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Articles indexed Saturday September 29 2012

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• Tool to compute SHA256 Tree Hash

  - by Benjamin

  I've started using AWS Glacier, and noticed that it hashes the files using an algorithm called SHA-256 Tree Hash. To my surprise, this algorithm is different from SHA-256, so I can't use the tools I'm used to, to compare hashes and verify file integrity. Do you know a Windows tool, if possible integrated in the context menu, to compute the SHA-256 Tree Hash of a file? I'd also accept a Linux command-line tool, as a second choice :-)

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• What is the right iptables rule to allow apt-get to download programs?

  - by anthony01

  When I type something like sudo apt-get install firefox, everything work until it asks me: After this operation, 77 MB of additional disk space will be used. Do you want to continue [Y/n]? Y Then error messages are displayed: Failed to fetch: <URL> My iptables rules are as follows: -P INPUT DROP -P OUTPUT DROP -P FORWARD DROP -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT -A OUTPUT -o lo -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT -A OUTPUT -p tcp --sport 80 -m state --state ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT What should I add to allow apt-get to download updates? Thanks

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• Virtualizing Firewalls/UTM

  - by TheD

  So Sophos UTM (Astaro Gateway UTM) can be virtualized in Hyper-V, VMWare, vSphere etc. Now I'm new to virtualization, so am wondering how the networking would be configured in this situation. Imagine the following (a very simple setup). A Zyxel router acting as the default gateway, standard ADSL line. This is connected directly via Ethernet to my VHost, Hyper-V in my case. Now I assume I need two virtual network adapters, one which is the "External" interface to the firewall, and the other being the "Internal" interface. But where does my switch go, since I have 5 machines (or X number of machines). Where is the switch connected, to the internal interface on the VHost? What default gateway do my clients use etc? How would the routing work if these two interfaces weren't bridged since they are virtual networks anyway. I'm a little confused! Any advice is much appreciated! Cheers

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• Apache 2 Symbolic link not allowed or link target not accessible

  - by djechelon

  While the title of this question matches an already asked question, in my case I already set Options +FollowSymLinks. The setup is the following: my hosting setup includes htdocs/ directory that is the default document root for HTTP websites and htdocs-secure that is for HTTPS. They are meant for sites that need a different HTTPS version. In case both share the same files I create a link from htdocs-secure to htdocs by ln -s htdocs htdocs-secure but here comes the problem! Log still says Symbolic link not allowed or link target not accessible: /path/to/htdocs-secure Vhost fragment Header always set Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=500" DocumentRoot /path/to/htdocs-secure <Directory "/path/to/htdocs-secure"> allow from all Options +FollowSymLinks </Directory> I think it's a correct setup. The HTTP version of the site is accessible, so it doesn't look like a permission problem. How to fix this? [Add] other info: I use MPM-itk and I set AssignUserId to the owner/group of both the directories

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• Tuning MySQL to consume less memory

  - by Alex

  I have a VM which has 2GB Ram, (full specs) And I am setting up a site which has one table in particular with over a million records. There's little or no usage of this particular database (perhaps once or twice a day) but simply running mysql grinds the whole server to a halt. I've looked through the top results but nothing is really denting the CPU however the memory seems to be the issue. The site isnt even live of taking requests yet. the memory situation looks like this: # free -m total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 2006 1880 126 0 3 53 -/+ buffers/cache: 1823 183 Swap: 2047 345 1702 Are there any good pointers to tune mysql to stop hogging the system memory? Thanks very much EDIT: (requested by 8bit): http://tny.cz/b41a0b12

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• building a debian base image

  - by Michael

  Is there a preferred way to create base images for Debian-based customized installations? We are currently going with multistrap but although it's better than hand-crafted chroot stuff, it still has a lot of edges and corners. Is there a more reliable and less error-prone way to produce a root filesystem of a Debian installation with some additional .debs installed? (I don't want to send out a Debian installer with a preseed file though.) Addendum 1: To clarify things a bit: We are delivering some kind of software appliance to our customers. That is, a debian operating system, with some additional software packages -- both our own and third-party ones -- and some configuration changes. To ease the installation process, we have an installer that does nothing more than partitioning, copying files to the partitions and setting up grub. So it's basically an image-based installer. So we are basically running the debian installation ourselves and just distribute the already installed operating system. The question is about the installation part. I want to have that as easy and robust as possible, and of course, it should be an automated process.

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• Difference between SSLCertificateFile and SSLCertificateChainFile?

