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  • SeLinux blocking connection to sshd on Ubuntu 9.10

    - by Barton Chittenden
    When I try to log on to my laptop, which runs Ubuntu 9.10, the server rejects my login attempts. Checking /var/log/auth.log, I see the following: Feb 14 12:41:16 tiger-laptop sshd[6798]: error: ssh_selinux_getctxbyname: Failed to get default SELinux security context for tiger I googled for this, and ran across the following: http://www.spinics.net/lists/fedora-.../msg13049.html Here's the part that I think relates to the problem that I'm having: Quote: What's wrong on my system? Why it's not possible to login even if selinux is in permissive mode? Any suggestions? I'd start by trying to figure out why sshd isn't running in sshd_t (it seems to be running in sysadm_t). Paul. selinux mailing list selinux@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx https://admin.fedoraproject.org/mail...stinfo/selinux Yes, sshd is running in sysadm_t: ps axZ | grep sshd system_u:system_r:sysadm_t 3632 ? Ss 0:00 /usr/sbin/sshd -o PidFile=/var/run/sshd.init.pi ls -Z /usr/sbin/sshd system_ubject_r:sshd_exec_t /usr/sbin/sshd Don't know why it's not sshd_t. I didn't modified something. It's a standard installation of sles11 with the default reference policy from tresys. Maybe this code snippet from policy/modules/services/ssh.te is responsible for that: Allow ssh logins as sysadm_r:sysadm_t gen_tunable(ssh_sysadm_login, true) Any ideas? Do you have boolean init_upstart set to on? if not try setting it to on. I do not believe ssh_sysadm_login boolean works currently but i may be mistaken. -- Yeah, setting init_upstart to on did the trick! THANK A LOT! Do you know why this prevents the user from logging in through ssh even if selinux is set to permissive?? Ok, so the million dollar question is "where do I set 'init_upstart=1'"? It's not clear from context which configuration file needs to be edited, and I'm not at all familiar with SELinux configuration.

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  • Setting Outlook Web Access as default mail client in Firefox

    - by Barton Chittenden
    The company that I work for is nice enough to let me use Linux for work, but they use Outlook. I've been using Outlook Web Access (OWA) as my mail client, which is more or less acceptable. The only problem is that whenever I click on a mailto link or use the "Send Link" menu option in firefox, I'm prompted to use evolution. Since connecting to an exchange server through evolution seems to be sketchy at best, I would like to set OWA as my default mail client. I'm using Firefox 3.6.13 Here's what I've found so far: Default mail client can be found at Edit Menu -> Preferences -> Applications Tab -> mailto When I click on the drop down menu, one of the options is "Application Details" This shows two options by default: Google Yahoo! Mail Each of these shows how to launch that service. For Gmail: https://mail.google.com/mail/?extsrc=mailto&url=%s For Yahoo!: http://compose.mail.yahoo.com/?To=%s I presume that Outlook Web Access has something similar. Based on the googling that I've done so far, I think that this should look something like this: https://<server name>/owa/?cmd=compose... A little experimentation on my part shows that the following will compose a message: https://<email server>/owa/?ae=Item&a=New&t=IPM.Note but I still don't know how to specify recipient, subject or body of the email to be composed... What I want to know is a) does anyone know the URL parameters to compose a mailto in Outlook Web Access, including subject, recipient and body? else b) can someone give me a decent pointer for where to get this information?

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  • SeLinux blocking connection to sshd on Ubuntu 9.10

