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• Get class of caller's method (via inspect) in Python

  - by Slava Vishnyakov

  Is it possible to get reference to class B in this example? class A(object): pass class B(A): def test(self): test2() class C(B): pass import inspect def test2(): frame = inspect.currentframe().f_back cls = frame.[?something here?] # cls here should == B (class) c = C() c.test() Basically, C is child of B, B is child of A. Then we create c of type C. Then the call to c.test() actually calls B.test() (via inheritance), which calls to test2(). test2() can get the parent frame frame; code reference to method via frame.f_code; self via frame.f_locals['self']; but type(frame.f_locals['self']) is C (of course), but not B, where method is defined. Any way to get B?

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• Recursion function not working properly

  - by jakecar

  I'm having quite a hard time figuring out what's going wrong here: class iterate(): def init(self): self.length=1 def iterated(self, n): if n==1: return self.length elif n%2==0: self.length+=1 self.iterated(n/2) elif n!=1: self.length+=1 self.iterated(3*n+1) For example, x=iterate() x.iterated(5) outputs None. It should output 6 because the length would look like this: 5 -- 16 -- 8 -- 4 -- 2 -- 1 After doing some debugging, I see that the self.length is returned properly but something goes wrong in the recursion. I'm not really sure. Thanks for any help.

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• Instance_eval: why the class of subclass is superclass

  - by Raj

  def singleton_class class << self self end end class Human proc = lambda { puts 'proc says my class is ' + self.name.to_s } singleton_class.instance_eval do define_method(:lab) do proc.call end end end class Developer < Human end Human.lab # class is Human Developer.lab # class is Human ; oops Following solution works. def singleton_class class << self self end end class Human proc = lambda { puts 'proc says my class is ' + self.name.to_s } singleton_class.instance_eval do define_method(:lab) do self.instance_eval &proc end end end class Developer < Human end Human.lab # class is Human Developer.lab # class is Human ; oops Why Developer.lab is reporting that it is Human ? And what can be done so that proc reports Developer when Developer.lab is invoked.

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• super(type,subclass) in simple singleton implementation

  - by Tianchen Wu

  when I was implementing naive singleton in python, I came up with a problem with super key word. As usual the behavior of super is always tricky and buggy, hope someone can shed light on it. Thanks :) The problem is that: class Singleton(object): def __new__(cls,*args,**kw): if not hasattr(cls,'_instance'): #create a instance of type cls, origin=super(Singleton,Singleton).__new__(cls,*args,**kw) cls._instance=origin return cls._instance class B(Singleton): def __init__(self,b): self.b=b It actually works, but I am wondering Will it be better if I change line 5 to the below, like in most of the books? origin=super(Singleton,cls).__new__(cls,*args,**ks) what's the difference to make?

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• Can using Chronic impair your sense of time?

  - by Trip

  Haha.. I'm using Chronic to parse the time users add in the Calendar. Where the code works and implements the right time, the end result is that, IF a user adds a time, then it has no date, and because it has no date, it will not show in results. Any ideas? def set_dates unless self.natural_date.blank? || Chronic.parse(self.natural_date).blank? # check if we are dealing with a date or a date + time if time_provided?(self.natural_date) self.date = nil self.time = Chronic.parse(self.natural_date) else self.date = Chronic.parse(self.natural_date).to_date self.time = nil end end unless self.natural_end_date.blank? || Chronic.parse(self.natural_end_date).blank? # check if we are dealing with a date or a date + time if time_provided?(self.natural_end_date) self.end_date = nil self.end_time = Chronic.parse(self.natural_end_date) else self.end_date = Chronic.parse(self.natural_end_date).to_date self.end_time = nil end end end Edit: Here is the time_provided? method: def time_provided?(natural_date_string) date_span = Chronic.parse(natural_date_string, :guess => false) (date_span.last - date_span.first).to_i == 1 end

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• is counter has certain value inside a class in python

  - by mazlor

  i am learning classes in python and when i was reading the documentation i found this example that i didn't understand : class MyClass: """A simple example class""" def __init__(self): self.data = [] i = 12345 def f(self): return 'hello world' then if we assign : x = MyClass() x.counter = 1 now if we implement while loop : while x.counter < 10: x.counter = x.counter * 2 so the value of x.counter will be : 16 while for example if we have a variable y : y = 1 while y < 1 : y = y *2 then if we look for the value of y we find it 1 so i don't know how is the value of counter became 16 . thanks

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• Rails - How to connect Helper to Controller Module

  - by red eye

  I have helper: module BreadcrumbsHelper def breadcrumbs_cache_wrap(key, options, &block) ... end end And i extract part of Controller to module: module ApplicationController::Breadcrumbs def default_breadcrumbs ... end class ApplicationController include ApplicationController::Breadcrumbs ... end Now i want to connect Helper to Controller. I can do it like this: class ApplicationController include ApplicationController::Breadcrumbs helper :breadcrumbs ... end It's working. But can i incapsulate connection to Breadcrumbs Module? module ApplicationController::Breadcrumbs helper :breadcrumbs ... end Unfortunately this code is not working "undefined method `helper'".