  - by chrisjlee

  Normally with a virtual host an ssl is setup with the following directives: Listen 443 SSLCertificateFile /home/web/certs/domain1.public.crt SSLCertificateKeyFile /home/web/certs/domain1.private.key SSLCertificateChainFile /home/web/certs/domain1.intermediate.crt From: For enabling SSL for a single domain on a server with muliple vhosts, will this configuration work? What is the difference between SSLCertificateFile and SSLCertificateChainFile ? The client has purchased a CA key from GoDaddy. It looks like GoDaddy only provides a SSLCertificateFile (.crt file), and a SSLCertificateKeyFile (.key file) and not at SSLCertificateChainFile. Will my ssl still work without a SSLCertificateChainFile path specified ? Also, is there a canonical path where these files should be placed?

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• Warming up an IIS Application Pool automatically?

  - by Michael Stum

  So IIS likes to shut down app pools that aren't in use. While this makes sense, I would like to have certain app pools conterminously running, but I don't want to just disable the automatic app pool restart as some of the settings (e.g., maximum memory limit) are good to have. I know that Microsoft announced the IIS Application Warmup module as an IIS 7.5 feature only then to do a Bait & Switch and pull it again so that they can put it in IIS 8 instead, so I wonder if something exists to run on IIS 7.5/Windows 2008 R2?

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• Deploying ASP.Net MVC 4 application to IIS 6 - Bundles are not working

  - by ShaneC

  We have a ASP.Net MVC 4 application we are trying to deploy to a Windows 2003 machine running IIS 6. We have it running on a separate app pool and it is setup to use asp.net 4.0. We have a Wildcard application mapping to aspnet_isapi.dll which was required to get the page to appear. The problem we've ran into now is that the bundling which is part of asp.net mvc 4 isn't working. When you try to follow the /js?v=ASDfljkFSDlkjDSF link you get a 404 returned to you. We know it uses extensionless urls but these should be handled by the Wildcard application mapping if I'm not mistaken? Has anyone got this working or have any ideas?

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• Autossh startup on Ubuntu 10.04 - fails after powering off

  - by grant

  I'm using upstart to keep a reverse ssh tunnel alive using auto ssh similar to Using Upstart to Manage AutoSSH Reverse Tunnel. This works fine, except after a manual power down I can no longer connect to the machine through the "central server" using the tunnel. I receive "ssh_exchange_identification: Connection closed by remote host". The autossh process is running on the client. I can connect again after re-starting networking. I'm trying to figure out why this is failing consistently after a manual shutdown. Is it possible that I need to do some cleanup on startup that would allow the tunnel to work in this situation, or are there some other debugging/troubleshooting steps I can take to determine the problem? Machine A is the client machine, using autossh. This machine sits behind a firewall and uses the following command in upstart to create an ssh tunnel: /usr/bin/autossh -fN -i /keyfile -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no -R 20098:localhost:22 user@centralserver Machine B we'll call the "central server", which sits in the cloud and is the host. This machine is "centralserver" in the command above. When Machine A is hard powered off, and back on, I cannot connect to it by SSH'ing from my machine (C) to Machine B in the cloud, then using the following command to get to Machine A: ssh -p 2098 user@localhost Again, after a reboot of the client (A), this works fine. It is only after a hard power down that the problem occurs. There are autossh processes that are running on the client machine (A) after powering down and back up, but they just don't seem to doing their job.

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• Why does Postfix deliver mails locally instead of relaying them to Google Apps?

  - by user40388

  I get the following error trying to send an email to my Google Apps Email at [email protected] from my Postfix server. to=, relay=local, delay=0.09, delays=0.07/0/0/0.02, dsn=5.1.1, status=bounced (unknown user: "admin") Is there a way I can force it to not use the LOCAL relay and treat [email protected] as outside email and not look for a user in the current postfix configuration. I am trying to email the full email address "[email protected]" not only "admin". I have the Google Apps MX record on mydomain.com + SPF record which before was: v=spf1 include:_spf.google.com ~all (emailing to [email protected] used to work with that record) But I had to change it to v=spf1 a mx ip4:MY.IP.HERE include:_spf.google.com ~all

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• renaming hard drives (sdc to sdb) on the fly

  - by w00t

  ata2: link is slow to respond, please be patient (ready=0) kernel: [2761026.198796] ata2: soft resetting link kernel: [2761031.226669] ata2.00: disabled kernel: [2761031.226720] ata2: EH complete kernel: [2761031.226753] sd 1:0:0:0: [sdb] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK,SUGGEST_OK After receiving the error above, I couldn't access /dev/sdb anymore. Not wanting to restart the server, I rescanned for the device using echo "- - -" > /sys/class/scsi_host/host1/scan and it readded the drive as /dev/sdc. From what I have found, I need to use echo "scsi add-single-device 0 0 3 0" > /proc/scsi/scsi, "3" being the SCSI ID which corresponds to sdb. Everything nice up to the point I execute the command and get -bash: echo: write error: Invalid argument. All the solutions point to using this method, but I am unable to. Any other method available? Debian 5.0.8 - 2.6.26-1-686

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• iptables -- OK, **now** am I doing it right?