    - by Barton Chittenden
    When I try to log on to my laptop, which runs Ubuntu 9.10, the server rejects my login attempts. Checking /var/log/auth.log, I see the following: Feb 14 12:41:16 tiger-laptop sshd[6798]: error: ssh_selinux_getctxbyname: Failed to get default SELinux security context for tiger I googled for this, and ran across the following: http://www.spinics.net/lists/fedora-.../msg13049.html Here's the part that I think relates to the problem that I'm having: Quote: What's wrong on my system? Why it's not possible to login even if selinux is in permissive mode? Any suggestions? I'd start by trying to figure out why sshd isn't running in sshd_t (it seems to be running in sysadm_t). Paul. selinux mailing list selinux@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx https://admin.fedoraproject.org/mail...stinfo/selinux Yes, sshd is running in sysadm_t: ps axZ | grep sshd system_u:system_r:sysadm_t 3632 ? Ss 0:00 /usr/sbin/sshd -o PidFile=/var/run/sshd.init.pi ls -Z /usr/sbin/sshd system_ubject_r:sshd_exec_t /usr/sbin/sshd Don't know why it's not sshd_t. I didn't modified something. It's a standard installation of sles11 with the default reference policy from tresys. Maybe this code snippet from policy/modules/services/ssh.te is responsible for that: Allow ssh logins as sysadm_r:sysadm_t gen_tunable(ssh_sysadm_login, true) Any ideas? Do you have boolean init_upstart set to on? if not try setting it to on. I do not believe ssh_sysadm_login boolean works currently but i may be mistaken. -- Yeah, setting init_upstart to on did the trick! THANK A LOT! Do you know why this prevents the user from logging in through ssh even if selinux is set to permissive?? Ok, so the million dollar question is "where do I set 'init_upstart=1'"? It's not clear from context which configuration file needs to be edited, and I'm not at all familiar with SELinux configuration.

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  • Windows XP/Firewall -- Can't open UDP port 9100 for JetDirect sharing

    - by Barton Chittenden
    I'm setting up my Dad's laptop (Vista) to print to an HP Deskjet printer attached to a Windows XP Desktop box. The XP box is running Windows firewall. Laptop sits on 192.168.1.66, Desktop 192.168.1.65. I set up logging in the firewall, and determined that it is dropping inbound packets on TCP port 9100, used by JetDirect, the printing protocol. I set up an exception on TCP port 9100, allowing access to the local subnet. There's also an entry under the 'allow applications' tab which was marked for the exact printer model. I selected this as well, then tried to print again... I see more dropped packets from 192.168.1.66 to 192.168.1.65 for TCP port 9100. What do I try next?

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  • Problems with self-signed SSL certificate for SSTP in Windows Server Foundation 2008

    - by John Barton
    I am trying to configure SSTP in Windows Server Foundation 2008. I want to use a self-signed SSL certificate to do authentication. When the server is running, I get the following error when trying to connect: 0x800B0109: A certificate chain processed, but terminated in a root certificate that is not trusted by the trust provider. I created the self-signed certificate in the IIS "Server Certificates" panel. From that panel, I exported the certificate, with the private key, to a .pfx file. I installed this certificate on the client computer which I tried to connect from. The certificate bound to the SSL listener in the RRAS-Security panel is present in the Trusted Root Certificate Authority stores on both machines. I've been getting super annoyed setting up certificates. Any advice here?

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  • DBD::SQLite::st execute failed: datatype mismatch

    - by Barton Chittenden
    Here's a snippit of perl code: sub insert_timesheet { my $dbh = shift; my $entryref = shift; my $insertme = join(',', @_); my $values_template = '?, ' x scalar(@_); chop $values_template; chop $values_template; #remove trailing comma my $insert = "INSERT INTO timesheet( $insertme ) VALUES ( $values_template );"; my $sth = $dbh->prepare($insert); debug("$insert"); my @values; foreach my $entry (@_){ push @values, $$entryref{$entry} } debug("@values"); my $rv = $sth->execute( @values ) or die $dbh->errstr; debug("sql return value: $rv"); $dbh->disconnect; } The value of $insert: [INSERT INTO timesheet( idx,Start_Time,End_Time,Project,Ticket_Number,Site,Duration,Notes ) VALUES ( ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ? );] Here are @values: [null '1270950742' '1270951642' 'asdf' 'asdf' 'adsf' 15 ''] Here's the schema of 'timesheet' timesheet( idx INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, Start_Time VARCHAR, End_Time VARCHAR, Duration INTEGER, Project VARCHAR, Ticket_Number VARCHAR, Site VARCHAR, Notes VARCHAR) Here's how things line up: ---- Insert Statement Schema @values ---- idx idx INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT null: # this is not a mismatch, passing null will allow auto-increment. Start_Time Start_Time VARCHAR '1270950742' End_Time End_Time VARCHAR '1270951642' Project Project VARCHAR 'asdf' Ticket_Number Ticket_Number VARCHAR 'asdf' Site Site VARCHAR 'adsf' Duration Duration INTEGER 15 Notes Notes VARCHAR '' ... I can't see the data-type mis-match.

