one entry. I've also considered just setting the timeout to either 0 or 1 second, as this would basically achieve the same thing. What is the best way to do this?

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  • Sendmail doesn't work with iptables, even though smtp and dns are allowed

    - by tom
    I have sendmail installed on Ubuntu 10.04 solely for the use of the php mail() function. This works fine unless iptables is running (I've been using sendmail [email protected] to test this). I think that I have allowed SMTP and DNS (the script I am using to test iptables rules is below, in my version are the actual IPs of my hosts nameservers), but to no avail! iptables --flush iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 443 -j ACCEPT # Postgres iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 5432 -j ACCEPT # Webmin iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 10000 -j ACCEPT # Ping iptables -A INPUT -p icmp --icmp-type echo-request -j ACCEPT iptables -A OUTPUT -p icmp --icmp-type echo-reply -j ACCEPT # sendmail iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 25 -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT iptables -A OUTPUT -p tcp --sport 25 -m state --state ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT # DNS iptables -A INPUT -p udp --sport 53 -s <nameserver1> -j ACCEPT iptables -A INPUT -p udp --sport 53 -s <nameserver2> -j ACCEPT iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --sport 53 -s <nameserver1> -j ACCEPT iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --sport 53 -s <nameserver2> -j ACCEPT iptables -A OUTPUT -p udp --dport 53 -d <nameserver1> -j ACCEPT iptables -A OUTPUT -p udp --dport 53 -d <nameserver2> -j ACCEPT iptables -A OUTPUT -p tcp --dport 53 -d <nameserver1> -j ACCEPT iptables -A OUTPUT -p tcp --dport 53 -d <nameserver2> -j ACCEPT iptables -A INPUT -j DROP # Add loopback iptables -I INPUT 1 -i lo -j ACCEPT

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  • Simple one-way synchronisation of user password list between servers

    - by Renaud Bompuis
    Using a RedHat-derivative distro (CentOS), I'd like to keep the list of regular users (UID over 500), and group (and shadow files) pushed to a backup server. The sync is only one-way, from the main server to the backup server. I don't really want to have to deal with LDAP or NIS. All I need is a simple script that can be run nightly to keep the backup server updated. The main server can SSH into the backup system. Any suggestion? Edit: Thanks for the suggestions so far but I think I didn't make myself clear enough. I'm only looking at synchronising normal users whose UID is on or above 500. System/service users (with UID below 500) may be different on both system. So you can't just sync the whole files I'm afraid.

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  • iptables to block non-VPN-traffic if not through tun0

    - by dacrow
    I have a dedicated Webserver running Debian 6 and some Apache, Tomcat, Asterisk and Mail-stuff. Now we needed to add VPN support for a special program. We installed OpenVPN and registered with a VPN provider. The connection works well and we have a virtual tun0 interface for tunneling. To archive the goal for only tunneling a single program through VPN, we start the program with sudo -u username -g groupname command and added a iptables rule to mark all traffic coming from groupname iptables -t mangle -A OUTPUT -m owner --gid-owner groupname -j MARK --set-mark 42 Afterwards we tell iptables to to some SNAT and tell ip route to use special routing table for marked traffic packets. Problem: if the VPN failes, there is a chance that the special to-be-tunneled program communicates over the normal eth0 interface. Desired solution: All marked traffic should not be allowed to go directly through eth0, it has to go through tun0 first. I tried the following commands which didn't work: iptables -A OUTPUT -m owner --gid-owner groupname ! -o tun0 -j REJECT iptables -A OUTPUT -m owner --gid-owner groupname -o eth0 -j REJECT It might be the problem, that the above iptable-rules didn't work due to the fact, that the packets are first marked, then put into tun0 and then transmitted by eth0 while they are still marked.. I don't know how to de-mark them after in tun0 or to tell iptables, that all marked packet may pass eth0, if they where in tun0 before or if they going to the gateway of my VPN provider. Does someone has any idea to a solution? Some config infos: iptables -nL -v --line-numbers -t mangle Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 11M packets, 9798M bytes) num pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination 1 591K 50M MARK all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 owner GID match 1005 MARK set 0x2a 2 82812 6938K CONNMARK all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 owner GID match 1005 CONNMARK save iptables -nL -v --line-numbers -t nat Chain POSTROUTING (policy ACCEPT 393 packets, 23908 bytes) num pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination 1 15 1052 SNAT all -- * tun0 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 mark match 0x2a to:VPN_IP ip rule add from all fwmark 42 lookup 42 ip route show table 42 default via VPN_IP dev tun0