  - by Agvorth

  This is a follow up to a previous question where I asked whether my iptables config is correct. CentOS 5.3 system. Intended result: block everything except ping, ssh, Apache, and SSL. Based on xenoterracide's advice and the other responses to the question (thanks guys), I created this script: # Establish a clean slate iptables -P INPUT ACCEPT iptables -P FORWARD ACCEPT iptables -P OUTPUT ACCEPT iptables -F # Flush all rules iptables -X # Delete all chains # Disable routing. Drop packets if they reach the end of the chain. iptables -P FORWARD DROP # Drop all packets with a bad state iptables -A INPUT -m state --state INVALID -j DROP # Accept any packets that have something to do with ones we've sent on outbound iptables -A INPUT -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT # Accept any packets coming or going on localhost (this can be very important) iptables -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT # Accept ICMP iptables -A INPUT -p icmp -j ACCEPT # Allow ssh iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT # Allow httpd iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT # Allow SSL iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 443 -j ACCEPT # Block all other traffic iptables -A INPUT -j DROP Now when I list the rules I get... # iptables -L -v Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination 0 0 DROP all -- any any anywhere anywhere state INVALID 9 612 ACCEPT all -- any any anywhere anywhere state RELATED,ESTABLISHED 0 0 ACCEPT all -- lo any anywhere anywhere 0 0 ACCEPT icmp -- any any anywhere anywhere 0 0 ACCEPT tcp -- any any anywhere anywhere tcp dpt:ssh 0 0 ACCEPT tcp -- any any anywhere anywhere tcp dpt:http 0 0 ACCEPT tcp -- any any anywhere anywhere tcp dpt:https 0 0 DROP all -- any any anywhere anywhere Chain FORWARD (policy DROP 0 packets, 0 bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 5 packets, 644 bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination I ran it and I can still log in, so that's good. Anyone notice anything major out of wack?

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• Launch script after SFTP disconnect

  - by Mates

  I'm currently using Caja (basically the same as Nautilus) to connect using SSH to my server and work with files. What I'm looking for is a way to launch a simple script when I disconnect - I can launch a script after disconnecting from the TTY by putting it into ~/.bash_logout file, but that is not executed when disconnecting from a file manager. The only idea I have is to set up a cronjob which would be checking for existing sftp-server or sshd processes periodicaly and launched the script when there's no such process running. Is there any easier way to do this?

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• Notepad ++ regular expression

  - by arvindwill

  have javascript file will millions of lines. The problem is IE dont support ','(comma) followed by '}'(curly close bracket) by using notepadd++ need to find all the comma which is followed by curly close bracket. So regular expression \,.*\} works. but the problem between the comma and close bracket many tab space or newline or linefeed can be there . cant able to provide the newline with spaces in regular expression. like below one somestring, }

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• VirtualBox without X server

  - by nccc

  I want to run a guest operating system under a Linux host with VirtualBox, but I don't want to run from within X. I don't want a headless configuration, I don't want to run VirtualBox in the background, I don't want any remote protocols. I just want the guest OS to take control of my console (keyboard, mouse and monitor) and render to the framebuffer directly, not from within an X window. Is this possible?

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• Can't connect to YouTube from specific network

  - by Tyilo

  Using my current network, I am unable to connect to http://www.youtube.com/. It doesn't matter what browser I use or if I use a cli-command (wget, curl). Error in Google Chrome: Oops! Google Chrome could not connect to www.youtube.com Error using curl: curl: (7) couldn't connect to host If I use nslookup to get the IP-address of YouTube, I get 173.194.32.32. If I go to http://173.194.32.32/ in my browser it can connect, but as Google is probably checking the Host HTTP-header, it shows Google's frontpage instead. There is no blocked websites on the router and other devices on the network seems to work. My computer only has this problem on this specific network. I am using Mac OS X 10.8.2 on a MacBook (mid 2009).