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  • how do I paste text to a line by line text filter like awk, without having stdin echo to the screen?

    - by Barton Chittenden
    I have a text in an email on a windows box that looks something like this: 100 some random text 101 some more random text 102 lots of random text, all different 103 lots of random text, all the same I want to extract the numbers, i.e. the first word on each line. I've got a terminal running bash open on my Linux box... If these were in a text file, I would do this: awk '{print $1}' mytextfile.txt I would like to paste these in, and get my numbers out, without creating a temp file. my naive first attempt looked like this: $ awk '{print $1}' 100 some random text 100 101 some more random text 101 102 lots of random text, all different 103 lots of random text, all the same 102 103 The buffering of stdin and stdout make a hash of this. I wouldn't mind if stdin all printed first, followed by all of stdout; this is what would happen if I were to paste into 'sort' for example, but awk and sed are a different story. a little more thought gave me this: open two terminals. Create a fifo file. Read from the fifo on one terminal, write to it on another. This does in fact work, but I'm lazy. I don't want to open a second terminal. Is there a way in the shell that I can hide the text echoed to the screen when I'm passing it in to a pipe, so that I paste this: 100 some random text 101 some more random text 102 lots of random text, all different 103 lots of random text, all the same but see this? $ awk '{print $1}' 100 101 102 103

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  • How to get a collection of UIComponents based on a stylename in Adobe Flex

    - by Mark Barton
    Does anyone know an Actionscript equivalent of the javascript getElementsByClassName. What I would like to do is add a custom 'stylename' to various components which I can then use to get a collection of these objects and therefore process their visibility property. The idea is I want to hide various components based on what roles a logged in user has - I just want to make this flexible by adding an array of rolenames to a custom property or use the stylename property on a Canvas or Panel etc. Thanks

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  • Can I override task :environment in test_helper.rb to test rake tasks?

    - by Michael Barton
    I have a series of rake tasks in a Rakefile which I'd like to test as part of my specs etc. Each task is defined in the form: task :do_somthing => :environment do # Do something with the database here end Where the :environment task sets up an ActiveRecord/DataMapper database connection and classes. I'm not using this as part of Rails but I have a series of tests which I like to run as part of BDD. This snippet illustrates how I'm trying to test the rake tasks. def setup @rake = Rake::Application.new Rake.application = @rake load File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/../../tasks/do_something.rake' end should "import data" do @rake["do_something"].invoke assert something_in_the_database end So my request for help - is it possible to over-ride the :environment task in my test_helper.rb file so I my rake testing interacts with the my test database, rather than production? I've tried redefining the task in the helper file, but this doesn't work. Any help for a solution would be great, as I've been stuck on this for the past week.

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  • How to preserve whitespace indentation of text enclosed in HTML <pre> tags excluding the current indentation level of the <pre> tag in the document?

    - by Michael Barton
    I'm trying to display my code on a website but I'm having problems preserving the whitespace indentation correctly. For instance given the following snippet: <html> <body> Here is my code: <pre> def some_funtion return 'Hello, World!' end </pre> <body> </html> This is displayed in the browser as: Here is my code: def some_funtion return 'Hello, World!' end When I would like it displayed as: Here is my code: def some_funtion return 'Hello, World!' end The difference is that that current indentation level of the HTML pre tag is being added to the indentation of the code. I'm using nanoc as a static website generator and I'm using google prettify to also add syntax highlighting. Can anyone offer any suggestions?

