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• Primary/secondary ethernet interfaces via NetworkManager in Ubuntu 9.10

  - by Josh

  I have an Ubuntu 9.10 machine with three ethernet interfaces, eth0, eth1 and eth2. eth2 is connected to a private network. eth0 and eth2 are connected to two different LANs. Either one will provide access to the internet. All three networks have DHCP servers. Using Ubuntu's the default settings (And Gnome), when I boot up all the interfaces are active and my system gets three IP addresses. However any attempt to access the internet results in connection timeouts and other weirdness. I suspect that traffic is going out on one NIC (like eth0) and coming back in on another (like eth1). I'm not sure what's going on. The only way I can access the internet at the moment is to bring two of the devices down with ifdown. How can I configure eth0 as my primary interface so all trafic goes out by default on that interface, while keeping the other two active? Also, I want to make sure Avahi broadcasts properly on all three IPs so that the computers on the LAN of eth1 can still connect to myHostname.local... EDIT: Here's my routing table: Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags MSS Window irtt Iface 172.16.151.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth2 172.16.30.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 10.1.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 U 0 0 0 eth1 169.254.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 U 0 0 0 eth1 0.0.0.0 172.16.30.2 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0 0.0.0.0 10.1.0.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth1 I want the 172.16.30.2 network to be the primary one and the 10.1.0.0 network to be the secondary one. EDIT2: My nameservers are also incorrect. It seems like Ubuntu is bringing the networks up in order, eth0, then 1, then 2, and the DHCP information from eth1 is overriding eth0, and eth2 is overriding eth1. How can I reverse this so the DHCP information from eth0 is the "master"? EDIT3: This seems to be an issue with Gnome's NetworkManager.

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• Does 64bit Windows 8 have the same 75% memory-usage limitation for applications as Windows 7?

  - by Barleyman

  64bit Windows 7 (and Windows Vista) have a built-in limit of not being able to use the last 25% of RAM. You will get a low memory warning when you get close to the limit. Even if you disable that warning, applications will run out of memory and crash since the OS will refuse to allocate memory from that last 25%. That was fine when Vista was designed, when machines had 1 GB of total memory, but is pretty daft for today's 8 GB machines. Yes, the system will run cache, etc. on that extra 2 GB, but running out of memory when you have "merely" 2 GB left.... NB: this has nothing to do with the page file. If you limit the page file to a sensible size like 2 GB, you will still see this behavior. The system will cram the page file to the last byte while refusing to touch that 1/4th of the RAM. Does Windows 8 change this behavior? Is there now some fixed minimum free RAM requirement, like 512 MB, or is it still 25%? Can you actually adjust the low memory limit? EDIT: Here is another older post here which discusses this same behavior on Windows 7. There is fixed 25% limit in Windows 7 and I'd like to know if it's still in Windows 8. Windows 7 / Page File Disabled / 12 GB RAM / 2+ GB RAM free and "your computer is running low on memory" Edit2: Here is another link discussing the low memory warning and how to disable it. Note he claims the limit for RAM usage is 80%, not 75%. It would seem to be correct as you can in fact allocate 6.4GB of RAM with 8GB machine. Anything above and beyond that goes to the pagefile, though. http://halflight.com.au/2011/04/06/how-to-disable-low-memory-warnings-and-the-advantages-of-removing-the-page-file/ Edit3: a Here's couple of process explorer screenshots that demonstrate how it goes down. Exhibit1: https://dl.dropbox.com/u/42068601/sysinfo.jpg Exhibit2: https://dl.dropbox.com/u/42068601/sysint2.jpg You can see that Windows 7 will use the memory 6.4GB as the very last resort. I have low memory warning switched off here so programs crashed at the last screenshot allocation. With low memory warning turned on, it starts nagging before you can push OS to use that remaining 1.6GB. The question is not "Is it OK windows does not want to allocate last 20% of RAM because X", it's "Does Windows 8 still behave this way". With 16GB this really becomes dumb.

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• How do I (robustly) remotely execute tasks on Windows workstations in a domain?

  - by Zac B

  I'm not even sure if "robustly" is a word. Anyway. Context: We have a few hundred Windows 7 workstations on a LAN. We use AD/GPO management pretty heavily, but there are a lot of periodic and/or manual maintenance tasks we need to do that can't be done via GPO/scheduled task. For example, say I want to execute program X (which runs silently, in the background, and doesn't bother the user) on workstation Y, or say I want to execute task A on a workstation group B either on a schedule or on demand. Kicking the users off of their computers to do this (i.e. using RDP) is a no-no, and doesn't work on groups anyway. Question: What's the best way to do this that is robust enough that, after setup, I could give it to beginner support people (read: people who are phobic of the command line, and get confused with GUI interfaces more complicated than Firefox)? I'm a competent programmer, and, if there is a robust set of tools or framework out there for this type of task, I'd consider hacking something together myself if it didn't take too long. If there's some combination of tools or techniques that others use to make remote-workstation-administration doable by beginners, I have yet to find it. For those who care about the "why": I'm midlevel IT, and was told to implement a remote management solution that allows arbitrary/scheduled remote execution, with confirmation that programs actually ran remotely, and the ability to view what they returned. "Why?" I asked, "Can't I just use PsExec and the task scheduler on a dispatcher machine?" "No," I was told, "'Joe' the second-week tech is going to be in charge of this one, and he needs something simple with a GUI." What I've tried: I've played with making a bunch of one-clickable "transfer files to remote computer and run them with PsExec" batch/VB scrips, but those tend to break down and don't easily support running on customizable groups. I've played a little bit with the Windows version of Puppet, but it doesn't support arbitrary-time remote execution (it's ability to group computers into a tree/node structure is really nice though). I've used an older version of Altiris, and, while it does a lot of what I want, it's interface is awful, it's slow, crashes a lot, and is probably too expensive for management. SwiftWater's DMS solution does some of what I want, but it's very underdeveloped, closed-source (not a deal breaker but not ideal), and I get the impression that support and reliability are lacking.

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• Network switching issues with MacOS 10.7?