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  • Problems getting Cron to run processes tagged @reboot for LDAP users

    - by Ben Torell
    I have a lab of computers running Ubuntu 9.10. Most of the people who log on to these computers are users from an LDAP server, and not local users. We discovered that if an LDAP user has a crontab with an entry marked to be run @reboot, the command will not actually run upon the reboot of a machine. I'm pretty sure that this is because the cron daemon starts before networking is fully up, so the crontabs of any LDAP users aren't loaded and run or checked for @reboot. In fact, cron will ignore LDAP users' crontabs entirely after a reboot until that user runs crontab -e again and saves, or until the cron daemon is rebooted. We were able to fix one part of this problem by adding the following line to /etc/crontab: @reboot root /bin/sleep 45 && /etc/init.d/cron restart Thus, when cron starts back up upon a reboot, it waits for networking to get up, then restarts the cron daemon. That fixes the problem of crontabs not being read at all for LDAP users. However, since it's the cron daemon being restarted and not the computer, @reboot entries are ignored. Is there a way for a user to make a command run upon restarting the daemon, rather than a reboot? Or is there a better solution to this overall problem? Thanks.

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  • One incorrect SSH login attempt locks me out for an hour...

    - by Legend
    I've never observed this problem neither did any of my colleagues trying to SSH into the same system. If I try logging into my server using a wrong username and then press ^C to terminate or exhaust my password attempts, I am locked out for at least an hour. Is there something I can do on my end to fix this problem?

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  • Should tripwire be entering /proc?

    - by dsadinoff
    When initializing the db with tripwire --init it spat out a bunch of errors pertaining to /proc: ### Warning: File system error. ### Filename: /proc/16982/fd/4 ### No such file or directory ### Continuing... ### Warning: File system error. ### Filename: /proc/16982/fdinfo/4 ### No such file or directory ### Continuing... ### Warning: File system error. ### Filename: /proc/16982/task/16982/fd/4 ### No such file or directory ### Continuing... ### Warning: File system error. ### Filename: /proc/16982/task/16982/fdinfo/4 ### No such file or directory ### Continuing... ### Warning: Duplicate object encountered. ### /proc/sys/net/ipv6/neigh This feels like noise. The twpol.txt file has the following clause: # # Critical devices # ( rulename = "Devices & Kernel information", severity = $(SIG_HI), ) { /dev -> $(Device) ; /proc -> $(Device) ; } Which, if I understand it right, is going to cause tripwire to care deeply about the entire contents of /proc. Shouldn't it just care about the static parts of /proc like the drivers and such, and not the per-pid stuff? Why does it ship like this?

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  • How to Find Out What Version of Display Driver is Installed

    - by Artium
    One of my favorite games, "Wolfenstein Enemy Territory", has stopped working lately. It throws a segfault during the initialization phase. I suspect that the reason is a recent update to the video card driver. The problem started after I updated Ubuntu but I do not remember if there was a driver update in the list. My question is how can I check this. How can I view the current version of the display driver installed and the date it was last updated? If I discover that this is indeed the problem, will it be possible to revert the update and stay with the previous version of the driver?

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  • Is it possible to have DisplayLink USB display hotplugging with Xorg 1.13 on kernel 3.4?