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  • Strange behavior with Javascript's __defineSetter__

    - by Shea Barton
    I have a large project in which I need to intercept assignments to things like element.src, element.href, element.style, etc. I figured out to do this with defineSetter, but it is behaving very strangely (using Chrome 8.0.552.231) An example: var attribs = ["href", "src", "background", "action", "onblur", "style", "onchange", "onclick", "ondblclick", "onerror", "onfocus", "onkeydown", "onkeypress", "onkeyup", "onmousedown", "onmousemove", "onmouseover", "onmouseup", "onresize", "onselect", "onunload"]; for(a = 0; a < attribs.length; a++) { var attrib_name = attribs[a]; var func = new Function("attrib_value", "this.setAttribute(\"" + attrib_name + "\", attrib_value.toUpperCase());"); HTMLElement.prototype.__defineSetter__(attrib_name, func); } What this code should do is whenever common element attribute in attribs is assigned, it uses setAttribute() to set a uppercased version of that attribute. For some very strange reason, the setter works for only ~1/3 of the assignments. For example with element.src = "test" the new src is "TEST", like it should be however with element.href = "test" the new href is "test", not uppercase then even when I try element.__lookupSetter__("href"), it returns the proper, uppercasing setter the strangest thing is different variables are intercepted properly between Chrome and Firefox help!!

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  • Mac Mavericks, ngircd localhost works, private IP doesn't

    - by user221945
    I have configured ngircd to listen on my private ip address. It doesn't. Localhost works fine. Configuration test: ngIRCd 21-IDENT+IPv6+IRCPLUS+SSL+SYSLOG+TCPWRAP+ZLIB-x86_64/apple/darwin13.2.0 Copyright (c)2001-2013 Alexander Barton () and Contributors. Homepage: http://ngircd.barton.de/ This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Reading configuration from "/opt/local/etc/ngircd.conf" ... OK, press enter to see a dump of your server configuration ... [GLOBAL] Name = irc.bellbookandpistol.com AdminInfo1 = Jaedreth AdminInfo2 = San Diego County CA, US AdminEMail = [email protected] HelpFile = /opt/local/share/doc/ngircd/Commands.txt Info = Server Info Text Listen = 10.0.1.5,127.0.0.1 MotdFile = MotdPhrase = "Welcome to irc.bellbookandpistol.com" Password = PidFile = Ports = 6667 ServerGID = wheel ServerUID = root [LIMITS] ConnectRetry = 60 IdleTimeout = 0 MaxConnections = 0 MaxConnectionsIP = 6 MaxJoins = -1 MaxNickLength = 9 MaxListSize = 0 PingTimeout = 120 PongTimeout = 20 [OPTIONS] AllowedChannelTypes = #&+ AllowRemoteOper = no ChrootDir = CloakHost = CloakHostModeX = CloakHostSalt = kBih5mu\kVI!DC6eifT(hd4m/0'zb/=: CloakUserToNick = no ConnectIPv4 = yes ConnectIPv6 = no DefaultUserModes = DNS = yes IncludeDir = /opt/local/etc/ngircd.conf.d MorePrivacy = no NoticeAuth = no OperCanUseMode = no OperChanPAutoOp = yes OperServerMode = no RequireAuthPing = no ScrubCTCP = no SyslogFacility = local5 WebircPassword = [SSL] CertFile = CipherList = HIGH:!aNULL:@STRENGTH DHFile = KeyFile = KeyFilePassword = Ports = [OPERATOR] Name = [REDACTED] Password = [REDACTED] Mask = [CHANNEL] Name = #BBP Modes = tnk Key = MaxUsers = 0 Topic = Welcome to the Bell, Book and Pistol IRC Server! KeyFile = As you can see, it should be listening on 10.0.1.5, but it isn't. After turning on Apache manually, port 80 works on 10.0.1.5, but port 6667 doesn't. It only works on localhost. Is there some terminal command I could use or some config file I could edit to get this to work?

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  • IRC Server For 50 People?

