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  • Seeking Functional Programming Lexicon

    - by Randall Schulz
    Hi, Knowing the argot of a field helps me a lot, especially since it allows me to converse intelligently with those who know a lot more than I, so I would like to find a good lexicon of Functional Programming terms. E.g., I repeatedly encounter these: Functor, Arrow, Category, Kleisli, Monad, Monoid, a veritable zoo of Morphisms, etc. I also notice many of these appear with prefixes such as "covariant", "co-", "endo-" etc. Of these, I can say I actually understand Monoid and Covariant and sort of get Monad, but the rest are still gibberish to me. (Note that I don't mean this list as exhaustive and I'm not looking to have these defined or described for me here, I'm looking for learning resources.) Can someone point me towards an FP lexicon? It need not be on-line, as long as it's possible to find it (and it's not a rare volume for which I'd have to pay many tens of dollars).

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  • Word frequency tally script is too slow

    - by Dave Jarvis
    Background Created a script to count the frequency of words in a plain text file. The script performs the following steps: Count the frequency of words from a corpus. Retain each word in the corpus found in a dictionary. Create a comma-separated file of the frequencies. The script is at: http://pastebin.com/VAZdeKXs Problem The following lines continually cycle through the dictionary to match words: for i in $(awk '{if( $2 ) print $2}' frequency.txt); do grep -m 1 ^$i\$ dictionary.txt >> corpus-lexicon.txt; done It works, but it is slow because it is scanning the words it found to remove any that are not in the dictionary. The code performs this task by scanning the dictionary for every single word. (The -m 1 parameter stops the scan when the match is found.) Question How would you optimize the script so that the dictionary is not scanned from start to finish for every single word? The majority of the words will not be in the dictionary. Thank you!

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  • Russian-to-English Parallel Word Corpus?

    - by Cygorger
    Hi: I am looking for a simple Russian to English word corpus. It can be as simple as a csv that lists a russian word in the first column and the equivalent English word in the second. Any ideas where I can find such a thing? Does the NLTK toolkit have something like this? Thanks

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  • dynamic searchable fields, best practice?

    - by boblu
    I have a Lexicon model, and I want user to be able to create dynamic feature to every lexicon. And I have a complicate search interface that let user search on every single feature (including the dynamic ones) belonged to Lexicon model. I could have used a serialized text field to save all the dynamic information if they are not for searching. In case I want to let user search on all fields, I have created a DynamicField Model to hold all dynamically created features. But imagine I have 1,000,000,000 lexicon, and if one create a dynamic feature for every lexicon, this will result creating 1,000,000,000 rows in DynamicField model. So the sql search function will become quite inefficient while a lot of dynamic features created. Is there a better solution for this situation? Which way should I take? searching for a better db design for dynamic fields try to tuning mysql(add cache fields, add index ...) with current db design

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  • Coppock Chart

    This article demonstrates building a web based interactive chart and is my attempt to assimilate some of the recent updates and best practices that have emerged with Visual Studio 2010 and .NET Framework 4 into my software lexicon.

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  • Efficient Context-Free Grammar parser, preferably Python-friendly

    - by Max Shawabkeh
    I am in need of parsing a small subset of English for one of my project, described as a context-free grammar with (1-level) feature structures (example) and I need to do it efficiently . Right now I'm using NLTK's parser which produces the right output but is very slow. For my grammar of ~450 fairly ambiguous non-lexicon rules and half a million lexical entries, parsing simple sentences can take anywhere from 2 to 30 seconds, depending it seems on the number of resulting trees. Lexical entries have little to no effect on performance. Another problem is that loading the (25MB) grammar+lexicon at the beginning can take up to a minute. From what I can find in literature, the running time of the algorithm used to parse such a grammar (Earley or CKY) should be linear to the size of the grammar and cubic to the size of the input token list. My experience with NLTK indicates that ambiguity is what hurts the performance most, not the absolute size of the grammar. So now I'm looking for a CFG parser to replace NLTK. I've been considering PLY but I can't tell whether it supports feature structures in CFGs, which are required in my case, and the examples I've seen seem to be doing a lot of procedural parsing rather than just specifying a grammar. Can anybody show me an example of PLY both supporting feature structs and using a declarative grammar? I'm also fine with any other parser that can do what I need efficiently. A Python interface is preferable but not absolutely necessary.