    - by lkraav
    keithp seems to be the only one on the interwebs to have written anything about the subject and he worked with 3.5_rc. I don't want to go above 3.4 at the moment for various stability reasons and am trying to see whether I can get this to work. Xorg 1.13 recognizes the display on connection, "udl" module is loaded, xorg-video-modesetting driver also loads, display lights up. So everything seems to be good. I emerged xrandr-9999 (not many changes on top of 1.3.5): $ xrandr --listproviders Providers: number : 2 Provider 0: id: 69 cap: 0x0 crtcs: 2 outputs: 4 associated providers: 0 name:Intel Provider 1: id: 338 cap: 0x0 crtcs: 1 outputs: 1 associated providers: 0 name:modesetting But I can't get any further, just like this guy: $ xrandr --setprovideroutputsource 338 69 X Error of failed request: BadValue (integer parameter out of range for operation) Major opcode of failed request: 139 (RANDR) Minor opcode of failed request: 35 () Value in failed request: 0x152 Serial number of failed request: 11 Current serial number in output stream: 12 $ xrandr --setprovideroutputsource 1 0 X Error of failed request: 148 Major opcode of failed request: 139 (RANDR) Minor opcode of failed request: 35 () Serial number of failed request: 11 Current serial number in output stream: 12 Any thoughts?

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  • SSH Advanced Logging

    - by Radek Šimko
    I've installed OpenSUSE on my server and want to set ssh to log every command, which is send to system over it. I've found this in my sshd_config: # Logging # obsoletes QuietMode and FascistLogging #SyslogFacility AUTH #LogLevel INFO I guess that both of those directives has to be uncommented, but I'd like to log every command, not only authorization (login/logout via SSH). I just want to know, if someone breaks into my system, what did he do.

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  • How hard for a Software Developer to Maintain a Server

    - by Samy
    I'm a software developer and don't have much experience as a sysadmin. I developed a web app and was considering buying a server and hosting the web app on it. Is this a huge undertaking for a web developer? What's the level of difficulty of maintaining a server and keeping up with the latest security patches and all that kind of fun stuff. I'm a single user, and not planning to sell the service to others. Can someone also recommend an OS for my case, and maybe some good learning resources that's concise and not too overwhelming.

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  • NFS mount mounted inside another NFS mount disappears randomly

    - by espenfjo
    I have quite an odd issue where my nested NFS mounts just disappear randomly from time to time. The fstab entries look somewhat like this: nfs:/home /home/nfs rw,hard,intr,rsize=32768,noatime,nocto,proto=tcp 0 0 nfs:/bigdir /home/bigdir nfs rw,hard,intr,rsize=32768,noatime,nocto,proto=tcp,bg 0 0 The issue is that from time to time the "/home/bigdir" folder will be empty, even though mtab think that the share is still mounted. nfsstat et. al. do also think the share is still mounted. Only thing that works is by unmounting, and then (re)mounting the bigdir share. The server side is a NetApp. The client side is RHEL5.5, 2.6.18-194 kernel (Yes, I know 5.8 is out, but as far as I can see there are no erratas for this particular issue). I can use various hacks like automount, or mounting it to another path and then using --mount bind, but I would like to fix the underlying issue. -- Best regards Espen Fjellvær Olsen

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  • Raid1 with active and spare partition