  - by Denis

  I'm having a wired problem and hope somebody can tip me, what way should I dig to. I'm using MacBookPro with Lion 10.7.3 both at my working place & at home. At working place, we have a domain-based network with 802.1x authorization (more than 400 computers) and to connect it I'm using Ethernet cable. IP range is 10.10.2.*. All network settings are setup automatically by DHCP. Also, in settings, I have Network Account Server setup in the User&Groups Settings for my work Domain server - and it is available only from corporate network. At home, I have an ADSL router, that shares Internet connection by WiFi in NAT mode. I'm using WiFi to connect it. Router gives out addresses from 192.168.1.* range and all settings are also set up by router's DHCP. So, my problem is the following. When I come back home from the office, I open my MacBook and AirPort automatically connects my WiFi network. After this, for about 1 minute I'm able to browse sites & ping hosts successfully. But after this minute, network connection is broken down. All pings return time-out. trace route to google.com stops on 192.168.1.1 (which is my router). This lasts for 3-4 minutes. After that network connection is automatically repaired and all pings go smoothly again. At the same time, when my MacBook return timeouts, I can successfully ping any host from my wife's MacBook - so this doesn't look like router issue. When I come to the office, I don't have any issues and Internet connection is available & stable moments after ethernet cable plugged in. Do anybody has any clues about this? What should I monitor & what settings look for resolving this issue? Please, ask, what additional information should I provide. Hoping for good advice & thanks in advance!

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• Seeking past end of file causes Apache hang, and it never restarts.

  - by talkingnews

  I've actually solved my problem with a better script, but I'm still left wondering why Apache2 hung completely - this is an out-of-the-box ISPCONFIG 3.03 install, everything bang up to date, running perfectly. Until... The troublesome but innocent-looking script: $fp = fopen("/var/log/ispconfig/cron.log", "r"); fseek($fp, -5000, SEEK_END); $line_buffer = array(); while (!feof($fp)) { $line = fgets($fp, 1024); $line_buffer[] = $line; $line_buffer = array_slice($line_buffer, -10, 10); } foreach ($line_buffer as $line) { echo $line; } You get the idea, just a script I found on a forum somwehere. I did this for various logs, since it's a nice easy window on what's occurring (in a protect dir, of course!). One day, the logs having grown large an me having sorted all my cron, scripting and mail queue errors, I thought I was time to start afresh. updated, rebooted, archived and deleted the logs. When I ran my script a couple of hours later, it hung. And hung. 8 minutes I waited. Chrome timed the page out, of course, but the server never came back to life. htop showed /usr/sbin/apache2 -k restart using 100% CPU. Never came back until I did a service apache2 restart. Ran fine, as soon as I hit that logfile again...dead. So, I worked out it was the logfile script, and I worked out that seeking beyond the end of the file wasn't good, and I found a better script http://www.php.net/manual/en/function.fseek.php#90450 But what I'm left wondering is... why didn't something restart or kill the process? How was one hanging page able to bring down the whole server? It's running suphp. I say "out of the box", I've tweaked mysql and apache to fork and reserve sensible amounts of processes for the 512Mb RAM the VPS has, and it'll handle multiple refreshes of large pages, and hadn't hung before. Any ideas how I'd avoid this? Google isn't my friend in this instance beyond the reccs. above about number of processes vs RAM available.

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• Windows Server 2003 Standard R2 CD 1 cannot boot: freeze at No Emulation

  - by TGP1994

  Hi everyone. I've been interested in the Windows Server line of OSes, so since I apply for DreamSpark, I thought I'd go download it and try it. I just so happened to have an old desktop that I was using awhile ago for Windows XP, so I imaged the drive in preparation for it to be overwritten with the new OS. (This system has an Asus A7V8X-X motherboard, an AMD Athlon XP 2800+ processor, and 1GB of RAM.) I tried burning the first disk image on my newer desktop computer, running Windows XP, although the CD burner consistently failed at a particular track area from cd to cd, so it seemed like the burner was toast there. Fortunately, I had a laptop, so I transferred the images over to that, then burned the first disc there. First time around went great, and the burning program reported no errors. I then took the CD over to the computer that I was intending to install Server onto, set the BIOS to boot from the CD drive, then I booted it up. Like normal, after the POST, it printed "Boot from ATAPI CD-Rom: No Emulation", which I was used to seeing with bootable cds. I waited for the "Press any key to continue..." message that I had become so familiar with in windows discs, although I saw none. The computer sat there for about 5 seconds with the cd spinning, then it spun down like it was done reading it. Nothing else happened. No response from the keyboard. I tried again, same result. I then downloaded IMGBurn, and I put the burned cd into the laptop that burned it originally. I also downloaded a fresh image from the dreamspark site. I ran a verify session, and everything checked out. I later tried getting various DOS startup discs, then I tried booting the winnt binary, which supposedly initiates the installation process. Either the shells reported that not enough memory was available (since they would be running in low memory mode), or FreeDOS in particular would report Illegal instructions right away. Is the image corrupt at dreamspark, or am I doing something wrong?

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• tc rules block traffic from some hosts at network