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  • Java Alphabetize Algorithm Insertion sort vs Bubble Sort

    - by Chris Okyen
    I am supposed to "Develop a program that alphabetizes three strings. The program should allow the user to enter the three strings, and then display the strings in alphabetical order." It's instructed that I need to use the String library compareTo()/charAt()/toLowerCase() to make all the characters lowercase so the Lexicon comparison is also a alphabetical comparison. Input Pseudo Code: String input[3]; Scanner keyboard = new Scanner(System.in); System.out.println("Enter three strings: "); for(byte i = 0; i < 3; i++) input[i] = keyboard.next() The sorting would be Insertion Sort: 321 2 3 1 2 31 231 1 23 1 2 3 1 23 1 23 123 Bubble Sort 321 231 213 123 Which would be more efficient in this case? The bubble sort seems to be more efficient though they seem to have equal stats for worst best and avg case, but I read the Insertion Sort is quicker for small amounts of data like my case.

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  • Does your organization still use the term "screens" to describe a user interface?

    - by bit-twiddler
    I have been in the field long enough to remember when the term "screen" entered our lexicon. As difficult as it is to believe, the early systems on which I worked had no user interface (UI), that is, unless one counts a keypunch machine and job listings as a user interface. These systems ran as "card image" production jobs back in a day when being a computer operator required a reasonably deep understanding of how computers worked. Flashing forward to today: I cringe every time I hear a systems practitioner use the term "screen." The metaphor no longer fits the medium. The term somewhat fit back when the user dialog consumed 100% of available monitor real estate; however, the term lost its relevance the moment we moved to windowed environments. With the above said, does your organization still use the term "screens" to describe an application's UI? Has anyone successfully purged the term from an organization? For those who do not use the term to describe UI dialog elements, what term do you use in place of “screen.”

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  • People != Resources

    - by eddraper
    Ken Tabor’s blog post “They Are not Resources – We Are People” struck a chord with me.  I distinctly remember hearing the term “resources” within the context of “people” for the first time back in the late 90’s.  I was in a meeting at Compaq and a manager had been faced with some new scope for an IT project he was managing.  His response was that he needed more “resources” in order to get the job done.  As I knew the timeline for the project was fixed and the process for acquiring additional funding would almost certainly extend beyond his expected delivery date, I wondered what he meant.  After the meeting, I asked him what he meant… his response was that he needed some more “bodies” to get the job done.  For a minute, my mind whirred… why is it so difficult to simply say “people?”  This particular manager was neither a bad person nor a bad manager… quite the contrary.  I respected him quite a bit and still do.  Over time, I began to notice that he was what could be termed an “early adopter” of many “Business speak” terms – such as “sooner rather than later,” “thrown a curve,” “boil the ocean” etcetera.  Over time, I’ve discovered that much of this lexicon can actually be useful, though cliché and overused.  For example, “Boil the ocean” does serve a useful purpose in distilling a lot of verbiage and meaning into three simple words that paint a clear mental picture.  The term “resources” would serve a similar purpose if it were applied to the concept of time, funding, or people.  The problem is that this never happened.  “Resources”, “bodies”, “ICs” (individual contributors)… this is what “people” have become in the IT business world.  Why?  We’re talking about simple word choices here.  Why have human beings been deliberately dehumanized and abstracted in this manner? What useful purpose does it serve other than to demean and denigrate?

