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• Sizing a Virtual Server

  - by vdubs

  I would like to replace four aging physical servers with one virtual server. What is the best way to insure the VM server is sized correctly? The requirements of the apps that will be running on the four servers are APPLICATION SERVERS - QTY 3 - These will run the application layer for the web server, Business Objects Business Intelligence app, and various other small client server apps. The three most heavy hitting apps each have the following server requirements. So, if I bought three physical servers, this would be the requirements for each of them Processor - Dual 2.83 GHZ (or faster) Ram - 4 GB Raid 5 - 50-100GB usable space NIC - 1 GB Web Server - this will run one asp.net e-business app that will talk to our dedicated SQL server and the three app servers above. The E-Business software has these requirements for the web server Processor - Quad 2.83 GHZ (or faster) Ram - 8 GB Raid 5 - 50-100GB usable space NIC - 1 GB What is the best tool to determine what I need from a hardware standpoing in a virtual server? I am planning on using VMWare.

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• When to move into a CRM system?

  - by Dan

  I have a client that is currently managing around 5000+ contacts via Outlook. There is also a BES Express installation in place. There are a couple problems. First, there is a corrupt contact in there somewhere that is preventing either a cabled or over the air sync of the complete list to a blackberry. The second, is that it just seems to be getting a bit unruly. They currently have a license for ACT, which I'm trying to get them to move into, but at what number does the contact list need to be at to migrate away from using Outlook/Exchange and into a real CRM solution?

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• Speaking at MK Code Camp 2012

  - by hajan

  This year same as the previous one, Macedonian .NET User Group is organizing the biggest event for developers and coders, event that is focusing on Microsoft technologies, Macedonian CODE CAMP 2012! The Code Camp 2012 will be held at 24th of November at FON University. In the first few hours we have more than 500 registered attendees and the number is increasing rapidly! At this year’s Code Camp, I will be speaking on topic “Modern Web Development Principles”, an interesting topic that will focus mainly on updating all the developer with the latest development trends. Here is the whole session description: “Through lot of code and demonstrations, this presentation aims to update you with the latest web development trends by clearly showing what has changed in web development today comparing with the previous years, what are the newest trends and how you can leverage the Microsoft ASP.NET platform together with all client-side centric development libraries to build the next generation of web apps following the standards and the modern web development principles. This is session for everyone who is involved into Web development in this way or another!” Quick links for those who want to learn more about this event: Code Camp 2012 Sessions (25 Sessions) Code Camp 2012 Speakers (More than 25 Speakers, 5 Microsoft MVPs, 1 MSFT, Many known Experts) Registration Link If you are somewhere around and interested to join the event, you are welcome! Hajan

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• Using JuJu with private Openstack cloud deployment?

  - by user76054

  I'm seeing a number of problems trying to use JuJu with our internally deployed Openstack cloud. Most of this appears to be centered around DNS host resolution as well as the need to deal with our company's internal HTTP proxies. Our Openstack deployment relies upon an unroutable 172.16.0.0/12 block of addresses for VLAN allocation to each project (tenant) hosted on our internal cloud. User's have the option of assigning one or more floating addresses to instances, allocated from a block of routable addresses on our internal companies LAN. Currently, Openstack doesn't register instance names with anything other than the DNSMASQ service running on the cloud controller. As such, there's no way to resolve this address through our internal DNS hierarchy (this issue has already been reported as Bug #945505). As such, even though I can bootstrap my JuJu server node, I can't connect to it with the JuJu client, since it can't resolve the local (private) network name. I am able to ssh to the node, once I've assigned it an internally routable (i.e. floating) address. Which leads to the next issue. Next, to install software on an instance running in our cloud, it must have our internal proxy address defined - either in the apt.conf file or via environment variables. Unfortunately, when bootstrapping the server node, there's no provision to pass this info into a instance via JuJu environment.yaml file (if this is even the best way to handle this issue). As a result, the bootstrap node is unable to install the required packages. I'm assuming (dangerous, I know) that the way that I've deployed Openstack in our internal environment is probably not unique. Has anyone else encountered these issues? And more importantly, are work arounds available? Regards, Ross