  - by user139430

  I have a problem I can not solve. The script, which sets the rules for traffic shaping is blocking the traffic from some hosts.If I remove all the rules, then it works. I can not understand why? Here is my script... #!/bin/sh cmdTC=/sbin/tc rateLANDl="60mbit" ceilLANDl="60mbit" rateLANUl="40mbit" ceilLANUl="40mbit" quantLAN="1514" # Nowaday bandwidth limit set to 100mbit. # We devide it with 60mbit download and 40mbit upload bandthes. rateHiDl="30mbit" ceilHiDl="60mbit" rateHiUl="20mbit" ceilHiUl="40mbit" quantHi="1514" rateLoDl="30mbit" ceilLoDl="60mbit" rateLoUl="20mbit" ceilLoUl="40mbit" quantLo="1514" devNIF=eth0 devFIF=ifb0 modprobe ifb ip link set $devFIF up 2>/dev/null #exit 0 ################################################################################################ # Remove discuiplines from network and fake interfaces ################################################################################################ $cmdTC qdisc del dev $devNIF root 2>/dev/null $cmdTC qdisc del dev $devFIF root 2>/dev/null $cmdTC qdisc del dev $devNIF ingress 2>/dev/null if [ "$1" = "down" ]; then exit 0 fi ################################################################################################ # Create discuiplines for network interface ################################################################################################ $cmdTC qdisc add dev $devNIF root handle 1:0 htb default 12 # Create classes for network interface $cmdTC class add dev $devNIF parent 1:0 classid 1:1 htb rate ${rateLANDl} ceil ${ceilLANDl} quantum ${quantLAN} $cmdTC class add dev $devNIF parent 1:1 classid 1:11 htb rate ${rateHiDl} ceil ${ceilHiDl} quantum ${quantHi} $cmdTC class add dev $devNIF parent 1:1 classid 1:12 htb rate ${rateLoDl} ceil ${ceilLoDl} quantum ${quantLo} $cmdTC qdisc add dev $devNIF parent 1:11 handle 111: sfq perturb 10 $cmdTC qdisc add dev $devNIF parent 1:12 handle 112: sfq perturb 10 # Create filters for network interface $cmdTC filter add dev $devNIF protocol all parent 1:0 u32 match ip dst 10.252.2.0/24 flowid 1:11 $cmdTC filter add dev $devNIF protocol all parent 111: handle 111 flow hash keys dst divisor 1024 baseclass 1:11 $cmdTC filter add dev $devNIF protocol all parent 112: handle 112 flow hash keys dst divisor 1024 baseclass 1:12 ################################################################################################ # Create discuiplines for fake interface ################################################################################################ $cmdTC qdisc add dev $devFIF root handle 1:0 htb default 12 # Create classes for network interface $cmdTC class add dev $devFIF parent 1:0 classid 1:1 htb rate ${rateLANUl} ceil ${ceilLANUl} quantum ${quantLAN} $cmdTC class add dev $devFIF parent 1:1 classid 1:11 htb rate ${rateHiUl} ceil ${ceilHiUl} quantum ${quantHi} $cmdTC class add dev $devFIF parent 1:1 classid 1:12 htb rate ${rateLoUl} ceil ${ceilLoUl} quantum ${quantLo} $cmdTC qdisc add dev $devFIF parent 1:11 handle 111: sfq perturb 10 $cmdTC qdisc add dev $devFIF parent 1:12 handle 112: sfq perturb 10 # Create filters for network interface $cmdTC filter add dev $devFIF protocol all parent 1:0 u32 match ip src 10.252.2.0/24 flowid 1:11 $cmdTC filter add dev $devFIF protocol all parent 111: handle 111 flow hash keys src divisor 1024 baseclass 1:11 $cmdTC filter add dev $devFIF protocol all parent 112: handle 112 flow hash keys src divisor 1024 baseclass 1:12 ################################################################################################ # Create redirect discuiplines from network to fake interface ################################################################################################ $cmdTC qdisc add dev $devNIF handle ffff:0 ingress $cmdTC filter add dev $devNIF parent ffff:0 protocol all u32 match u32 0 0 action mirred egress redirect dev $devFIF Here is my /etc/modules: loop ifb ppp_mppe nf_conntrack_pptp nt_conntrack_proto_gre nf_nat_pptp nf_nat_proto_gre The system is Linux wall 2.6.32-5-amd64 #1 SMP Sun Sep 23 10:07:46 UTC 2012 x86_64 GNU/Linux

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• Can this USB3 behaviour be anything else than a hardware failure?

  - by Jonas Wielicki

  While my motherboard is half a year old now (ASUS M5A99X EVO), I only recently made use of the USB3 boards (after purchase of USB3 external harddrive). However, I am encountering issues. I am running linux 3.6.7-4.fc16.x86_64. Initially, the harddrive worked fine with USB3 (amazing ˜160MB/s), but I had some problems after putting after putting the harddrive to sleep manually after use (backup) with hdparm -Y. After some time, the device disappears from lsusb and i see the following in dmesg: [ 1924.091107] xhci_hcd 0000:05:00.0: xHCI host not responding to stop endpoint command. [ 1924.091114] xhci_hcd 0000:05:00.0: Assuming host is dying, halting host. [ 1924.091147] xhci_hcd 0000:05:00.0: HC died; cleaning up [ 1924.091233] usb 11-1: USB disconnect, device number 2 [ 1924.091272] sd 6:0:0:0: Device offlined - not ready after error recovery Testing with my (USB3 capable) notebook, I could not immediately reproduce the behaivour. I put the drive to sleep with hdparm -Y and waited for like an hour, but it was still listed in lsusb and responded after a few seconds delay when I tried after the hour of waiting. After an hour, on the desktop, the device would've usually vanished. Googling for this issue, I came across hints that playing around with IOMMU settings and upgrading the BIOS might help. I upgraded the BIOS and tried both with and without IOMMU enabled, got similar results. Most disturbing is, that one of the two USB 3.0 hubs sometimes also disappears from lsusb (or does not show up after boot at all). I've also heard that there are some hardware issues with ASUS USB3 ports. Applying mechanic force to the capble doesn't push the issue to one side or the other. Also, udev seems to reenumerate all devices if I plug the HDD into the USB 3.0 port without success (I can notice from my keyboard layout being changed to the default, which I do not use normally). The drive is externally powered and the external power supply is plugged in (it also stays powered when unplugging from USB, although it will spin down then). So before I try to return the board, I wanted to find out whether this can be anything else than a failure on the motherboard?

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• How do you backup 40+ Centos5.5 servers?

  - by John Little

  We are embarrassed to ask this question. Apologies for our lack of UNIX expertise. We have inherited 40+ centos 5.5 servers, and don't know how to back them up. We need low level clone type images so that we could restore the servers from scratch if we had to replace the HDs etc. We have used the "dd" command, but we assume this only works if you want to back up one local disk to another, not 40 servers to one server with an external USB HD attached. All 40 servers have a pair of mirrored disks (dont know if its HW or SW raid). Most only have 100MB used. SErvers are running apache, zend, tomcat, mysql etc. Ideally we dont want to have to shut them down to backup (but could). We assume that standard unix commands like tar, cpio, rsync, scp etc. are of no use as they only copy files, not partitions, all attributes, groups etc. i.e. do not produce a result which can simply be re-imaged to a new HD to get the serer back from dead. We have a large SAN, a spare windows box and spare unix boxes, but these are only visible to one layer in the network. We have an unused Dell DL2000 monster tape unit, but no sw or documentation for it. WE have a copy of symantec backup exec, but we have no budget for unix client licenses. (The company has negative amounts of money). We need to be able to initiate the backup remotely, as we can only access the servers in person in an emergency (i.e. to restore) Googling returns some applications to do this, e.g. clonezilla - looks difficult to install and invasive. Mondo, only seems to support backup if you are local to the machine. Amanda might be an option, but looks like days/weeks of work to learn and setup? Is there anything built into Centos, or do we have to go the route of installing, learning and configuring a set of backup softwares? Any ideas? This must be a pretty standard problem which goggling doesnt give an obvious answer.