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  • Using ASP.NET, Membership, and jQuery to Determine Username Availability

    Chances are, at some point you've tried creating a new user account on a website and were told that the username you selected was already taken. This is especially common on very large websites with millions of members, but can happen on smaller websites with common usernames, such as people's names or popular words or phrases in the lexicon of the online community that frequents the website. If the user registration process is short and sweet, most users won't balk when they are told their desired username has already been taken - they'll just try a new one. But if the user registration process is long, involving several questions and scrolling, it can be frustrating to complete the registration process only to be told you need to return to the top of the page to try a different username. Many websites use Ajax techniques to check whether a visitor's desired username is available as soon as they enter it (rather than waiting for them to submit the form). This article shows how to implement such a feature in an ASP.NET website using Membership and jQuery. This article includes a demo available for download that implements this behavior in an ASP.NET WebForms application that uses the CreateUserWizard control to register new users. However, the concepts in this article can be applied to ad-hoc user registration pages and ASP.NET MVC. Read on to learn more! Read More >

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  • Invoking brill tagger through C#

    - by Toshal Mokadam
    We want to use brill tagger such that on a button click, it will tag the Input.txt into output.txt. So we have created a new visual studio project and put a button. On button click event we wrote the following code. There are no errors and we can see the command prompt getting invoked. But the output file is not getting created. The code is as follows. could you pls guide us?? private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { ProcessStartInfo brillStartInfo = new ProcessStartInfo(@"C:\Users\toshal\Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\brill tagger\bin\brill.exe"); brillStartInfo.Arguments = "/C brill.exe LEXICON.BROWN Input.txt BIGRAMS LEXICALRULEFILE.BROWN CONTEXTUALRULEFILE.BROWN > output.txt"; brillStartInfo.UseShellExecute = false; brillStartInfo.RedirectStandardOutput = true; brillStartInfo.RedirectStandardError = true; brillStartInfo.CreateNoWindow = false; Process brill = new Process(); brill.StartInfo = brillStartInfo; brill.Start(); string output = brill.StandardOutput.ReadToEnd(); brill.WaitForExit(); }

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  • Android Home Screen Widget Failing with EditText

    - by Chris
    Whenever I add an EditText widget to the layout of my home screen widget (confusing how the term "widget" is being used twice in the Android lexicon :-/ ), I receive the "Problem Loading Widget" error box. Here is the layout I'm attempting; if you remove the EditText, it works... < RelativeLayout android:layout_width="fill_parent" android:layout_height="fill_parent" xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android" <Button android:id="@+id/button_generate" android:layout_width="54px" android:layout_height="54px" android:text="Generate" android:textSize="10sp" android:gravity="center" android:layout_alignParentTop="true" android:layout_toRightOf="@+id/edittext_key"> </Button> <TextView android:id="@+id/textview_hash" android:layout_width="75px" android:layout_height="45px" android:text="Password" android:textSize="11sp" android:gravity="left" android:layout_alignParentTop="true" android:layout_toLeftOf="@+id/edittext_key"> </TextView> <EditText android:id="@+id/edittext_data2" android:layout_width="200px" android:layout_height="50px" android:textSize="12sp" android:layout_marginTop="20px" android:layout_alignParentTop="true" android:layout_centerHorizontal="true"> </EditText> </RelativeLayout> Now, the Google Search home screen widget has an EditText, so it's obviously legal to implement. Any thoughts on why this is not working?

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  • Setting up relations/mappings for a SQLAlchemy many-to-many database