    - by Ferman
    I've seen this question before and I am sure it will be fine but I want assurance before I do it. I am looking at running an IRC server with 128MB of ram and 500GB of BW. The server will usually handle at least 15 people throughout the whole day but there will be times where there can be at least 50 people in it maybe even more. I might also have a few extra channels on there so probably like at least 5 channels and the same people on the one channel will be in the other channels. Also I am trying to decide on the software to use. I am looking at using NGIRCD but I am not sure does anyone else have any recommendations? http://ngircd.barton.de/ I want to say thank you in advanced for anyone that is helping me. :)

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  • About the new Microsoft Innovation Center (MIC) in Miami

    - by Herve Roggero
    Originally posted on: http://geekswithblogs.net/hroggero/archive/2014/08/21/about-the-new-microsoft-innovation-center-mic-in-miami.aspxLast night I attended a meeting at the new MIC in Miami, run by Blain Barton (@blainbar), Sr IT Pro Evangelist at Microsoft. The meeting was well attended and is meant to be run as a user group format in a casual setting. Many of the local Microsoft MVPs and group leaders were in attendance as well, which allows technical folks to connect with community leaders in the area. If you live in South Florida, I highly recommend to look out for future meetings at the MIC; most meetings will be about the Microsoft Azure platform, either IT Pro or Dev topics. For more information on the MIC, check out this announcement:  http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/news/press/2014/may14/05-02miamiinnovationpr.aspx. About Herve Roggero Herve Roggero, Microsoft Azure MVP, @hroggero, is the founder of Blue Syntax Consulting (http://www.bluesyntaxconsulting.com). Herve's experience includes software development, architecture, database administration and senior management with both global corporations and startup companies. Herve holds multiple certifications, including an MCDBA, MCSE, MCSD. He also holds a Master's degree in Business Administration from Indiana University. Herve is the co-author of "PRO SQL Azure" and “PRO SQL Server 2012 Practices” from Apress, a PluralSight author, and runs the Azure Florida Association.

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  • Mark Zuckerberg tops the list of 50 Highest Rated CEOs. 3 Indian CEOs feature in the list.

    - by Gopinath
    Mark Zuckerberg, the CEO of Facebook is rated as the best CEO according to a report released by the popular employee reviews website Glassdoor.com. 50,000 employees reviews submitted to Glassdoor in the past 1 year are considered for preparing the rating list and Zukerberg topped the list with 99 percent approval to the question “Do you approve of the way your CEO is leading the company?”. Wow! That’s an amazing support to Zukergerg from his employees though stock market and share holders are not with him. Coincidently Facebook is also rated as the best company to work by Glassdoor in a recent survey. Here is the list of top 10 CEOs Mark Zuckerberg, Facebook; 99.3% Approval Bill McDermott & Jim Hagemann Snabe, SAP; 99% Approval Dominic Barton, McKinsey & Company; 97% Approval Jim Turley, Ernst & Young; 96% Approval John E. Schlifske, Northwestern Mutual; 96% Approval Frank D’Souza, Cognizant Technology Solutions; 96% Approval Joe Tucci, EMC; 96% Approval Paul E. Jacobs, QUALCOMM; 95% Approval Richard K. Davis, U.S. Bank; 95% Approval Pierre Nanterme, Accenture; 95% Approval 3 Indian CEOs in the top 50 list – TCS, Wipro & MindTree The list featured three Indian CEOs and all the three are leading Software IT Services organizations in India and creating thousands of IT jobs.  Natarajan Chandrasekaran – the CEO of TCS is at 25th position, Krishnakumar Natarajan – the CEO of MindTree is at 28th position and  Wipro’s T.K.Kurien is at 44th position. Glad to see Indian CEO joining the global ranks. Tech Heavy Weights Google, Apple, Amazon & Microsoft aren’t in top 10 Another thing to note from this report is that the CEO’s of technology heavy weights Google, Apple, Amazon and Microsoft are not in the top10 list- looks like their employees are not really happy with their bosses. At least not as happy as their peers at Facebook. Google CEO’s Larry Page is at 11th position, Jeff Bezos of Amazon at 16th position and Tim Cook of Apple is at 18th position. Well the Microsoft CEO is not even in the list of top 50!! You can read the complete list of ratings at Glassdoor.com’s blog. Photo Credit: Andrew Feinberg

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  • Problem Displaying XML in Grid View-newbie