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• Clamdscan scans file in 0 seconds

  - by SupaCoco

  I have to run clamav on large files. I was wondering which command was the fastest between clamscan and clamdscan. But it seems that clamdscan is not working properly: it scans file larger than 1 GB. Could you guys help me find why the heck clamdscan isn't working ? Between clamscan and clamdscan which one is less resource consuming ? I run ClamAV 0.97.8/18037 on Ubuntu 12.04.3 LTS. Please find below the execution result of both commands: clamscan myfile.zip ----------- SCAN SUMMARY ----------- Known viruses: 2864504 Engine version: 0.97.8 Scanned directories: 0 Scanned files: 1 Infected files: 0 Data scanned: 0.00 MB Data read: 1024.16 MB (ratio 0.00:1) Time: 9.145 sec (0 m 9 s) clamdscan myfile.zip /home/ubuntu/workspace/benchmark/myfile.zip: OK ----------- SCAN SUMMARY ----------- Infected files: 0 Time: 0.000 sec (0 m 0 s) And here are the clamav log file: Wed Oct 30 10:26:32 2013 -> Received POLLIN|POLLHUP on fd 4 Wed Oct 30 10:26:32 2013 -> Got new connection, FD 9 Wed Oct 30 10:26:32 2013 -> Received POLLIN|POLLHUP on fd 5 Wed Oct 30 10:26:32 2013 -> fds_poll_recv: timeout after 5 seconds Wed Oct 30 10:26:32 2013 -> Received POLLIN|POLLHUP on fd 9 Wed Oct 30 10:26:32 2013 -> got command CONTSCAN /home/ubuntu/workspace/benchmark/myfile.zip (51, 7), argument: /home/ubuntu/workspace/benchmark/myfile.zip Wed Oct 30 10:26:32 2013 -> mode -> MODE_WAITREPLY Wed Oct 30 10:26:32 2013 -> Breaking command loop, mode is no longer MODE_COMMAND Wed Oct 30 10:26:32 2013 -> Consumed entire command Wed Oct 30 10:26:32 2013 -> Number of file descriptors polled: 1 fds Wed Oct 30 10:26:32 2013 -> fds_poll_recv: timeout after 3600 seconds Wed Oct 30 10:26:32 2013 -> THRMGR: queue (single) crossed low threshold -> signaling Wed Oct 30 10:26:32 2013 -> THRMGR: queue (bulk) crossed low threshold -> signaling Wed Oct 30 10:26:32 2013 -> /home/ubuntu/workspace/benchmark/myfile.zip: OK Wed Oct 30 10:26:32 2013 -> Finished scanthread Wed Oct 30 10:26:32 2013 -> Scanthread: connection shut down (FD 9) Wed Oct 30 10:26:32 2013 -> THRMGR: queue (single) crossed low threshold -> signaling Wed Oct 30 10:26:32 2013 -> THRMGR: queue (bulk) crossed low threshold -> signaling

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• Model M Keyboard inputs incorrect characters after logging in to Fedora

  - by mickburkejnr

  I recently bought a 24 year old IBM Model M keyboard. From what I gather, it'd been left on a shelf for the last 5 years, so you can imagine the amount of dust dirt and crap that was on it. Before cleaning it, I plugged it in to my laptop (running Fedora 17) using a PS/2 to USB adapter. What I found was, while it still works, the keys I press don't correspond to what is displayed on the screen. So for example, when I type S on the keyboard, I get ß display on the screen instead. At the time, I put this down to the adapter not working properly. Since then, I stripped the keys off the keyboard and cleaned the whole thing. It looks like it's just come out of a box! I then plugged it in to my computer (also running Fedora 17) via a standard PS/2 plug. The computer loaded up to the login screen, and I typed in my password. Pressed enter, and I logged straight in to my machine. At this point, I opened up a text editor and started typing some stuff. To my horror, the keystrokes I was entering weren't coming up as intended. What came up instead were characters that would map to the pressed key but only under a different keyboard language setting. I opened up a program to see what keyboard language had been selected, and the correct one for the keyboard was selected (which is UK in my case). I opened up a window that would show what characters mapped to what keys, and I pressed every single key on the keyboard, and every corresponding block representing each key lit up. I went back to the text editor to try again, but I was still getting these random characters. Whats more is that the backspace key would not work, although in the other utility it would flash when pressed. What I know is that at the login screen the keyboard must have entered the correct characters, otherwise I wouldn't have been able to log in. Further more, keys that don't respond while using a text editor as sending signals to the computer, as illustrated in that keyboard utility. The question is why random characters are displayed when they really shouldn't be? Would this be a hardware fault or a software issue?

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• Some Memory Slots Not Working on MSI FM2-A85XA-G65 Motherboard

  - by Mike Ciaraldi

  Short version of question: Does anyone have an MSI FM2-A85XA-G65 motherboard, who can confirm that all four memory slots work? Long version: Several months ago I bought an MSI FM2-A85XA-G65 motherboard at Newegg. At that point I installed an AMD A8-5500 processor and two sticks of Corsair Vengeance 8 GB DDR3-1866 memory, and put it into my file server. I installed the RAM in slots 1 and 3, as directed in the manual, to enable dual-channel memory access. It seemed to work fine, so I bought a second identical mobo (which arrived dead, but was quickly replaced by Newegg) and set of RAM, installed an A10-5800K, and put that into my production Linux machine. Again, it seemed to work well. Eventually I happened to notice that on the server only 8 GB of RAM appeared in the BIOS. I tried each of the slots and memory modules individually and in various combinations. I even swapped processors with the production machine. The result was that putting memory in slots 1 and 2 worked (showing a total of 16 GB), but any memory in slots 3 or 4 was not recognized. However, all four memory slots in the production machine worked, and I confirmed this with both processors. I contacted MSI and arranged to ship the defective mobo back to them for replacement under warranty. I did not want my file server to be down in the interim, and I had another machine I wanted to upgrade, so I bought a third identical mobo to use. That one had the same problem -- only memory slots 1 and 2 worked. I tested it thoroughly with multiple processors and memory sticks. I sent the defective mobo back to MSI and they sent me a new one. This has the same memory slot problem. So I sent it back. The replacement arrived the other day and shows the same problem. I contacted MSI yet again and they said that nobody else has reported memory slot problems on this board and it must be my processor. So my score so far is, out of six boards of this model, I have: One where all four slots work. One which was dead on arrival. Four where only memory slots 1 and 2 work. Before I tear my other machines apart and start swapping processors again I thought I would ask if anyone else has this exact model motherboard and could confirm that all four memory slots either do or do not work. According to MSI you should be able to just plug a single memory module into any of the slots and it will work (and it does on the one mobo I have which works correctly). If you have not yet used all four slots, this is a good time to test them so you know if you can expand your memory in the future. Thanks in advance to anyone who can help.

