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• Is a red-black tree my ideal data structure?

  - by Hugo van der Sanden

  I have a collection of items (big rationals) that I'll be processing. In each case, processing will consist of removing the smallest item in the collection, doing some work, and then adding 0-2 new items (which will always be larger than the removed item). The collection will be initialised with one item, and work will continue until it is empty. I'm not sure what size the collection is likely to reach, but I'd expect in the range 1M-100M items. I will not need to locate any item other than the smallest. I'm currently planning to use a red-black tree, possibly tweaked to keep a pointer to the smallest item. However I've never used one before, and I'm unsure whether my pattern of use fits its characteristics well. 1) Is there a danger the pattern of deletion from the left + random insertion will affect performance, eg by requiring a significantly higher number of rotations than random deletion would? Or will delete and insert operations still be O(log n) with this pattern of use? 2) Would some other data structure give me better performance, either because of the deletion pattern or taking advantage of the fact I only ever need to find the smallest item? Update: glad I asked, the binary heap is clearly a better solution for this case, and as promised turned out to be very easy to implement. Hugo

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• Why boost property tree write_json saves everything as string? Is it possible to change that?

  - by pprzemek

  I'm trying to serialize using boost property tree write_json, it saves everything as strings, it's not that data are wrong, but I need to cast them explicitly every time and I want to use them somewhere else. (like in python or other C++ json (non boost) library) here is some sample code and what I get depending on locale: boost::property_tree::ptree root, arr, elem1, elem2; elem1.put<int>("key0", 0); elem1.put<bool>("key1", true); elem2.put<float>("key2", 2.2f); elem2.put<double>("key3", 3.3); arr.push_back( std::make_pair("", elem1) ); arr.push_back( std::make_pair("", elem2) ); root.put_child("path1.path2", arr); std::stringstream ss; write_json(ss, root); std::string my_string_to_send_somewhare_else = ss.str(); and my_string_to_send_somewhere_else is sth. like this: { "path1" : { "path2" : [ { "key0" : "0", "key1" : "true" }, { "key2" : "2.2", "key3" : "3.3" } ] } } Is there anyway to save them as the values, like: "key1" : true or "key2" : 2.2 ?

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• How can I SETF an element in a tree by an accessor?

  - by Willi Ballenthin

  We've been using Lisp in my AI course. The assignments I've received have involved searching and generating tree-like structures. For each assignment, I've ended up writing something like: (defun initial-state () (list 0 ; score nil ; children 0 ; value 0)) ; something else and building my functions around these "states", which are really just nested lists with some loosely defined structure. To make the structure more rigid, I've tried to write accessors, such as: (defun state-score ( state ) (nth 2 state)) This works for reading the value (which should be all I need to do in a nicely functional world. However, as time crunches, and I start to madly hack, sometimes I want a mutable structure). I don't seem to be able to SETF the returned ...thing (place? value? pointer?). I get an error with something like: (setf (state-score *state*) 10) Sometimes I seem to have a little more luck writing the accessor/mutator as a macro: (defmacro state-score ( state ) `(nth 2 ,state)) However I don't know why this should be a macro, so I certainly shouldn't write it as a macro (except that sometimes it works. Programming by coincidence is bad). What is an appropriate strategy to build up such structures? More importantly, where can I learn about whats going on here (what operations affect the memory in what way)?

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• Php index page utitlizing an idea for a superswitch...