    - by Dean
    I am trying to do something in VisualWebDev 2008 Express that I thought would be simple, but it is not working. I want to display data from an XML file so I added the XMLDataSource to my page, pointed it to the XML file, and then added the GridView and connected it to the datasource. I am getting the following error: GridView - GridView1There was an error rendering the control. The data source for GridView with id 'GridView1' did not have any properties or attributes from which to generate columns. Ensure that your data source has content. Could someone please tell me what I might be doing wrong, TIA Dean A smippet from my XML is as follows: 6019 - Renaissance MS - New School Renaissance MS 7155 Hall Road Fairburn, GA 30213 NS-6019200-LA-01 New School Close-out NS-6019200 0.000000000000000e+000 The construction of the new Renaissance MS will be at the intersection of Jones/Hall Road, in the districts 7th & 9F and Land Lots 117, 143 & 146 of Fulton County, GA. The work includes the construction of the 180,500 square foot building that will house 34 standard classrooms, 12 standard science labs, 20 special purpose classrooms, cafeteria and litchen, gymnasium, media center and administrative offices. The site will also have multi-purpose playfields with track, softball field, tennis courts and basketball/volleyball court. Terry O'Brien Parsons Stevens Wilkinson Stang Newdow Barton Malow -84.62242 33.61497

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  • Remove/squash entries in a vertical hash