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• Nautilus header bar missing -- Ubuntu Gnome 13.10 (Gnome 3.10)

  - by user75252

  So, I recently did a fresh install of Ubuntu GNOME 13.10, added the gnome3-team/gnome3-next and gnome3-team/gnome3-staging PPA's, and upgraded to Gnome 3.10. (Also using a dual-monitor system, 1920 x 1080, Nvidia-319 driver.) Everything was running fine after the updates (including Nautilus, or "Files"), but when I opened Nautilus, at some point, the header bar was gone, and it got stuck in full-screen mode. The header is there for every other application, though. I can't resize Nautilus, I can't move it with the Alt+F7 hotkey. I can, however, make the sidebar disappear with F9 and make the program close with Alt+F4. I can also bring up the window menu with Alt+space, but the options to "resize" and "move" are greyed out, and the "Move Titlebar Onscreen" does nothing when clicked. Attempted solutions: I uninstalled, ran apt-get autoremove clean autoclean, and re-installed Nautilus, including any subsequent applications that were removed -- no fix. I installed and tried replacing the titlebar theme with Ambiance via Gnome Tweak Tool to at least restore the header/title bar -- no fix. I created a new user, logged into that, and opened Nautilus. It DID open up in the windowed mode with the header bar, but then, without my involvement, went to full-screen without the header bar. Same problem. Running "sudo nautilus" from the terminal does open it (full-screen, without header), but gives this error: (nautilus:7531): Gtk-WARNING **: Failed to register client: GDBus.Error:org.freedesktop.DBus.Error.ServiceUnknown: The name org.gnome.SessionManager was not provided by any .service files Here's a screenshot of the complete Nautilus dialog box:

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• Glusterfs : 'No route to host' for fstab mount in CentOS

  - by son_of_fire

  I am using glusterfs, and am using fstab in this way: <IPADDRESS>:/<VOLUMENAME> /some/mount/point glusterfs defaults,_netdev 0 0 but the logs for the mount continue to say the following. [<TIMESTAMP>] E [socket.c:2161:socket_connect_finish] 0-<VOLUMENAME>-client-1: connection to <IPADDRESS>:24007 failed (No route to host) I know this is not true, since when the system is up and running, I can easily issue a mount and the volume gets mounted. (I've done this by using rc.local) after reading more I have seen that using _netdev is preferred, and that if the host cannot be reached netfs will remount the volume after the network comes up, but that is not happening. (netfs is running). Is there a way to make the mount happen at a different time without using a script? (I would prefer to use fstab to manage the mounting even though I can use a script.)

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• How to fix no splash screen in Ubuntu after nvidia proprietary driver installation (also black borders)

  - by Fabio Trevisiol

  This is soultion how to fix no splash screen in Ubuntu after nvidia proprietary driver installation. It's no matter what Ubuntu version you use, it should work anyway. (TESTED ON 14.04) Open your terminal and type: sudo apt-get install v86d (TEST WITHOUT) Then: sudo gedit /etc/default/grub Find this line: #GRUB_GFXMODE=640x480 Add below (of course choose your resolution): GRUB_GFXMODE=1024x768x32 (TRY WITHOUT OR DIFFERENT BIT DEPTH) GRUB_GFXPAYLOAD_LINUX=1920x1080x32 (YOU CAN ALSO USE THE KEEP OPTION) Save file and type in terminal: echo FRAMEBUFFER=y | sudo tee /etc/initramfs-tools/conf.d/splash (ALLOWS TO AVOID THAT THE SPLASH SCREEN IS DISPLAYED FOR A FEW SECONDS) sudo update-initramfs -u sudo update-grub2 For all those who complain about the presence of black borders in "plymouth", try to make these changes before installing the nvidia driver or switch back from nvidia to nouveau and from nouveau to nvidia. Kernel update from the Software Updater? It happened to me; I don't know if it matters. I don't know for which of these reasons, but after a few reboots, the black borders are gone. UPDATE discovered the secret: during all these beautiful things, something strange happened. glxinfo | grep vendor server glx vendor string: SGI client glx vendor string: Mesa Project and SGI OpenGL vendor string: nouveau