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• How to store data on a machine whose power gets cut at random

  - by Sevas

  I have a virtual machine (Debian) running on a physical machine host. The virtual machine acts as a buffer for data that it frequently receives over the local network (the period for this data is 0.5s, so a fairly high throughput). Any data received is stored on the virtual machine and repeatedly forwarded to an external server over UDP. Once the external server acknowledges (over UDP) that it has received a data packet, the original data is deleted from the virtual machine and not sent to the external server again. The internet connection that connects the VM and the external server is unreliable, meaning it could be down for days at a time. The physical machine that hosts the VM gets its power cut several times per day at random. There is no way to tell when this is about to happen and it is not possible to add a UPS, a battery, or a similar solution to the system. Originally, the data was stored on a file-based HSQLDB database on the virtual machine. However, the frequent power cuts eventually cause the database script file to become corrupted (not at the file system level, i.e. it is readable, but HSQLDB can't make sense of it), which leads to my question: How should data be stored in an environment where power cuts can and do happen frequently? One option I can think of is using flat files, saving each packet of data as a file on the file system. This way if a file is corrupted due to loss of power, it can be ignored and the rest of the data remains intact. This poses a few issues however, mainly related to the amount of data likely being stored on the virtual machine. At 0.5s between each piece of data, 1,728,000 files will be generated in 10 days. This at least means using a file system with an increased number of inodes to store this data (the current file system setup ran out of inodes at ~250,000 messages and 30% disk space used). Also, it is hard (not impossible) to manage. Are there any other options? Are there database engines that run on Debian that would not get corrupted by power cuts? Also, what file system should be used for this? ext3 is what is used at the moment. The software that runs on the virtual machine is written using Java 6, so hopefully the solution would not be incompatible.

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• Thunderbird 3: can't change column width?

  - by rumtscho

  I recently installed Thunderbird 3.0.3. Just noticed a suboptimal UI setting: in the upper pane, which lists the e-mails in the current folder, the Date column is about 200px wide. So when I keep the window at 480x600, all I see in a row is: | tree icon | favourites icon | attachment icon | read icon | junk icon | Date and time, followed by 5cm whitespace | ... | P Where "P" is the first letter of the name of the sender. And the "..." is actually shown this way, I have no idea which column it is meant to be. But I don't see neither the sender, nor the message subject, which makes scrolling a folder for a certain mail rather pointless. I see these when I maximize the window, actually the columns are then not only bigger, they are arranged in another sequence. But I feel that holding a mail client permanently maximised at 1600x1200 is a waste of screen real estate. My naive solution attempt was to try to go with the mouse cursor to the right edge of the date column and try to shrink it by moving the cursor left while holding down the left mouse button. Not only is this default behaviour for all resizable columns I've ever encountered in GUIs, the cursor actually turns into a horizontal double-headed arrow. But pulling has no effect at all. I cannot make a wide column narrow, and I cannot make the narrow columns wide. I didn't find anything in the preferences either. So can please somebody explain how to get the columns arranged sensibly? Edit: I found out that I only have the problem when I drag the Thunderbird window to a GridMove screen area. It gets automatically resized, but doesn't notice the resize event or something, so the column width remains the same as under a maximized window. First making the window narrow using the mouse helps with column width, but the width of the mail pane is still too wide (rows don't reflow). Anyway, this seems to be a bug caused by the combination of the two applications and not a configuration problem, so I guess I'll have to live with it.

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• APC PHP cache size does not exceed 32MB, even though settings allow for more

  - by hardy101

  I am setting up APC (v 3.1.9) on a high-traffic WordPress installation on CentOS 6.0 64 bit. I have figured out many of the quirks with APC, but something is still not quite right. No matter what settings I change, APC never actually caches more than 32MB. I'm trying to bump it up to 256 MB. 32MB is a default amount for apc.shm_size, so I am wondering if it's stuck there somehow. I have run the following echo '2147483648' > /proc/sys/kernel/shmmax to increase my system's shared memory to 2G (half of my 4G box). Then ran ipcs -lm which returns ------ Shared Memory Limits -------- max number of segments = 4096 max seg size (kbytes) = 2097152 max total shared memory (kbytes) = 8388608 min seg size (bytes) = 1 Also made a change in /etc/sysctl.conf then ran sysctl -p to make the settings stick on the server. Rebooted, too, for good measure. In my APC settings, I have mmap enabled (which happens by default in recent versions of APC). php.ini looks like: apc.stat=0 apc.shm_size="256M" apc.max_file_size="10M" apc.mmap_file_mask="/tmp/apc.XXXXXX" apc.ttl="7200" I am aware that mmap mode will ignore references to apc.shm_segments, so I have left it out with default 1. phpinfo() indicates the following about APC: Version 3.1.9 APC Debugging Disabled MMAP Support Enabled MMAP File Mask /tmp/apc.bPS7rB Locking type pthread mutex Locks Serialization Support php Revision $Revision: 308812 $ Build Date Oct 11 2011 22:55:02 Directive Local Value apc.cache_by_default On apc.canonicalize O apc.coredump_unmap Off apc.enable_cli Off apc.enabled On On apc.file_md5 Off apc.file_update_protection 2 apc.filters no value apc.gc_ttl 3600 apc.include_once_override Off apc.lazy_classes Off apc.lazy_functions Off apc.max_file_size 10M apc.mmap_file_mask /tmp/apc.bPS7rB apc.num_files_hint 1000 apc.preload_path no value apc.report_autofilter Off apc.rfc1867 Off apc.rfc1867_freq 0 apc.rfc1867_name APC_UPLOAD_PROGRESS apc.rfc1867_prefix upload_ apc.rfc1867_ttl 3600 apc.serializer default apc.shm_segments 1 apc.shm_size 256M apc.slam_defense On apc.stat Off apc.stat_ctime Off apc.ttl 7200 apc.use_request_time On apc.user_entries_hint 4096 apc.user_ttl 0 apc.write_lock On apc.php reveals the following graph, no matter how long the server runs (cache size fluctuates and hovers at just under 32MB. See image http://i.stack.imgur.com/2bwMa.png You can see that the cache is trying to allocate 256MB, but the brown piece of the pie keeps getting recycled at 32MB. This is confirmed as refreshing the apc.php page shows cached file counts that move up and down (implying that the cache is not holding onto all of its files). Does anyone have an idea of how to get APC to use more than 32 MB for its cache size?? **Note that the identical behavior occurs for eaccelerator, xcache, and APC. I read here: http://www.litespeedtech.com/support/forum/archive/index.php/t-5072.html that suEXEC could cause this problem.