  - by Matt

  I dont know if this is a great idea...or a crap one. But I was thinking I may use one page to display all my pages using includes. Here is what my index.php would look like...on the functions include there is a function called "superSwitch" which will determine what requested page will be included....for instance if I do a get ?a=a it will goto the function superSwitch(a) superSwitch will take it and associate it with (login.php) then respond with such... here is the code for the index.php...please let me know if this makes sense and might work, or should I just stick to long blocks of code (which is why I am trying this because I hate long pages full of code...) of course as you can tell it is not actually including anything yet...the print is for debugging purposes. :) Thanks, Matt <?php //includes Functions include_once('inc/func.inc.php'); //set superget variable $superget = @$_GET['a']; //check if superget is set or null if (!$superget) { echo "Nothing Requested :)"; } else { //sanitizes the superget request $supergetr = supergetSanitize($superget) //uses the result "good" or "nogood" to determine what happens if ( $supergetr == "good" ) { //pulls superSwitch value of the request $ssresult = superSwitch($superget); print_r ($ssresult); } //if the sanitize is nogood else { //the superSwitch is instructed to respond with a 404 page $superget = "404" $ssresult = superSwitch($superget); print_r ($ssresult); } } ?>

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• How do implement a breadth first traversal?

  - by not looking for answer

  //This is what I have. I thought pre-order was the same and mixed it up with depth first! import java.util.LinkedList; import java.util.Queue; public class Exercise25_1 { public static void main(String[] args) { BinaryTree tree = new BinaryTree(new Integer[] {10, 5, 15, 12, 4, 8 }); System.out.print("\nInorder: "); tree.inorder(); System.out.print("\nPreorder: "); tree.preorder(); System.out.print("\nPostorder: "); tree.postorder(); //call the breadth method to test it System.out.print("\nBreadthFirst:"); tree.breadth(); } } class BinaryTree { private TreeNode root; /** Create a default binary tree */ public BinaryTree() { } /** Create a binary tree from an array of objects */ public BinaryTree(Object[] objects) { for (int i = 0; i < objects.length; i++) { insert(objects[i]); } } /** Search element o in this binary tree */ public boolean search(Object o) { return search(o, root); } public boolean search(Object o, TreeNode root) { if (root == null) { return false; } if (root.element.equals(o)) { return true; } else { return search(o, root.left) || search(o, root.right); } } /** Return the number of nodes in this binary tree */ public int size() { return size(root); } public int size(TreeNode root) { if (root == null) { return 0; } else { return 1 + size(root.left) + size(root.right); } } /** Return the depth of this binary tree. Depth is the * number of the nodes in the longest path of the tree */ public int depth() { return depth(root); } public int depth(TreeNode root) { if (root == null) { return 0; } else { return 1 + Math.max(depth(root.left), depth(root.right)); } } /** Insert element o into the binary tree * Return true if the element is inserted successfully */ public boolean insert(Object o) { if (root == null) { root = new TreeNode(o); // Create a new root } else { // Locate the parent node TreeNode parent = null; TreeNode current = root; while (current != null) { if (((Comparable)o).compareTo(current.element) < 0) { parent = current; current = current.left; } else if (((Comparable)o).compareTo(current.element) > 0) { parent = current; current = current.right; } else { return false; // Duplicate node not inserted } } // Create the new node and attach it to the parent node if (((Comparable)o).compareTo(parent.element) < 0) { parent.left = new TreeNode(o); } else { parent.right = new TreeNode(o); } } return true; // Element inserted } public void breadth() { breadth(root); } // Implement this method to produce a breadth first // search traversal public void breadth(TreeNode root){ if (root == null) return; System.out.print(root.element + " "); breadth(root.left); breadth(root.right); } /** Inorder traversal */ public void inorder() { inorder(root); } /** Inorder traversal from a subtree */ private void inorder(TreeNode root) { if (root == null) { return; } inorder(root.left); System.out.print(root.element + " "); inorder(root.right); } /** Postorder traversal */ public void postorder() { postorder(root); } /** Postorder traversal from a subtree */ private void postorder(TreeNode root) { if (root == null) { return; } postorder(root.left); postorder(root.right); System.out.print(root.element + " "); } /** Preorder traversal */ public void preorder() { preorder(root); } /** Preorder traversal from a subtree */ private void preorder(TreeNode root) { if (root == null) { return; } System.out.print(root.element + " "); preorder(root.left); preorder(root.right); } /** Inner class tree node */ private class TreeNode { Object element; TreeNode left; TreeNode right; public TreeNode(Object o) { element = o; } } }

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• Why doesn't java.util.Set have get(int index)?