    - by Daniel Baron
    I am having the following problem with a RAID1 software raid partition on my Ubuntu system (10.04 LTS, 2.6.32-24-server in case it matters). One of my disks (sdb5) reported I/O errors and was therefore marked faulty in the array. The array was then degraded with one active device. Hence, I replaced the harddisk, cloned the partition table and added all new partitions to my raid arrays. After syncing all partitions ended up fine, having 2 active devices - except one of them. The partition which reported the faulty disk before, however, did not include the new partition as an active device but as a spare disk: md3 : active raid1 sdb5[2] sda5[1] 4881344 blocks [2/1] [_U] A detailed look reveals: root@server:~# mdadm --detail /dev/md3 [...] Number Major Minor RaidDevice State 2 8 21 0 spare rebuilding /dev/sdb5 1 8 5 1 active sync /dev/sda5 So here is the question: How do I tell my raid to turn the spare disk into an active one? And why has it been added as a spare device? Recreating or reassembling the array is not an option, because it is my root partition. And I can not find any hints to that subject in the Software Raid HOWTO. Any help would be appreciated. Current Solution I found a solution to my problem, but I am not sure that this is the actual way to do it. Having a closer look at my raid I found that sdb5 was always listed as a spare device: mdadm --examine /dev/sdb5 [...] Number Major Minor RaidDevice State this 2 8 21 2 spare /dev/sdb5 0 0 0 0 0 removed 1 1 8 5 1 active sync /dev/sda5 2 2 8 21 2 spare /dev/sdb5 so readding the device sdb5 to the array md3 always ended up in adding the device as a spare. Finally I just recreated the array mdadm --create /dev/md3 --level=1 -n2 -x0 /dev/sda5 /dev/sdb5 which worked. But the question remains open for me: Is there a better way to manipulate the summaries in the superblock and to tell the array to turn sdb5 from a spare disk to an active disk? I am still curious for an answer.

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  • ps aux as non-root doesn't show all processes

    - by JMW
    hi, i'm using an ubuntu 10.04 server... when i run ps aux as root i see all processes when i run ps aux as nonroot i see JUST the processes of the current user after a bit of research i found the following solution: root@m85:~# ls -al /proc/ total 4 dr-xr-xr-x 122 root root 0 2010-12-23 14:08 . drwxr-xr-x 22 root root 4096 2010-12-23 13:30 .. dr-x------ 6 root root 0 2010-12-23 14:08 1 dr-x------ 6 root root 0 2010-12-23 14:08 10 dr-x------ 6 root root 0 2010-12-23 14:08 1212 dr-x------ 6 root root 0 2010-12-23 14:08 1227 dr-x------ 6 root root 0 2010-12-23 14:08 1242 dr-x------ 6 zabbix zabbix 0 2010-12-24 23:52 12747 [...] my first idea was, that it got mounted in a weird way: /etc/fstab is ok and it doesn't seem to be mounted in an weird way... my second idea was, that there might be a rootkit: but it's not a rootkit... rkhunter tells me, that there is no rootkit installed... i don't know if it is since the machine got installed or came with an update. i've just installed zabbix-agent on the machine and realized, that it didn't work properly... What could have caused such strange permissions (500) and how can i set it back to an normal level (555) ? Crazy, i've never seen something like that... thanks in advance for any help and merry christmas :) see you

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  • freeradius maximum session time problem

    - by haw3d
    hello I'm using openvpn and free-radius for control user accounts. for maximum session time for an user, free-radius has sqlcounter.conf that control that, but after a connection has disconnected that is useful and cannot destroy a connection. for control account time dynamically i need another script that do that. but should anytime that a connection has established a trigger run. is anyway to fire a custom trigger or script when a connection has established? or any way to control session time dynamically?

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  • When does /tmp get cleared?

    - by John Lawrence Aspden
    I'm taking to putting various files in /tmp, and I wondered what the rules on deleting them are? I'm imagining it's different for different distributions, and I'm particularly interested in Ubuntu and Fedora desktop versions. But a nice general way of finding out would be a great thing. Even better would be a nice general way of controlling it! (Something like 'every day at 3 in the morning, delete any /tmp files older than 60 days, but don't clear the directory on reboot')

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  • error in qemu monitor wavcapture with virsh

    - by Aniket Awati
    I have VM running on qemu-kvm. I am managing it with libvirt and command line tool virsh. I want to record the audio output of the VM. Here is what I am trying - virsh qemu-monitor-command -hmp VM_NAME wavcapture VM.wav This is the output I am getting : Failed to open wave file `vm.wav' Reason: Permission denied Failed to add wave capture I have tried to create a dummy vm.wav with 777 permissions. But I still get the same error.