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• System won't boot: Gigabyte HD 7790 1GB OC GPU issue or Corsair VS550 PSU issue?

  - by MGOwen

  Installed a new GPU, and PC won't boot. Turn it on and: No monitor signal at all (tried HDMI and VGA via DVI, on 2 working monitors). CPU and GPU fans DO spin, but No system beeps, no sounds from drives (they might make a small noise in the first 1 second or so, but there's definitely no OS loading or anything like that) If hit "power off" button it turns off immediately (no holding down for 3 seconds like usual) If I put my old HD 5670 GPU back in, everything works fine. But (plot twist!) card is not totally dead. My friend put it in his PC, and it works fine (he even played a game for 15 minutes, no issues). He has a Corsair TX850 850W and a Gigabyte MB. So my main theory is: the GPU isn't getting enough power from the PSU. But is it: Bad PSU? Seems unlikely, since it works fine with the other GPU. Also, the PSU Is brand new and 550W (single 42A/504W 12V rail). Overkill for this GPU. Corsair is a decent brand, but maybe just mine is faulty? Bad GPU? Could it be drawing more power than it should be, somehow, or something? Supposedly HD 7790 needs only 21A/75W on the 12v rail, though this one is factory overclocked a bit... but should that triple the power requirement? Something else? Could there be a motherboard incompatibility somehow? Both MB and GPU are less than a year old and PCI Express 3.0 x16. Things I've tried: Re-seating the video card Testing PC with old GPU (works fine, same PCIe slot). Checked AMD's stated amp/watt requirements of a 7790 and my PSU (see above). My PSU can output twice the amps (single rail) and 5x the Wattage a 7790 needs. Here are the full specs: Gigabyte HD 7790 1GB OC GPU Corsair VS550 550W PSU 4GB RAM AsRock H61M U3S3 motherboard i3-2100 500GB SATA HDD (2007-ish) blu-ray drive (new) PCI 802.11g card Edit: Motherboard BIOS Update seems to have fixed it. (If anyone has same problem and it doesn't work, comment here).

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• Anti-virus protection question?

  - by DaBaer

  About 4 years ago, I found Kaspersky and have been using the most current version since. Most people try and argue the use of AVG or Avast to me, and there are some very solid reasons I do not go that route. Over the years, I have found Kasp to become bulkier and bulkier, and have had issues setting it up for friends/family/clients. I am just curios on possible recommendations from other users, with my criteria in mind: What I like about Kasp in the past: The license sold in stores in a 3 pack, is considered a commercial license, and emails from Kasp in response to my questions, make it clear that I can do with the 3 licenses that I want, providing I do not use more than 3 installs per Key. So, allowed me to buy 3, 5, and 7 packs, and resell to users at a cheaper cost than what they would pay if they bought their own license. The ability to easily obtain a currently updated .exe for installation on multiple peoples machines. Power of the scan. Kasp has been a good solution for me (even when using a trial license) on cleaning up machines that were badly infected (in which AVG and AVAST were unable to.) Speed of install/update. After a cleanup of malwarebytes, spybot, mcafee stinger, ccleaner, and combofix, I used to be able to get Kasp Int Security installed and updated in around 5 minutes. The issues that I have with the free AV, is strength of protection. In my opinion for someone who is a 'power use' these are good alternatives, because such a user should be trained or knowledgeable enough to be careful and not get themselves in trouble. Most of the users I assist, are too PC ignorant to know any better, and go hogwild on the web. It has been my experience that the number of people coming back to me with spyware/malware/virus issues since I have converted from AVG to Kasp has been cut down to around 20% of what it used to be 4 or 5 years ago. In a perfect world, I could install and use Kasp Internet Security 2008, and be very happy. But this is not the case anymore. So after this long description of what I used, and have used, does anyone have any good recommendations on AV that isn't going to cost me too much per install?

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• Can't find windows 2000 domain after PDC Change

  - by Mark A Kruger

  This is a windows 2000 domain issue. I had an old win2000 PDC that was beginning to fail. So, trying to be pre-emptive, I installed a new BDC, then "demoted" the old PDC and took it off the network. Now it appears that no member server can "find" the domain anymore. No logins work (for services or a RDP or anything). What I've tried (based on googling): Verified sysvol is shared on all servers. Used nslookup to verify that DC's are being found. netdiag /fix meta data cleanup routines. verified no firewall issues (port 389 etc) seizing all roles to new PDC (I did that as part of the original promotion). LMHOST file and Netbios settings. At the moment it seems like I can get the DC's returned but cannot contact them. I'm at a loss. My latest attempt was to remove a member server from the domain and try to "re-add" it. When I do that I get this message: The query was for the SRV record for _ldap._tcp.dc._msdcs.cfwebtools.com The following domain controllers were identified by the query: db-dev1.cfwebtools.com file-prod1.cfwebtools.com cfwt-pdc2.cfwebtools.com However no domain controllers could be contacted. It then goes on to ask if I've checked my A record and made sure they are running. Is there a way to force this domain to be seen? I also shared sysvol (or double checked it) and restarted the dfsr service. More information. I got looking at sysvol and found it was not shared on 2 of these servers. Only one of them (db-dev1) has a "good" or at least "populated" sys vol store. So I tried doing a "d2" recovery of my PDC against that good sysvol. But it never synchs - or at least it does not seem to synch. I'm guessing if I could get sysvol and netlogin to kick in and replicate that would fix my issue. I think these DC's aren't responding because they are waiting for replication which is broken somehow. Would taking down all the DC's except for db-dev1 fix the issue - at least temporarily? I know I can't just copy the sysvol stuff over to the other 2 can I?