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• What are basic differences bettwen operating systems working as server? [closed]

  - by poz2k4444

  I'd like to know what are the differences bettwen differents operating systems working as server and what operating system is better using for an specific task like linux, unix, windows, solaris, novell, etcetera. It's not about a specific problem, it's just to know, for example, windows server works better with SQL Server, or Ruby with MacOS It's just I think some of us don't know what to choose when we have to use some specific technology

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• Syncing contacts to iOS device with Exchange

  - by flackend

  I set up a Microsoft Exchange account on my iOS device to sync my Gmail contacts. But Microsoft Exchange is ignoring phone numbers that are labeled as 'iPhone' or 'main'. For example, John Smith: On Mac and Gmail: John Smith main: 123-334-1212 home: 123-330-1002 work: 123-330-8211 iPhone: 123-778-5556 On iOS device (via Exchange sync): John Smith home: 123-330-1002 work: 123-330-8211 I'd like to sync my contacts from my Mac to iCloud and Gmail, but you can't do both: Is there a solution to sync iOS and Gmail contacts without using Exchange? Thanks for any help!

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• Why does my laptop shut down, does it get too hot?

  - by Kevin P.

  When I play games, or use powerful-applications such as Autodesk Maya, my laptop just shuts down, ofcourse without any warning at all. This is what I've tried so far: Cleaned my fan, completely! Checked if I have enough RAM and good enough graphics card, and I do. (6 GB RAM, Nvidia GeForce GT540M with 2 GB VRAM) None of these options worked. Even tried to clean my fan twice! Now, I have some options I could also try, but I don't know if that have anything to do with it or not. I was thinking reinstalling my Windows 7, because maybe it has to do something wrong with the installation? My laptop is about a year old, and this problem just happend out of no where, short after I downgraded from Windows 8 Release Preview to my original Windows 7.

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• Create a zip file that doesn't create a folder when opened, Mac OS X

  - by MZimmerman6

  I am wondering if there is any way of easily creating a zip file that contains a bunch of files. However, when I double-click to open this zip file, I do not want it to create a subdirectory with the same name as the zip file, I just want all of the files to be extracted into the directory where the zip files is stored. Is there a certain flag I can add in terminal to do this, or any program that does this. Thanks for your help!

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• Error while zipping files with unicode characters in names with Win7's "send to > compressed (zipped) folder"

  - by user1306322

  When I try to zip files containing unicode characters in their names, such as © or ™, I get the following error: [Window Title] Compressed (zipped) Folders Error [Content] 'C:\Asd™.txt' cannot be compressed because it includes characters that cannot be used in a compressed folder, such as ™. You should rename this file or directory. [OK] This only became a problem when I reinstalled Windows 7. I probably had some resources necessary from this error to be resolved automatically, but it's almost clean installation now and I can't zip files. How do I fix this? UPD: Some time passed since I posted this question, I installed some of my usual applications, but the problem still exists and I'm not sure if it can be fixed by installing some specific application from before.

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• How do I remap the keys on my keyboard?

  - by bonomo

  I broke my laptop and had to buy a new one with a new keyboard that I am struggling to get familiar with, especially with the keys like home, page-up, page-down and end, which aren't standardized at all. I found myself doing this for like the 5th time in the last several years, and I think it is really annoying. Is there an app that can reliably map one key to another? By reliably I mean that key mapping works with Shift, Alt, and other modifiers. UPDATE Windows 7, Samsung Chronos 7

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• How do I configure Gnome 3 so that it doesn't pop up a dialog for 'open with files' when I mount a drive?

  - by michael

  I am running Gnome 3 on Ubuntu 11.10. In the file manager, when I click a drive under 'Devices', Gnome 3 always pops up a dialog with the choices 'open with files' and 'eject' and then I need to click 'open with files' to get rid of that dialog. Is there a way to configure Gnome 3 not to do that? I am in file manager already, clicking a drive should show the content in the right pane. Why does it still ask me to 'open with files'?

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• Router(s) Issue: DNS quries sporadically fail with multiple computers hooked in

  - by bob-the-destroyer

  Basically, after anywhere from 5-60 minutes, DNS queries fail for a few minutes, then slowly begin to resolve correctly. Then the cycle repeats. This occurs only when more than one computer is on the network. All computers on the network experiences the same sporadic DNS outage at the same time. Wireless or wired, Linux or Windows, fresh OS install or old, browser or ping, same symptoms. Duplicated on 3 routers (not chained together, mind you) and 3 ISP's and 3 separate locations over the past several months. The only common theme is a single 5-yo WIN XP laptop which has been in use on the network throughout all this. There also may be anywhere between 1 - 10 devices hooked up wired or wirelessly at a time. The only reprieve I have from this torture is by using any VPN to an outside source - always smooth sailing. I typically set up any router to a) use WPA2/etc security; b) MAC whitelist; c) UPNP OFF (if available); d) always update firmware when available; e) obtain DNS from ISP automatically; f) set the router to act as DHCP server for the internal network. Adjusting channels has no effect. Any ideas?

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