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  • GNU Screen: Combining split-regions and full-screen sessions

    - by scrrr
    Let's say I have three sessions: 0, 1 and 2 I'm on session 0 and I press CTRL-A S to split the screen. Then I select session 1 for the bottom split region, while 0 is in the upper. Can I switch to session 2 and have it display in full-screen while 0 and 1 remain split? If I CTRL-A n to other sessions in a split screen it only changes the split-region. I want some sessions to be full-screen though. Is that possible?

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  • Ubuntu 9.10 X Stuck in restart loop - I think...

    - by widgisoft
    Trying out Ubuntu, installation went fine - upgraded to the proprietary nVidia drivers but on restart I get a login prompt and the screen is flashing really fast almost as if Xserver is trying to start and failing, I can type when the screen isn't in a "flash" as it were and it's so fast and random it's hard to even type a login name without it missing some characters - this makes typing a password (i.e. not being able to see which characters made it or not) very hard. I can log back into the live cd and alter my settings - but I can't even find out how to stop X stop starting on boot; Looks like they've moved everything around :-p I'd like to: Stop X from crashing and going insane (if it is actually Xserver) Know how to stop X from starting on bootup, Looks like interactive boot is also off by default now Update: A temporary work around seems to be enabling ssh and just connecting to the box over the network - ssh seems to work fine :-p Cheers, Chris

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  • reverse nslookup fails for single machine

    - by matt wilkie
    I have a computer on a windows Active Directory network for which reverse dns lookup fails. It doesn't matter which machine runs the lookup. The problem computer is a debian vm on a windows server 2003 host. >nslookup wiki.dept Server: primary.internal.domain.org Address: 192.111.222.44 Name: wiki.dept.internal.domain.org Address: 192.111.111.185 >nslookup 192.111.111.185 Server: primary.internal.domain.org Address: 192.111.222.44 *** primary.internal.domain.org can't find 192.111.111.185: Non-existent domain Contents of /etc/resolv.conf on the debian guest: nameserver 192.111.111.244 nameserver 192.111.222.44 search internal.domain.org What is wrong? how do I get ip-to-name resolution to work for this machine? Thank you.

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  • How to display a graph only for business hours with CACTI?

    - by Blast Raider
    I have noticed that I can only display an uninterrupted period with Cacti. I am wondering whether is possible or not to make a custom graph which displaying only the business hours during a period (a week, a month, etc.). If it is possible, how could I configure it on Cacti ? For example, I would like to be able to display a graph with an average inbound/outbound traffic between 8am and 7pm for 5 business days a week of the last month. I would apreciate any help. Thank you.

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  • Enabling vim file type plugin

    - by person
    In my .vimrc file I have this line.. filetype plugin indent on and then in ~/.vim/ftplugin/py.vimrc (I've also tried saving it as a .vim file) I've copied and pasted a vimrc file for python standards and have enabled all of the suggested settings in it (uncommented them). When I create and open a test.py file and do something like a tab, it goes 8 spaces instead of 4. Not sure what's going wrong.

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  • Debian on Hyper-V

    - by Tobia
    I installed Debian with kernel 2.6.32-5-686 on a Hyper-V virtual machine. I had to add a legacy network card. I follow this tutorial http://www.microsofttranslator.com/bv.aspx?ref=Internal&from=ru&to=en&a=http://blogs.technet.com/b/abeshkov/archive/2011/03/17/hyperv_5f00_debian.aspx to add Hyper-V driver but when I reboot with the new kernel it crash during bootup. Is there any other way to load hyper-v drivers? I really need to change that legacy network card because my debian machine is going to be used as proxy. Thank you.

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  • Will Vimperator always be this awesome?

    - by Martín Fixman
    About a week ago I started using Vim, and fell completely in love with it. However, today I installed the Vimperator extension on Firefox, and through there are some problems (all of which will be solved after using it until I get used to it), I found it great. However, I'm still in the "Holy fuck this is totally awesome" phase of software testing, and in some time will go back to the "I have this thing" phase. Just to be sure, will it be a good idea to use it regularly? I want to hear experiences about users and ex-users.

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