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• Windows 7 losing one of my displays after restart

  - by j_kubik

  I have an Intel DZ68BC motherboard with Intel HD graphics card using two monitors (on DVI and on HDMI » VGA). My friend asked me to test if his NVIDIA graphics card works well on my computer (at his it was doing some trouble), so I inserted it in my computer, installed the NVIDIA driver and it worked quite well. Then I removed it, uninstalled everything NVIDIA-related I could find and switched monitors back to my Intel card. Since then after every system start/restart, the system sees only monitor on HDMI » VGA connector, completely ignoring the DVI monitor. I noticed that installing the Intel video drivers causes the system to recognize the second monitor if I don't immediately reboot. After a reboot, the system recognizes only the HDMI » VGA monitor. I also tried starting in safe-mode and using DriveSweeper to remove the remains of NVIDIA drivers. While it seems that some drivers were removed, the situation didn't change. Now I am out of ideas and I really wouldn't like to reinstall the system (again...). I also tried restoring the system to the state before this whole story, but it also didn't change anything. EDIT: I am still trying to troubleshoot this problem. The only point that I could start was driver re-instalation. I traced down the part that restores right settings to a call: C:\Users\Jarek\Desktop\GFX_Win7_64_8.15.10.2696\x64\Drv64.exe -driverinf "C:\Users\Jarek\Desktop\GFX_Win7_64_8.15.10.2696\Graphics\igdlh64.inf" -flags 20 -keypath "Software\Intel\Difx64" This call fixes my displays, and as workaround, I will add it for now to my autorun. I am still looking for better solution anyway... EDIT2: Using DriverView i made a list of currently used drivers both before and after fixing my display using above command. Then i compared logs: No drivers were removed by fixing command. Drivers added by fixing command: MS Remote Access serial network driver (asyncmac.sys) security processor (spsys.sys) Drivers that changed base address (indicates driver-reload?) Canonical Display Driver (cdd.dll) Intel Graphics Kernel Mode Driver (igdkmd64.sys) Monitor Driver (monitor.sys) Added drivers seem rather unrelated to the problem to me, reloaded drivers are just a cnsequence of installing new driver file so there is not much to go here... I really cannot make heads or tails out of it...

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• iotop for Linux kernel 2.6.18

  - by Lightsauce

  So it has to come to my attention that iotop isn't availalbe for 2.6.18 since it's less than 2.6.20 and requires Python 2.6+. I've done some research and came across this article: http://lserinol.blogspot.com/2009/09/io-usage-per-process-on-linux.html According to this, if these process have io stats in /proc/pid#/io (where pid# is the process #) it's doable regardless of the kernel version. So, in reality, I could upgrade Python to 2.6 and test out iotop. However, my flavor of Linux, CentOS release 5.5 (Final), only supports Python 2.4.3-44.el5 currently. If I were to do uninstall from yum, it doesn't look so pretty. It ends up wanting to uninstall 235 packages, most of which are very important! I read in one place, online (I forget the URL from yesterday), that you can install Python 2.6+ parallel to this one, and have the rpm install for iotop use that. Well, I didn't choose that route. I figured, what the heck, lets write iotop (not copying it, but reverse engineering it without actually looking at it's code/it in use) in bash. I thought it would just grab the /proc/pid#/io file and parse stats. So I wrote a script to grab the top 10 rchar, wchar, read_bytes, and write_bytes by collecting all these stats from all the /proc/pid#/io files, sorting them by each metric, then grabbing the top 10 highest values. The conclusion, the data seems completely useless. Does anybody know any resources for advanced Linux where I can figure out how to take these /proc/pid#/ directories and figure out what the heck they are doing with io on the disk? My main goal is to figure out what exactly is causing high load on my disk. I just know it's on the / partition (/dev/sda2 in this case), and I'm not really sure how to narrow it down without the help of iotop. If I run iostat to grab metrics for 1 minute, every second, the first result it gives me shows a high 'kB_read/s', so that makes me think, it's reading mostly. However, if I watch the update it gives me every second, it's actually just showing values for kB_wrtn/s. This makes me think the initial value iostat gives me is misleading.

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• My VPS ubuntu server is very slow

  - by askmike

  I just installed a frech copy of Ubuntu 12.04 on my vps because my old installation was very slow, unfortunately this did not fix the problem. With slow I mean requests for my PHP websites take a long time, very slow (30 sec per request) to slow (3+ sec per request). When it's really bad SSH is also laggish. The websites are: askmike.org (pretty standard Wordpress) mvr.me (own PHP) slow? very slow: Here is a picture of loading a clean install of wordpress slow: here is a picture of loading a small PHP based website the vps The VPS has 256mb ram and an 25GB hdd. Besides serving the 2 small websites it isn't doing anything AFAIK. What have I installed Clean Ubuntu server 12.04 LAMP stack few things like git and nodejs (not using both) ossec (because I thought my server was getting hammered) munin What I already tried / done I installed munin so that I could watch io speed and such. The problem is that I don't know where to look for in the munin report. I checked logs and don't see anything strange (although I don't really know where to look for besides strange / repetitive errors and GET requests). I configured Apache MPM to: <IfModule mpm_prefork_module> StartServers 5 MinSpareServers 5 MaxSpareServers 10 MaxClients 40 MaxRequestsPerChild 0 </IfModule> (apache is using prefork, the default) Stats I copied the munin report as it appeared at 4:50 last night to a site hosted on a shared webhost. Note that tonight my mysql crashed somewhere after 1:00 (which is a new problem altogether), so therefor the graph for last night might look strange. Can anyone help me get my VPS up to normal speed? EDIT: Thanks for the replies. The VPS is 10 bucks a month and is from directvps.nl (Dutch host and I'm also dutch). I did two speed tests for disk IO: $ dd if=/dev/zero of=test bs=64k count=16k conv=fdatasync 1073741824 bytes (1.1 GB) copied, 23.1506 s, 46.4 MB/s $ dd if=/dev/zero of=test bs=64k count=16k conv=fdatasync 1073741824 bytes (1.1 GB) copied, 39.3796 s, 27.3 MB/s Anyway: how can I prove to my VPS host that it is to slow? I can understand a server being busy slowing a website down. But 5-30 sec loadtime for a normal PHP webpage?

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• Can I use one virtualbox disk for multiple machines?

  - by mxp

  I'm not sure what search term to use and skimming through the VirtualBox manual didn't help me either, so I ask my two questions here... My setup is this: PC with dual boot into Windows 7 and a Debian operating system (both 64bit). I've created a virtual machine (Kubuntu, 64bit) under Windows and put it's VDI file on a SMB share of my NAS. Then I created a VM under linux using the same settings for memory etc and assigned the existing VDI file to it. My idea was that I could use that virtual machine from Windows and Linux as well. (1) Is this generally something that should work without problems? I noticed that snapshots get me into trouble because they appear to be not visible from the other operating system: The snapshots I took after installing the guest system are not visible under Linux. That's why I shut down the VM after usage and not save its state while it's running. My current problem is this: I have used the VM under Windows first, then under Linux. Now it will only start on Linux. When trying this on Windows the guest OS detects some kind of hard disk error and fails to boot because it cannot mount its drive. Obviously the virtual hard disk won't fail so it must have something to do with me using it under Linux. (2) How can I fix that? Update: It also looks like any changes I made in the VM under Linux have been reset by trying to boot it under Windows. Looks like it's back to the latest snapshot. I'm confused... Update The answer to my first question can be found below. In short: It works, as long as you don't use snapshots. The answer to my second question is this: Under Windows set the VM back to the latest snapshot and then discard the snapshot so it gets merged. There should be no snapshots left at the end. If you have multiple snapshots, discard the earliest ones first (Snapshot 1, then 2, 3, ...). I'm not sure what happens if you start at the end (.., 3, 2, 1). This of course leads to some data loss since you revert all changes since the last snapshot. But at least the VM is usable again.