    - by Brent Ramerth
    I'm new to SQLAlchemy and relational databases, and I'm trying to set up a model for an annotated lexicon. I want to support an arbitrary number of key-value annotations for the words which can be added or removed at runtime. Since there will be a lot of repetition in the names of the keys, I don't want to use this solution directly, although the code is similar. My design has word objects and property objects. The words and properties are stored in separate tables with a property_values table that links the two. Here's the code: from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, Table, create_engine from sqlalchemy import MetaData, ForeignKey from sqlalchemy.orm import relation, mapper, sessionmaker from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base engine = create_engine('sqlite:///test.db', echo=True) meta = MetaData(bind=engine) property_values = Table('property_values', meta, Column('word_id', Integer, ForeignKey('words.id')), Column('property_id', Integer, ForeignKey('properties.id')), Column('value', String(20)) ) words = Table('words', meta, Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True), Column('name', String(20)), Column('freq', Integer) ) properties = Table('properties', meta, Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True), Column('name', String(20), nullable=False, unique=True) ) meta.create_all() class Word(object): def __init__(self, name, freq=1): self.name = name self.freq = freq class Property(object): def __init__(self, name): self.name = name mapper(Property, properties) Now I'd like to be able to do the following: Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine) s = Session() word = Word('foo', 42) word['bar'] = 'yes' # or word.bar = 'yes' ? s.add(word) s.commit() Ideally this should add 1|foo|42 to the words table, add 1|bar to the properties table, and add 1|1|yes to the property_values table. However, I don't have the right mappings and relations in place to make this happen. I get the sense from reading the documentation at http://www.sqlalchemy.org/docs/05/mappers.html#association-pattern that I want to use an association proxy or something of that sort here, but the syntax is unclear to me. I experimented with this: mapper(Word, words, properties={ 'properties': relation(Property, secondary=property_values) }) but this mapper only fills in the foreign key values, and I need to fill in the other value as well. Any assistance would be greatly appreciated.

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  • Delphi Speech recognition delphi

    - by XBasic3000
    I need create a programatic equivalent using delphi language... or could someone post a link on how to do grammars in peech recogniton using the delphi. sorry for my english... XML Grammar Sample(s): <GRAMMAR> <!-- Create a simple "hello world" rule --> <RULE NAME="HelloWorld" TOPLEVEL="ACTIVE"> <P>hello world</P> </RULE> <!-- Create a more advanced "hello world" rule that changes the display form. When the user says "hello world" the display text will be "Hiya there!" --> <RULE NAME="HelloWorld_Disp" TOPLEVEL="ACTIVE"> <P DISP="Hiya there!">hello world</P> </RULE> <!-- Create a rule that changes the pronunciation and the display form of the phrase. When the user says "eh" the display text will be "I don't understand?". Note the user didn't say "huh". The pronunciation for "what" is specific to this phrase tag and is not changed for the user or application lexicon, or even other instances of "what" in the grammar --> <RULE NAME="Question_Pron" TOPLEVEL="ACTIVE"> <P DISP="I don't understand" PRON="eh">what</P> </RULE> <!-- Create a rule demonstrating repetition --> <!-- the rule will only be recognized if the user says "hey diddle diddle" --> <RULE NAME="NurseryRhyme" TOPLEVEL="ACTIVE"> <P>hey</P> <P MIN="2" MAX="2">diddle</P> </RULE> <!-- Create a list with variable phrase weights --> <!-- If the user says similar phrases, the recognizer will use the weights to pick a match --> <RULE NAME="UseWeights" TOPLEVEL="ACTIVE"> <LIST> <!-- Note the higher likelihood that the user is expected to say "recognizer speech" --> <P WEIGHT=".95">recognize speech</P> <P WEIGHT=".05">wreck a nice beach</P> </LIST> </RULE> <!-- Create a phrase with an attached semantic property --> <!-- Speaking "one two three" will return three different unique semantic properties, with different names, and different values --> <RULE NAME="UseProps" TOPLEVEL="ACTIVE"> <!-- named property, without value --> <P PROPNAME="NOVALUE">one</P> <!-- named property, with numeric value --> <P PROPNAME="NUMBER" VAL="2">two</P> <!-- named property, with string value --> <P PROPNAME="STRING" VALSTR="three">three</P> </RULE> </GRAMMAR> **Programmatic Equivalent:** To add a phrase to a rule, SAPI provides an API called ISpGrammarBuilder::AddWordTransition. The application developer can add the sentences as follows: SPSTATEHANDLE hsHelloWorld; // Create new top-level rule called "HelloWorld" hr = cpRecoGrammar->GetRule(L"HelloWorld", NULL, SPRAF_TopLevel | SPRAF_Active, TRUE, &hsHelloWorld); // Check hr // Add the command words "hello world" // Note that the lexical delimiter is " ", a space character. // By using a space delimiter, the entire phrase can be added // in one method call hr = cpRecoGrammar->AddWordTransition(hsHelloWorld, NULL, L"hello world", L" ", SPWT_LEXICAL, NULL, NULL); // Check hr // Add the command words "hiya there" // Note that the lexical delimiter is "|", a pipe character. // By using a pipe delimiter, the entire phrase can be added // in one method call hr = cpRecoGrammar->AddWordTransition(hsHelloWorld, NULL, L"hiya|there", L"|", SPWT_LEXICAL, NULL, NULL); // Check hr // save/commit changes hr = cpRecoGrammar->Commit(NULL); // Check hr