    - by Forkrul Assail
    I have a grid that represents an X, Y matrix, stored as a hash here. Some points on the X Y matrix may have values (as type string), and some may not. A typical grid could look like this: {[9, 5]=>"Alaina", [10, 3]=>"Courtney", [11, 1]=>"Gladys", [8, 7]=>"Alford", [14, 11]=>"Lesley", [17, 2]=>"Lawson", [0, 5]=>"Katrine", [2, 1]=>"Tyra", [3, 3]=>"Fredy", [1, 7]=>"Magnus", [6, 9]=>"Nels", [7, 11]=>"Kylie", [11, 0]=>"Kellen", [10, 2]=>"Johan", [14, 10]=>"Justice", [0, 4]=>"Barton", [2, 0]=>"Charley", [3, 2]=>"Magnolia", [1, 6]=>"Maximo", [7, 10]=>"Olga", [19, 5]=>"Isadore", [16, 3]=>"Delfina", [17, 1]=>"Noe", [20, 11]=>"Francis", [10, 5]=>"Creola", [9, 3]=>"Bulah", [8, 1]=>"Lempi", [11, 7]=>"Raquel", [13, 11]=>"Jace", [1, 5]=>"Garth", [3, 1]=>"Ernest", [2, 3]=>"Malcolm", [0, 7]=>"Alejandrin", [7, 9]=>"Marina", [6, 11]=>"Otilia", [16, 2]=>"Hailey", [20, 10]=>"Brandt", [8, 0]=>"Madeline", [9, 2]=>"Leanne", [13, 10]=>"Jenifer", [1, 4]=>"Humberto", [3, 0]=>"Nicholaus", [2, 2]=>"Nadia", [0, 6]=>"Abigail", [6, 10]=>"Zola", [20, 5]=>"Clementina", [23, 3]=>"Alvah", [19, 11]=>"Wallace", [11, 5]=>"Tracey", [8, 3]=>"Hulda", [9, 1]=>"Jedidiah", [10, 7]=>"Annetta", [12, 11]=>"Nicole", [2, 5]=>"Alison", [0, 1]=>"Wilma", [1, 3]=>"Shana", [3, 7]=>"Judd", [4, 9]=>"Lucio", [5, 11]=>"Hardy", [19, 10]=>"Immanuel", [9, 0]=>"Uriel", [8, 2]=>"Milton", [12, 10]=>"Elody", [5, 10]=>"Alexanne", [1, 2]=>"Lauretta", [0, 0]=>"Louvenia", [2, 4]=>"Adelia", [21, 5]=>"Erling", [18, 11]=>"Corene", [22, 3]=>"Haskell", [11, 11]=>"Leta", [10, 9]=>"Terrence", [14, 1]=>"Giuseppe", [15, 3]=>"Silas", [12, 5]=>"Johnnie", [4, 11]=>"Aurelie", [5, 9]=>"Meggie", [2, 7]=>"Phoebe", [0, 3]=>"Sister", [1, 1]=>"Violet", [3, 5]=>"Lilian", [18, 10]=>"Eusebio", [11, 10]=>"Emma", [15, 2]=>"Theodore", [14, 0]=>"Cassidy", [4, 10]=>"Edmund", [2, 6]=>"Claire", [0, 2]=>"Madisen", [1, 0]=>"Kasey", [3, 4]=>"Elijah", [17, 11]=>"Susana", [20, 1]=>"Nicklaus", [21, 3]=>"Kelsie", [10, 11]=>"Garnett", [11, 9]=>"Emanuel", [15, 1]=>"Louvenia", [14, 3]=>"Otho", [13, 5]=>"Vincenza", [3, 11]=>"Tate", [2, 9]=>"Beau", [5, 7]=>"Jason", [6, 1]=>"Jayde", [7, 3]=>"Lamont", [4, 5]=>"Curt", [17, 10]=>"Mack", [21, 2]=>"Lilyan", [10, 10]=>"Ruthe", [14, 2]=>"Georgianna", [4, 4]=>"Nyasia", [6, 0]=>"Sadie", [16, 11]=>"Emil", [21, 1]=>"Melba", [20, 3]=>"Delia", [3, 10]=>"Rosalee", [2, 8]=>"Myrtle", [7, 2]=>"Rigoberto", [14, 5]=>"Jedidiah", [13, 3]=>"Flavie", [12, 1]=>"Evie", [8, 9]=>"Olaf", [9, 11]=>"Stan", [20, 2]=>"Judge", [5, 5]=>"Cassie", [7, 1]=>"Gracie", [6, 3]=>"Armando", [4, 7]=>"Delia", [3, 9]=>"Marley", [16, 10]=>"Robyn", [2, 11]=>"Richie", [12, 0]=>"Gilberto", [13, 2]=>"Dedrick", [9, 10]=>"Liam", [5, 4]=>"Jabari", [7, 0]=>"Enola", [6, 2]=>"Lela", [3, 8]=>"Jade", [2, 10]=>"Johnson", [15, 5]=>"Willow", [12, 3]=>"Fredrick", [13, 1]=>"Beau", [9, 9]=>"Carlie", [8, 11]=>"Daisha", [6, 5]=>"Declan", [4, 1]=>"Carolina", [5, 3]=>"Cruz", [7, 7]=>"Jaime", [0, 9]=>"Anthony", [1, 11]=>"Esta", [13, 0]=>"Shaina", [12, 2]=>"Alec", [8, 10]=>"Lora", [6, 4]=>"Emely", [4, 0]=>"Rodger", [5, 2]=>"Cedrick", [0, 8]=>"Collin", [1, 10]=>"Armani", [16, 5]=>"Brooks", [19, 3]=>"Eleanora", [18, 1]=>"Alva", [7, 5]=>"Melissa", [5, 1]=>"Tabitha", [4, 3]=>"Aniya", [6, 7]=>"Marc", [1, 9]=>"Marjorie", [0, 11]=>"Arvilla", [19, 2]=>"Adela", [7, 4]=>"Zakary", [5, 0]=>"Emely", [4, 2]=>"Alison", [1, 8]=>"Lorenz", [0, 10]=>"Lisandro", [17, 5]=>"Aylin", [18, 3]=>"Giles", [19, 1]=>"Kyleigh", [8, 5]=>"Mary", [11, 3]=>"Claire", [10, 1]=>"Avis", [9, 7]=>"Manuela", [15, 11]=>"Chesley", [18, 2]=>"Kristopher", [24, 3]=>"Zola", [8, 4]=>"Pietro", [10, 0]=>"Delores", [11, 2]=>"Timmy", [15, 10]=>"Khalil", [18, 5]=>"Trudie", [17, 3]=>"Rafael", [16, 1]=>"Anthony"} What I need to do though, is basically remove all the empty entries. Let's say [17,3] = Raphael does not have an element in front of if (let's say - no [16,3] exists) then [17,3] should become [16,3] etc. So basically all empty items will be popped off the vertical (row) structure of the hash. Are there functions I should have a look at or is there an easy squash-like method that would just remove blanks and adjust and move other items? Thanks in advance for your help.

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