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• NetApp erroring with: STATUS_NOLOGON_WORKSTATION_TRUST_ACCOUNT

  - by Sobrique

  Since a sitewide upgrade to Windows 7 on desktop, I've started having a problem with virus checking. Specifically - when doing a rename operation on a (filer hosted) CIFS share. The virus checker seems to be triggering a set of messages on the filer: [filerB: auth.trace.authenticateUser.loginTraceIP:info]: AUTH: Login attempt by user server-wk8-r2$ of domain MYDOMAIN from client machine 10.1.1.20 (server-wk8-r2). [filerB: auth.dc.trace.DCConnection.statusMsg:info]: AUTH: TraceDC- attempting authentication with domain controller \\MYDC. [filerB: auth.trace.authenticateUser.loginRejected:info]: AUTH: Login attempt by user rejected by the domain controller with error 0xc0000199: STATUS_NOLOGON_WORKSTATION_TRUST_ACCOUNT. [filerB: auth.trace.authenticateUser.loginTraceMsg:info]: AUTH: Delaying the response by 5 seconds due to continuous failed login attempts by user server-wk8-r2$ of domain MYDOMAIN from client machine 10.1.1.20. This seems to specifically trigger on a rename so what we think is going on is the virus checker is seeing a 'new' file, and trying to do an on-access scan. The virus checker - previously running as LocalSystem and thus sending null as it's authentication request is now looking rather like a DOS attack, and causing the filer to temporarily black list. This 5s lock out each 'access attempt' is a minor nuisance most of the time, and really quite significant for some operations - e.g. large file transfers, where every file takes 5s Having done some digging, this seems to be related to NLTM authentication: Symptoms Error message: System error 1808 has occurred. The account used is a computer account. Use your global user account or local user account to access this server. A packet trace of the failure will show the error as: STATUS_NOLOGON_WORKSTATION_TRUST_ACCOUNT (0xC0000199) Cause Microsoft has changed the functionality of how a Local System account identifies itself during NTLM authentication. This only impacts NTLM authentication. It does not impact Kerberos Authentication. Solution On the host, please set the following group policy entry and reboot the host. Network Security: Allow Local System to use computer identity for NTLM: Disabled Defining this group policy makes Windows Server 2008 R2 and Windows 7 function like Windows Server 2008 SP1. So we've now got a couple of workaround which aren't particularly nice - one is to change this security option. One is to disable virus checking, or otherwise exempt part of the infrastructure. And here's where I come to my request for assistance from ServerFault - what is the best way forwards? I lack Windows experience to be sure of what I'm seeing. I'm not entirely sure why NTLM is part of this picture in the first place - I thought we were using Kerberos authentication. I'm not sure how to start diagnosing or troubleshooting this. (We are going cross domain - workstation machine accounts are in a separate AD and DNS domain to my filer. Normal user authentication works fine however.) And failing that, can anyone suggest other lines of enquiry? I'd like to avoid a site wide security option change, or if I do go that way I'll need to be able to supply detailed reasoning. Likewise - disabling virus checking works as a short term workaround, and applying exclusions may help... but I'd rather not, and don't think that solves the underlying problem. EDIT: Filers in AD ldap have SPNs for: nfs/host.fully.qualified.domain nfs/host HOST/host.fully.qualified.domain HOST/host (Sorry, have to obfuscate those). Could it be that without a 'cifs/host.fully.qualified.domain' it's not going to work? (or some other SPN? ) Edit: As part of the searching I've been doing I've found: http://itwanderer.wordpress.com/2011/04/14/tread-lightly-kerberos-encryption-types/ Which suggests that several encryption types were disabled by default in Win7/2008R2. This might be pertinent, as we've definitely had a similar problem with Keberized NFSv4. There is a hidden option which may help some future Keberos users: options nfs.rpcsec.trace on (This hasn't given me anything yet though, so may just be NFS specific). Edit: Further digging has me tracking it back to cross domain authentication. It looks like my Windows 7 workstation (in one domain) is not getting Kerberos tickets for the other domain, in which my NetApp filer is CIFS joined. I've done this separately against a standalone server (Win2003 and Win2008) and didn't get Kerberos tickets for those either. Which means I think Kerberos might be broken, but I've no idea how to troubleshoot further. Edit: A further update: It looks like this may be down Kerberos tickets not being issued cross domain. This then triggers NTLM fallback, which then runs into this problem (since Windows 7). First port of call will be to investigate the Kerberos side of things, but in neither case do we have anything pointing at the Filer being the root cause. As such - as the storage engineer - it's out of my hands. However, if anyone can point me in the direction of troubleshooting Kerberos spanning two Windows AD domains (Kerberos Realms) then that would be appreciated. Options we're going to be considering for resolution: Amend policy option on all workstations via GPO (as above). Talking to AV vendor about the rename triggering scanning. Talking to AV vendor regarding running AV as service account. investigating Kerberos authentication (why it's not working, whether it should be).