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• rails db migration, undefined method `to_sym', cant figure out syntax

  - by oelbrenner

  the original migration looks like this: class CreateUsers true do |t| t.string :login, :limit = 40 t.string :name, :limit = 100, :default = '', :null = true t.string :email, :limit = 100 t.string :crypted_password, :limit = 40 t.string :salt, :limit = 40 t.string :remember_token, :limit = 40 t.datetime :remember_token_expires_at t.string :activation_code, :limit = 40 t.datetime :activated_at, :datetime t.string :state, :null = :no, :default = 'passive' t.datetime :deleted_at t.integer :occupation_id, :null = :yes t.datetime :paid_up_to_date, :date t.timestamps end and I am trying to change the default of "state" to be "active" instead of passive so my attempt at a migration looks like this: ( still learning.. be gentle ) class ChangeUserStateDefault < ActiveRecord::Migration def self.up change_column :users, :state, :null = :no, :default = 'active' end def self.down end end

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• Sharing base object with inheritance

  - by max

  I have class Base. I'd like to extend its functionality in a class Derived. I was planning to write: class Derived(Base): def __init__(self, base_arg1, base_arg2, derived_arg1, derived_arg2): super().__init__(base_arg1, base_arg2) # ... def derived_method1(self): # ... Sometimes I already have a Base instance, and I want to create a Derived instance based on it, i.e., a Derived instance that shares the Base object (doesn't re-create it from scratch). I thought I could write a static method to do that: b = Base(arg1, arg2) # very large object, expensive to create or copy d = Derived.from_base(b, derived_arg1, derived_arg2) # reuses existing b object but it seems impossible. Either I'm missing a way to make this work, or (more likely) I'm missing a very big reason why it can't be allowed to work. Can someone explain which one it is? [Of course, if I used composition rather than inheritance, this would all be easy to do. But I was hoping to avoid the delegation of all the Base methods to Derived through __getattr__.]

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• Django - how to make ImageField/FileField optional?

  - by ilya

  class Product(models.Model): ... image = models.ImageField(upload_to = generate_filename, blank = True) When I use ImageField (blank=True) and do not select image into admin form, exception occures. In django code you can see this: class FieldFile(File): .... def _require_file(self): if not self: raise ValueError("The '%s' attribute has no file associated with it." % self.field.name) def _get_file(self): self._require_file() ... Django trac has ticket #13327 about this problem, but seems it can't be fixed soon. How to make these field optional?

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• Typeclass instances for unnamed types in Scala

  - by ncreep

  How would one encode the following constraint in Scala (pseudocode)? def foo(x: T forSome { type T has a Numeric[T] instance in scope }) = { val n= implicitly[...] // obtain the Numeric instance for x n.negate(x) // and use it with x } In words: I need a type class instance for my input argument, but I don't care about the argument's type, I just need to obtain the instance and use it on my argument. It doesn't have to be an existential type, but I need to avoid type parameters in the def's signature. Thanks.

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• testing existing attribute of a @classmethod function, yields AttributeError

  - by alex

  i have a function which is a class method, and i want to test a attribute of the class which may or may not be None, but will exist always. class classA(): def __init__(self, var1, var2 = None): self.attribute1 = var1 self.attribute2 = var2 @classmethod def func(self,x): if self.attribute2 is None: do something i get the error AttributeError: class classA has no attribute 'attributeB' when i access the attribute like i showed but if on command line i can see it works, x = classA() x.attributeB is None True so the test works. if i remove the @classmethod decorator from func, the problem disapears. if i leave the @classmethod decorator, it only seems to affect variables which are supplied default values in the super-class's constructor. whats going on in the above code?