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• Is there a Distributed SAN/Storage System out there?

  - by Joel Coel

  Like many other places, we ask our users not to save files to their local machines. Instead, we encourage that they be put on a file server so that others (with appropriate permissions) can use them and that the files are backed up properly. The result of this is that most users have large hard drives that are sitting mainly empty. It's 2010 now. Surely there is a system out there that lets you turn that empty space into a virtual SAN or document library? What I envision is a client program that is pushed out to users' PCs that coordinates with a central server. The server looks to users just like a normal file server, but instead of keeping entire file contents it merely keeps a record of where those files can be found among various user PCs. It then coordinates with the right clients to serve up file requests. The client software would be able to respond to such requests directly, as well as be smart enough to cache recent files locally. For redundancy the server could make sure files are copied to multiple PCs, perhaps allowing you to define groups in different locations so that an instance of the entire repository lives in each group to protect against a disaster in one building taking down everything else. Obviously you wouldn't point your database server here, but for simpler things I see several advantages: Files can often be transferred from a nearer machine. Disk space grows automatically as your company does. Should ultimately be cheaper, as you don't need to keep a separate set of disks I can see a few downsides as well: Occasional degradation of user pc performance, if the machine has to serve or accept a large file transfer during a busy period. Writes have to be propogated around the network several times (though I suspect this isn't really much of a problem, as reading happens in most places more than writing) Still need a way to send a complete copy of the data offsite occasionally, and this would make it very hard to do differentials Think of this like a cloud storage system that lives entirely within your corporate LAN and makes use of your existing user equipment. Our old main file server is due for retirement in about 2 years, and I'm looking into replacing it with a small SAN. I'm thinking something like this would be a better fit. As a school, we have a couple computer labs I can leave running that would be perfect for adding a little extra redundancy to the system. Unfortunately, the closest thing I can find is Dienst, and it's just a paper that dates back to 1994. Am I just using the wrong buzzwords in my searches, or does this really not exist? If not, is there a big downside that I'm missing?

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• What would cause my SendMail server not to acknowledge receiving a TCP Sequence?

  - by Mike B

  My TCP/IP Stack knowledge is a little rusty so please bear with me.... I have a CentOS 5.7 server with SendMail and am having seeing intermittent timeout issues sending email (particularly larger email) to other remote domains. It doesn't happen with all attachments or recipient domains. Just some. After some extended troubleshooting, I think I've narrowed it down to TCP Sequences not being acknowledged. Here's a breakdown of the TCP session from a packet capture I collected directly on my MTA (fooMTA): Packet 1 - 11: Standard TCP handshake followed by initial SMTP conversation. No errors. Packet #12 Recipient MTA: TCP sequence 231. Ack 91. Packet #13 FooMTA: TCP sequence 91. Ack 305. Packet #14 FooMTA: TCP sequence 1115. Ack 305. Packet #15 Recipient MTA: TCP sequence 305. Ack 2495. Packet #16 FooMTA: TCP sequence 2495. Ack 305. Packet #17 FooMTA: TCP sequence 5255. Ack 305. Packet #18: Recipient MTA: TCP sequence 305. Ack 5255. Packet #19: FooMTA: TCP sequence 6635. Ack 305. Packet #20: FooMTA: TCP sequence 8015. Ack 305. Packet #21: Recipient MTA: TCP Sequence 305. Ack 8015. Packet #22: FooMTA: TCP Sequence 10775. Ack 305. Packet #23: FooMTA: TCP Sequence 13535. Ack 305. Packet #24: Recipient MTA: TCP sequence 305. Ack 10775 Packet #25: FooMTA: TCP Sequence 14915. Ack 305 It keeps going like this with my server still thinking it hasn’t received sequence 305… in response the remote side eventually retransmits its prior data thinking that it never arrived. Eventually the gap gets so large that no new data is sent and the remote MTA keeps retransmitting old stuff. This contributes to an exponential backoff and eventually the remote side gives up. What’s strange to me is that I see the “missing” TCP sequence (305 in this case) arriving back to my server (via a packet capture collected directly from fooMTA) So I don’t get why my server keeps asking for it. Could this be firewall related? What would be the next step in troubleshooting?

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• Subdomains, folders, internationalization, and hosting solutions

  - by justinbach

  I'm a web developer and I recently landed a gig to develop the US / international version of a site for a company that's big in Europe but hasn't done much expansion into the US yet. They've got an existing site at company.com, which should remain visible to European customers after the new site goes up, and an existing (not great) site at company.us, which I'm going to be redeveloping (the .us site will be taken down when my version goes up--keep reading for details). My solution needs to take into account the fact that there are going to be new, localized versions of the site in the fairly near future, so the framework I'm writing needs to be able to handle localizations fairly easily (dynamically load language packs, etc). The tricky thing is the European branch of the company manages the .com site hosting (IIS-based) and the DNS, while I'll be managing the US hosting (and future localizations), which will likely be apache-based. I've never been a big fan of the ".us" TLD--I think most US users are accustomed to visiting the .com--so the thought is that the European branch will detect the IP of inbound traffic and redirect all US-based addresses to us.example.com (or whatever the appropriate localized subdomain might be), which would point to the IP address of my host. I'd then serve the appropriate locale-specific content by pulling the subdomain from the $_SERVER superglobal (assuming PHP). I couldn't find any examples of international organizations that take a subdomain-based approach for localization, but I'm not sure I have any other options as a result of the unique hosting structure here (in that there's not a unified hosting solution for the European and US sites). In my experience, the US version of an international site would live at domain.com/us, not at us.domain.com, and I'd imagine that this has to do with SEO (subdomains are treated as separate sites, so improved rankings for the US site wouldn't help the Canadian version if subdomains are used to differentiate between them). My question is: is there a better approach to solving this problem than the one I'm taking? Ideally, I'd like to use a folder-based approach (see adidas.com as an example of what I'm talking about), but I'm not sure that's a possibility given that the US site (and other localizations) will not be hosted on the same server as the rest of the .com. Can you, in IIS, map a folder (e.g. domain.com/us) to a different IP address? What would you recommend? Thanks for your consideration.

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