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• Plugging GlusterFS and Openfiler together

  - by lpfavreau

  Has anyone had experience plugging GlusterFS and Openfiler together or something similar? Here is the motivation: Disk space on multiple server regrouped using GlusterFS Centralized access using LDAP/AD and quota management using Openfiler as the GlusterFS client SMB/CIFS server for easy sharing to multiple users on Mac and Windows I know I can have Gluster installed on Openfiler (rPath Linux) successfully but Openfiler seems to be very picky on what it can use as a shared drive. Mounting the Gluster volume inside an existing share does not seem to allow quotas with the mounted folder free space. If this is not possible, is there any alternative to give the same capabilities?

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• Any way to get P4V to work with older servers?

  - by 280Z28

  I use P4V as a Perforce client. I updated to 2009.1 to get some major bug fixes, and it seems they removed the ability to connect to older clients. I do work for a few clients, and 5/6 depots I have to work with are new, but one is older (2002.2 I think). Does this mean that not only I can't get any more bug fixes because 1 of 6 servers is old, but now I'm completely locked out of that server since the older P4V clients are no longer online? I know the 2007.x version I used before works with the old servers, but I can't find it online. Please tell me I'm not SOL... The Visual Studio integration is part of the P4V package, not the P4Win package, so if something isn't fixed I might never have VS support for P4 again. Help :(

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• Connecting CR 2008 and Oracle database: "TNS file could not be opened"

  - by anand

  I am trying to connect to an Oracle database using CR 2008 drivers for oracle (specifically OLE db driver). When I try to connect I provide the correct connection parameters however I keep getting "TNS file could not be opened" error. I am very confused about this message does this mean I am missing some component? From my understanding the driver should be able to connect. Currently on the computer running Crystal reports there is only has Crystal reports 2008 installed. Do i need to install the oracle instant client on the CR computer in order to make a proper connection? Any suggestions would be greatly appreciated!

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• Group Policy Task Schedule deployed to User Configuration not working, works when in Computer Configuration?