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  • SAPI Speech recognition delphi

    - by XBasic3000
    I need create a programatic equivalent using delphi language... or could someone post a link on how to do grammars in peech recogniton using the delphi. sorry for my english... **Programmatic Equivalent C#:** Ref: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms723634(v=VS.85).aspx To add a phrase to a rule, SAPI provides an API called ISpGrammarBuilder::AddWordTransition. The application developer can add the sentences as follows: SPSTATEHANDLE hsHelloWorld; // Create new top-level rule called "HelloWorld" hr = cpRecoGrammar->GetRule(L"HelloWorld", NULL, SPRAF_TopLevel | SPRAF_Active, TRUE, &hsHelloWorld); // Check hr // Add the command words "hello world" // Note that the lexical delimiter is " ", a space character. // By using a space delimiter, the entire phrase can be added // in one method call hr = cpRecoGrammar->AddWordTransition(hsHelloWorld, NULL, L"hello world", L" ", SPWT_LEXICAL, NULL, NULL); // Check hr // Add the command words "hiya there" // Note that the lexical delimiter is "|", a pipe character. // By using a pipe delimiter, the entire phrase can be added // in one method call hr = cpRecoGrammar->AddWordTransition(hsHelloWorld, NULL, L"hiya|there", L"|", SPWT_LEXICAL, NULL, NULL); // Check hr // save/commit changes hr = cpRecoGrammar->Commit(NULL); // Check hr XML Grammar Sample(s): <GRAMMAR> <!-- Create a simple "hello world" rule --> <RULE NAME="HelloWorld" TOPLEVEL="ACTIVE"> <P>hello world</P> </RULE> <!-- Create a more advanced "hello world" rule that changes the display form. When the user says "hello world" the display text will be "Hiya there!" --> <RULE NAME="HelloWorld_Disp" TOPLEVEL="ACTIVE"> <P DISP="Hiya there!">hello world</P> </RULE> <!-- Create a rule that changes the pronunciation and the display form of the phrase. When the user says "eh" the display text will be "I don't understand?". Note the user didn't say "huh". The pronunciation for "what" is specific to this phrase tag and is not changed for the user or application lexicon, or even other instances of "what" in the grammar --> <RULE NAME="Question_Pron" TOPLEVEL="ACTIVE"> <P DISP="I don't understand" PRON="eh">what</P> </RULE> <!-- Create a rule demonstrating repetition --> <!-- the rule will only be recognized if the user says "hey diddle diddle" --> <RULE NAME="NurseryRhyme" TOPLEVEL="ACTIVE"> <P>hey</P> <P MIN="2" MAX="2">diddle</P> </RULE> <!-- Create a list with variable phrase weights --> <!-- If the user says similar phrases, the recognizer will use the weights to pick a match --> <RULE NAME="UseWeights" TOPLEVEL="ACTIVE"> <LIST> <!-- Note the higher likelihood that the user is expected to say "recognizer speech" --> <P WEIGHT=".95">recognize speech</P> <P WEIGHT=".05">wreck a nice beach</P> </LIST> </RULE> <!-- Create a phrase with an attached semantic property --> <!-- Speaking "one two three" will return three different unique semantic properties, with different names, and different values --> <RULE NAME="UseProps" TOPLEVEL="ACTIVE"> <!-- named property, without value --> <P PROPNAME="NOVALUE">one</P> <!-- named property, with numeric value --> <P PROPNAME="NUMBER" VAL="2">two</P> <!-- named property, with string value --> <P PROPNAME="STRING" VALSTR="three">three</P> </RULE> </GRAMMAR>

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