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• Partially flattening a list

  - by alj

  This is probably a really silly question but, given the example code at the bottom, how would I get a single list that retain the tuples? (I've looked at the itertools but it flattens everything) What I currently get is: ('id', 20, 'integer') ('companyname', 50, 'text') [('focus', 30, 'text'), ('fiesta', 30, 'text'), ('mondeo', 30, 'text'), ('puma', 30, 'text')] ('contact', 50, 'text') ('email', 50, 'text') what I would like is a single level list like: ('id', 20, 'integer') ('companyname', 50, 'text') ('focus', 30, 'text') ('fiesta', 30, 'text') ('mondeo', 30, 'text') ('puma', 30, 'text') ('contact', 50, 'text') ('email', 50, 'text') def getproducts(): temp_list=[] product_list=['focus','fiesta','mondeo','puma'] #usually this would come from a db for p in product_list: temp_list.append((p,30,'text')) return temp_list def createlist(): column_title_list = ( ("id",20,"integer"), ("companyname",50,"text"), getproducts(), ("contact",50,"text"), ("email",50,"text"), ) return column_title_list for item in createlist(): print item Thanks ALJ

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• difference between 2 pieces Python code

  - by draw

  Hello, I'm doing an exercise as following: # B. front_x # Given a list of strings, return a list with the strings # in sorted order, except group all the strings that begin with 'x' first. # e.g. ['mix', 'xyz', 'apple', 'xanadu', 'aardvark'] yields # ['xanadu', 'xyz', 'aardvark', 'apple', 'mix'] # Hint: this can be done by making 2 lists and sorting each of them # before combining them. sample solution: def front_x(words): listX = [] listO = [] for w in words: if w.startswith('x'): listX.append(w) else: listO.append(w) listX.sort() listO.sort() return listX + listO my solution: def front_x(words): listX = [] for w in words: if w.startswith('x'): listX.append(w) words.remove(w) listX.sort() words.sort() return listX + words as I tested my solution, the result is a little weird. Here is the source code with my solution: http://dl.dropbox.com/u/559353/list1.py. You might want to try it out.

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• How to merge two test into one RSpec

  - by thefonso

  Both the last two test work individually...but when both are set to run (non pending) I get problems. question: can I create a test that merges the two into one? How would this look?(yes, I am new to rspec) require_relative '../spec_helper' # the universe is vast and infinite....and...it is empty describe "tic tac toe game" do context "the game class" do before (:each) do player_h = Player.new("X") player_c = Player.new("O") @game = Game.new(player_h, player_c) end it "method drawgrid must return a 3x3 game grid" do @game.drawgrid.should eq("\na #{$thegrid[:a1]}|#{$thegrid[:a2]}|#{$thegrid[:a3]} \n----------\nb #{$thegrid[:b1]}|#{$thegrid[:b2]}|#{$thegrid[:b3]} \n----------\nc #{$thegrid[:c1]}|#{$thegrid[:c2]}|#{$thegrid[:c3]} \n----------\n 1 2 3 \n") @game.drawgrid end #FIXME - last two test here - how to merge into one? it "play method must display 3x3 game grid" do STDOUT.should_receive(:puts).and_return("\na #{$thegrid[:a1]}|#{$thegrid[:a2]}|#{$thegrid[:a3]} \n----------\nb #{$thegrid[:b1]}|#{$thegrid[:b2]}|#{$thegrid[:b3]} \n----------\nc #{$thegrid[:c1]}|#{$thegrid[:c2]}|#{$thegrid[:c3]} \n----------\n 1 2 3 \n").with("computer move") @game.play end it "play method must display 3x3 game grid" do STDOUT.should_receive(:puts).with("computer move") @game.play end end end just for info here is the code containing the play method require_relative "player" # #Just a Tic Tac Toe game class class Game #create players def initialize(player_h, player_c) #bring into existence the board and the players @player_h = player_h @player_c = player_c #value hash for the grid lives here $thegrid = { :a1=>" ", :a2=>" ", :a3=>" ", :b1=>" ", :b2=>" ", :b3=>" ", :c1=>" ", :c2=>" ", :c3=>" " } #make a global var for drawgrid which is used by external player class $gamegrid = drawgrid end #display grid on console def drawgrid board = "\n" board << "a #{$thegrid[:a1]}|#{$thegrid[:a2]}|#{$thegrid[:a3]} \n" board << "----------\n" board << "b #{$thegrid[:b1]}|#{$thegrid[:b2]}|#{$thegrid[:b3]} \n" board << "----------\n" board << "c #{$thegrid[:c1]}|#{$thegrid[:c2]}|#{$thegrid[:c3]} \n" board << "----------\n" board << " 1 2 3 \n" return board end #start the game def play #draw the board puts drawgrid #external call to player class @player = @player_c.move_computer("O") end end player_h = Player.new("X") player_c = Player.new("O") game = Game.new(player_h, player_c) game.play

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• before_filter not inheriting from parent controller correctly?