  - by user80130

  I added a Scheduled Task on my Windows 2008 R2 Domain Controller in the Group Policy Manager: MyDomain Policy User Configuration Preferences Control Panel Settings Scheduled Tasks Basic Task, like starting notepad, when user unlocks his workstation. This should show up in the client workstation's task scheduler, but it dosn't. No errors or anything like that. If I use the "Computer Configuration" instead of "User Configuration" the task appears, and I'm able to run the task. I've tried the gpupdate /force followed by gpresult and checked the report, but it dosn't contain the GPO Scheduled Tasks I created? (again, does show up when using "Computer Configuration".) The issue is that I have to run the application in the current users context, and only on a specific Employee OU, and thereby limit this task only to Employee Workstations and not apply the application when the same employee log on to internal servers and such. Primary domain dontroller is a Windows 2008 R2, workstations Windows 7 Enterprise. What am I doing wrong ?

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• FTP an entire folder via the command line

  - by Chris Southam

  I'm looking so migrate some websites to a new server. I have SSH access to the current one but only FTP access to the new one. How can I via Centos and SSH copy entire folders to the new server via FTP? I can log into the new server via the built in FTP client on Centos but I'm not sure of the commands after this. I need to move the httpdocs folder from the old to the public_html folder of the new server. I'd love to do this server to server as it'll be a lot quicker than download - upload via my broadband connection. Yours, Chris

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• What is the best software to capture full-screen 3h programming session in Windows?

  - by Hugo S Ferreira

  Hi, I'm planning a laboratorial experiment to assess behavior of groups when programming using some tools under study. For that, I'll need to capture their entire screen to disk. Mostly, what will be displayed is code, so I'm not to worried with image quality. However, it's paramount that the team is not able to stop the recording by accident, and the tool should be rebust enough to hold at least 3h of video. If possible, it would be nice for researchers in other rooms to "watch" the video as it is recording. Actually, this last requirement reminded me that I could use a VNC recording software, and install a VNC client in each laboratory computer. Anyway, what is your experience with this? Which software do you recommend? Thanks.

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• SSL Proxy: Forwarding without the encryption

  - by John

  I have a python application listening on port 9001 for HTTP traffic. I'm trying to configure Apache (or anything, really) to listen on port 443 for HTTPS connections, and then forward the connection, sans encryption, to port 9001 on the same machine. My application would then reply via the proxy, where the encryption would be reapplied, and returned to the client transparently. I'm not doing anything crazy with the site names and SSL certs, I have one public IP, one hostname, and one SSL cert. Stripping the encryption at the proxy doesn't seem to be a common requirement. Is what I'm asking for a normal requirement? Are there other concerns with this sort of configuration?

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• IIS7, different ports for websites but no portnumber in the browser

  - by Queensheep

  I have a windows server 2008 with IIS7 with 4 websites. In DNS I have 4 different URLs which point to the IP of the server. I configured each web site with the site bindings: website1: hostname: url1, port: 80, IP-Adresse: the adress of the server website2: hostname: url2, port: 80, IP-Adresse: the adress of the server The result is, that from the client, I can browse with all the 4 URLs to the specified web sites and everything is fine. Then I changed in IIS the port of the websites, so that website1 now uses port 8080, website2 uses port 8081, and so on. Now I have to use the browser with the url and the portnumber (like URL:8080). Is there a possibility, to configured the websites with different portnumbers but not to use the portnumbers in the browser?

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• "Snapping" when in RDP

  - by Paul

  I am using mstsc.exe version 6.0 (Remote Desktop non-Metro version) from an XP machine and cannot get Windows 8 snapping to work. I can drag a metro app window to the left or right, but it doesn't stick, it just bounces back to full screen. The snap bars do not appear. The client PC has two monitors, each with a resolution of 1280x1024. While mstsc.exe 6.0 does have an option to use both monitors simultaneously in normal settings, I am launching it with spanning enabled: mstsc.exe /span So the effective resolution in the session is 2560x1024. Is there a trick to getting this to work over RDP?

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• site timing out when under heavy load

  - by naunu

  My client sends out eblasts at 8am monday/wed/friday. Between 8:15-8:45 the site becomes extremely slow and many users sessions timeout. My setup: Mediatemple VE 2gb dedicated ram (3 burst) Ubuntu 9.10 Apache2-mpm-worker PHP5.3-fcgi MySQL 5 I recently tried to remedy the problem by switching from apache2-mpm-prefork to mpm-worker, but am still having the same issues. My apache settings are: Timeout 100 KeepAlive On MaxKeepAliveRequests 100 <IfModule mpm_worker_module> StartServers 12 MinSpareThreads 25 MaxSpareThreads 96 ThreadLimit 96 ThreadsPerChild 25 MaxClients 225 MaxRequestsPerChild 0 </IfModule> The site is only getting ~10,000 page views during the 8am-9am hour, which I dont think should be stressing the server too badly. Maybe it is an error with the PHP settings, or bandwidth per unit time, or the site outgrew the server? Any suggestions would be very helpful - as you can see i've given it a good go before looking for help (installed mpm-worker). Also, can anyone suggest to me some free load testing software, or a tutorial on mod_status? Thank you

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• Nearest PC equivalent to Mac Target Disk Mode?

  - by username

  Mac firmware has a special boot mode that allows you to offer its internal hdd to another computer as an external disk (you just connect the two machines via an IEEE 1394 cable). Only the second machine needs a functioning OS installed. Any good suggestions for something similar on the PC side of things? Block level access isn't important to me, I'd just like to be able to copy files off it. It doesn't matter to me if it uses Ethernet, IEEE 1394, or wifi - I just like having a quick way to access files on a client PC. Is there any single-purpose Linux distro specially designed to do this? It'd be nice to have something super simple, quickbooting, and small that I could install on a USB drive. I used to use Knoppix, but it's overkill as a Target Mode replacement.

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• How to improve relationships between consultants and staff programmers

  - by Catchops

  I have been a consultant for a small software consulting firm for quite some time now. Our normal business model is not staff augmentation, but such that we find clients who need assistance in building a solution of some kind and then send in a team who can build that solution, work with the existing IT staff, train all involved on supportting that solution, then move on to the next job. We, of course, are still around for any needed ongoing support. We have a great reputation in our area and have been very successful in implementing the solutions that we provide. However, I have noticed a common theme for most of our projects. When we get on-site, there is generally a "stressed" relationship between our team and many of the IT staff currently at the client. I understand completely that there may be some anxiety about our arrival and that defenses can come up when we are around. Many of the folks are understanding and easy to work with, but there are usually some who will not work well with us at all, and who can quickly become a project risk in many ways. We try to go in with open minds and good attitudes, and try NOT to be arrogent or condecending. We generally get deployed when there is a mess to clean up - but we understand that there were reasons decisions were made that got them in the bind they are...so we just try to determine the next step forward and move on. My question is this - I'd like to hear from the IT staff and programmers out there who have had consultants in - what are the things that consultants do that fire up negative feelings and attitudes? What can we do better to make the relationship better, not only in the beginning, but as the project moves forward?

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• MIA

  - by Robert May

  So, I’ve been missing in action on this blog for quite some time.  I need to rectify that. Part of the reason I’ve been absent is because I haven’t be able to talk about what I’m working on.  A former client watches my blog rather closely, and although we accomplished many good things together, their culture is such that they really don’t like people to freely express their thoughts (you’ll note my blog posts stopped rather abruptly).  I learned some really important lessons about Agile in the last 3 years, and I think its worthwhile to talk about them.  Sometimes things worked really well, sometimes, they failed failed.  Sometimes that failure was me, sometimes it wasn’t. I understand Agile better now, and hopefully, what I have to say will guide others through this process and help others understand Agile better. One thing that I’ve learned is that MANY companies that say they are doing Agile are NOT really doing Agile.  To often, they pick the things they like and don’t follow the process long enough to know what rules they can break, and which ones they shouldn’t.  This is probably the primary reason why Agile fails. So, expect more posts, especially as I’m flying coast to coast. :)