  - by Scott

  Sorry if this may be a stupid question but I'm unable get my filters to inherit the way the Rails 3 documentation is saying it should. Specifically I have an Admin controller that was generated via: rails generate controller admin I added only a single action to the admin controller, the before filter & the private filter method class AdminController < ApplicationController before_filter require_admin_creds def index end private def require_admin_creds unless current_user && current_user.admin? flash[:error] = ... redirect_to .... end end end I next then created my nested resources under the admin section with: rails generate scaffold admin/model While my admin index is indeed getting the filter, the admin/model index (or any other actions) are not. What is happening under the hood here that I must have excluded? Thanks in advance.

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• Wait until a webpage finished loading to load the next one in a list

  - by envy

  Hi! I'm using PyQT webView to visit some webpages I have stored on a dictionary the code is something like this: def loadLink(self, url): manager = QNetworkAccessManager() request = QNetworkRequest(QUrl(url)) self.ui.webView.load(QUrl(visitar)) def readUnreadLinks(self): print "Links to read: " + str(len(self.unreadLinks)) for link in self.unreadLinks: print "link-> " + str(link) self.loadLink(link) the problem is it doesn't wait until finished loading the web page and starts loading the next one. I want to load a webpage, wait until it finished loading and then load the next one. Thanks, this is driving me crazy :)

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• Rails nil can't be coerced into Float

  - by alex

  After adding items, attempting to view my cart leads me to this error: nil can't be coerced into Float with the math line in this method in my line_item model highlighted: def total_price product.price * quantity end line items create action def create product = Product.find(params[:product_id]) @line_item = @cart.add_product(product.id) @line_item.quantity = params[:quantity] view <div id= "text_field"><%= text_field_tag 'quantity' %> </div> <%= button_to 'Add to Cart', line_items_path(:product_id => product) %> This has held me back for a couple days. (I'm new). Thanks.

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• how to exit recursive math formula and still get an answer

  - by calccrypto

  i wrote this python code, which from wolfram alpha says that its supposed to return the factorial of any positive value (i probably messed up somewhere), integer or not: from math import * def double_factorial(n): if int(n) == n: n = int(n) if [0,1].__contains__(n): return 1 a = (n&1) + 2 b = 1 while a<=n: b*=a a+= 2 return float(b) else: return factorials(n/2) * 2**(n/2) *(pi/2)**(.25 *(-1+cos(n * pi))) def factorials(n): return pi**(.5 * sin(n*pi)**2) * 2**(-n + .25 * (-1 + cos(2*n*pi))) * double_factorial(2*n) the problem is , say i input pi to 6 decimal places. 2*n will not become a float with 0 as its decimals any time soon, so the equation turns out to be pi**(.5 * sin(n*pi)**2) * 2**(-n + .25 * (-1 + cos(2*n*pi))) * double_factorial(loop(loop(loop(...))))) how would i stop the recursion and still get the answer? ive had suggestions to add an index to the definitions or something, but the problem is, if the code stops when it reaches an index, there is still no answer to put back into the previous "nests" or whatever you call them

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• Creating interruptible process in python

  - by Glycerine

  I'm creating a python script of which parses a large (but simple) CSV. It'll take some time to process. I would like the ability to interrupt the parsing of the CSV so I can continue at a later stage. Currently I have this - of which lives in a larger class: (unfinished) Edit: I have some changed code. But the system will parse over 3 million rows. def parseData(self) reader = csv.reader(open(self.file)) for id, title, disc in reader: print "%-5s %-50s %s" % (id, title, disc) l = LegacyData() l.old_id = int(id) l.name = title l.disc_number = disc l.parsed = False l.save() This is the old code. def parseData(self): #first line start fields = self.data.next() for row in self.data: items = zip(fields, row) item = {} for (name, value) in items: item[name] = value.strip() self.save(item) Thanks guys.