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• Setup mutt to read through a threaded message and then return to the email index

  - by dat5h

  I have begun using mutt (terminal email client) recently and I have it setup very nicely and easy to use. My only gripe is that sometimes it is difficult to tell when I transition from one thread to the next. Is it possible to setup the bindings such that moving to the next-undeleted message would check if the next-undeleted message is in the same thread, and if that check is false it returns to the index or throws an error? For example, I currently have bind pager <down> next-undeleted bind pager } next-subthread Is there a more advanced function call that could perform this check? I haven't been able to find much on how to perform more complex function calls with such checks while checking out the manual. Any help would be appreciated.

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• UTP cable for telephone line possible?

  - by Chris

  Hi, One of my customers has build a new house with pre-installed cables for internet. The only thing he didn't think about was installing a cable for his telephone line. Behind his desk, he has a "spare" UTP cable, my question. Can this cable be used to replace a telephone line. This client has a internet and telephony contract, using a experiabox phone/internet modem. Any help would be great. I knowe I have to use a RJ11 plug.

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• Rails/Node.js interaction

  - by lpvn

  I and my co-worker are developing a web application with rails and node.js and we can't reach a consensus regarding a particular architectural decision. Our setup is basically a rails server working with node.js and redis, when a client makes a http request to our rails API in some cases our rails application posts the response to a redis database and then node.js transmits the response via websocket. Our disagreement occurs in the following point: my co-worker thinks that using node.js to send data to clients is somewhat business logic and should be inside the model, so in the first code he wrote he used commands of broadcast in callbacks and other places of the model, he's convinced that the models are the best place for the interaction between rails and node. I on the other hand think that using node.js belongs to the runtime realm, my take is that the broadcast commands and other node.js interactions should be in the controller and should only be used in a model if passed through a well defined interface, just like the situation when a model needs to access the current user of a session. At this point we're tired of arguing over this same thing and our discussion consists in us repeating to ourselves our same opinions over and over. Could anyone, preferably with experience in the same setup, give us an unambiguous response saying which solution is more adequate and why it is?

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• Per-vertex animation with VBOs: VBO per character or VBO per animation?

  - by charstar

  Goal To leverage the richness of well vetted animation tools such as Blender to do the heavy lifting for a small but rich set of animations. I am aware of additive pose blending like that from Naughty Dog and similar techniques but I would prefer to expend a little RAM/VRAM to avoid implementing a thesis-ready pose solver. I would also like to avoid implementing a key-frame + interpolation curve solver (reinventing Blender vertex groups and IPOs), if possible. Scenario Meshes are animated using either skeletons (skinned animation) or some form of morph targets (i.e. per-vertex key frames). However, in either case, the animations are known in full at load-time, that is, there is no physics, IK solving, or any other form of in-game pose solving. The number of character actions (animations) will be limited but rich (hand-animated). There may be multiple characters using a each mesh and its animations simultaneously in-game (they will likely be at different frames of the same animation at the same time). Assume color and texture coordinate buffers are static. Current Considerations Much like a non-shader-powered pose solver, create a VBO for each character and copy vertex and normal data to each VBO on each frame (VBO in STREAMING). Create one VBO for each animation where each frame (interleaved vertex and normal data) is concatenated onto the VBO. Then each character simply has a buffer pointer offset based on its current animation frame (e.g. pointer offset = (numVertices+numNormals)*frameNumber). (VBO in STATIC) Known Trade-Offs In 1 above: Each VBO would be small but there would be many VBOs and therefore lots of buffer binding and vertex copying each frame. Both client and pipeline intensive. In 2 above: There would be few VBOs therefore insignificant buffer binding and no vertex data getting jammed down the pipe each frame, but each VBO would be quite large. Are there any pitfalls to number 2 (aside from finite memory)? I've found a lot of information on what you can do, but no real best practices. Are there other considerations or methods that I am missing?

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