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• Programming in Python; writing a Caesar Cipher using a zip() method

  - by user1068153

  I'm working on a python program for homework and the problem asks me to develop a program that encrypts a message using a caesar cipher. I need to be able to have the user input a number to shift the encryption by, such as 4: e.g. 'A' to 'E'. The user also needs to input the string to be translated. The book says to use a zip() to do the problem. I am confused on how I would do this though. I have this but it doesn't do anything >>>def ceasarCipher(string, shift): strings = ['abc', 'def'] shifts = [2,3] for string, shift in zip(strings, shifts): print ceasarCipher(string,shift) >>>string = 'hello world' >>>shift = 1

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• How do I require a login for a user in Django?

  - by Di Zou

  In my urls.py I have this: (r'^myapp/$', 'myapp.views.views.index'), (r'^myapp/login/$', 'myapp.views.views.login_user'), In my settings.py I have this: LOGIN_URL = '/myapp/login' In my views.py I have this: @login_required((login_url='/myapp/login/') def index(request): return render_to_response('index.html') def login_user(request): #login stuff return render(request, 'registration/login.html', {'state':state, 'username': username}) I can go to mysite.com/myapp/login and the login page works. However, when I go to mysite.com/myapp/index I do not get redirected to the login page even though I am logged out. Why is that and how do I fix it?

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• Why isn't the eigenclass equivalent to self.class, when it looks so similar?

  - by The Wicked Flea

  I've missed the memo somewhere, and I hope you'll explain this to me. Why is the eigenclass of an object different from self.class? class Foo def initialize(symbol) eigenclass = class << self self end eigenclass.class_eval do attr_accessor symbol end end end My train of logic that equates the eigenclass with class.self is rather simple: class << self is a way of declaring class methods, rather than instance methods. It's a shortcut to def Foo.bar. So within the reference to the class object, returning self should be identical to self.class. This is because class << self would set self to Foo.class for definition of class methods/attributes. Am I just confused? Or, is this a sneaky trick of Ruby meta-programming?

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• ValueError: setting an array element with a sequence.

  - by MedicalMath

  This code: import numpy as p def firstfunction(): UnFilteredDuringExSummaryOfMeansArray = [] MeanOutputHeader=['TestID','ConditionName','FilterType','RRMean','HRMean','dZdtMaxVoltageMean','BZMean','ZXMean' ,'LVETMean','Z0Mean','StrokeVolumeMean','CardiacOutputMean','VelocityIndexMean'] dataMatrix = BeatByBeatMatrixOfMatrices[column] roughTrimmedMatrix = p.array(dataMatrix[1:,1:17]) trimmedMatrix = p.array(roughTrimmedMatrix,dtype=p.float64) myMeans = p.mean(trimmedMatrix,axis=0,dtype=p.float64) conditionMeansArray = [TestID,testCondition,'UnfilteredBefore',myMeans[3], myMeans[4], myMeans[6], myMeans[9] , myMeans[10], myMeans[11], myMeans[12], myMeans[13], myMeans[14], myMeans[15]] UnFilteredDuringExSummaryOfMeansArray.append(conditionMeansArray) secondfunction(UnFilteredDuringExSummaryOfMeansArray) return def secondfunction(UnFilteredDuringExSummaryOfMeansArray): RRDuringArray = p.array(UnFilteredDuringExSummaryOfMeansArray,dtype=p.float64)[1:,3] return firstfunction() Throws this error message: File "mypath\mypythonscript.py", line 3484, in secondfunction RRDuringArray = p.array(UnFilteredDuringExSummaryOfMeansArray,dtype=p.float64)[1:,3] ValueError: setting an array element with a sequence. However, this code works: import numpy as p a=range(24) b = p.reshape(a,(6,4)) c=p.array(b,dtype=p.float64)[:,2] I re-arranged the code a bit to put it into a cogent posting, but it should more or less have the same result. Can anyone show me what to do to fix the problem in the broken code above so that it stops throwing an error message?

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• Rails: Thread won't affect database unless joined to main Thread

  - by hatboysam

  I have a background operation I would like to occur every 20 seconds in Rails given that some condition is true. It kicked off when a certain controller route is hit, and it looks like this def startProcess argId = self.id t = Thread.new do while (Argument.isRunning(argId)) do Argument.update(argId) Argument.markVotes(argId) puts "Thread ran" sleep 20 end end end However, this code does absolutely nothing to my database unless I call "t.join" in which case my whole server is blocked for a long time (but it works). Why can't the read commit ActiveRecords without being joined to the main thread? The thread calls methods that look something like def sample model = Model.new() model.save() end but the models are not saved to the DB unless the thread is joined to the main thread. Why is this? I have been banging my head about this for hours.

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