  - by Marty Pitt

  I'm sure there's a good reason, but could someone please explain why the java.util.Set interface lacks get(int Index), or any similar get() method? It seems that sets are great for putting things into, but I can't find an elegant way of retrieving a single item from it. If I know I want the first item, I can use set.iterator().next(), but otherwise it seems I have to cast to an Array to retrieve an item at a specific index? What are the appropriate ways of retrieving data from a set? (other than using an iterator) I'm sure the fact that it's excluded from the API means there's a good reason for not doing this -- could someone please enlighten me? EDIT: Some extremely great answers here, and a few saying "more context". The specific scneario was a dbUnit test, where I could reasonalby assert that the returned set from a query had only 1 item, and I was trying to access that item. However, the question is more valid without the scenario, as it remains more focussed : What's the difference between set & list. Thanks to all for the fantastic answers below.

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• wordpress generating slow mysql queries - is it index problem?

  - by tash

  Hello Stack Overflow I've got very slow Mysql queries coming up from my wordpress site. It's making everything slow and I think this is eating up CPU usage. I've pasted the Explain results for the two most frequently problematic queries below. This is a typical result - although very occasionally teh queries do seem to be performed at a more normal speed. I have the usual wordpress indexes on the database tables. You will see that one of the queries is generated from wordpress core code, and not from anything specific - like the theme - for my site. I have a vague feeling that the database is not always using the indexes/is not using them properly... Is this right? Does anyone know how to fix it? Or is it a different problem entirely? Many thanks in advance for any help anyone can offer - it is hugely appreciated Query: [wp-blog-header.php(14): wp()] SELECT SQL_CALC_FOUND_ROWS wp_posts.* FROM wp_posts WHERE 1=1 AND wp_posts.post_type = 'post' AND (wp_posts.post_status = 'publish' OR wp_posts.post_status = 'private') ORDER BY wp_posts.post_date DESC LIMIT 0, 6 id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra 1 SIMPLE wp_posts ref type_status_date type_status_date 63 const 427 Using where; Using filesort Query time: 34.2829 (ms) 9) Query: [wp-content/themes/LMHR/index.php(40): query_posts()] SELECT SQL_CALC_FOUND_ROWS wp_posts.* FROM wp_posts WHERE 1=1 AND wp_posts.ID NOT IN ( SELECT tr.object_id FROM wp_term_relationships AS tr INNER JOIN wp_term_taxonomy AS tt ON tr.term_taxonomy_id = tt.term_taxonomy_id WHERE tt.taxonomy = 'category' AND tt.term_id IN ('217', '218', '223', '224') ) AND wp_posts.post_type = 'post' AND (wp_posts.post_status = 'publish' OR wp_posts.post_status = 'private') ORDER BY wp_posts.post_date DESC LIMIT 0, 6 id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra 1 PRIMARY wp_posts ref type_status_date type_status_date 63 const 427 Using where; Using filesort 2 DEPENDENT SUBQUERY tr ref PRIMARY,term_taxonomy_id PRIMARY 8 func 1 Using index 2 DEPENDENT SUBQUERY tt eq_ref PRIMARY,term_id_taxonomy,taxonomy PRIMARY 8 antin1_lovemusic2010.tr.term_taxonomy_id 1 Using where Query time: 70.3900 (ms)

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• Within an aray of objects can one create a new instance of an object at an index?

  - by David

  Here's the sample code: class TestAO { int[] x; public TestAO () { this.x = new int[5] ; for (int i = 0; i<x.length; i++) x[i] = i; } public static void main (String[]arg) { TestAO a = new TestAO (); System.out.println (a) ; TestAO c = new TestAO () ; c.x[3] = 35 ; TestAO[] Z = new TestAO[3] ; Z[0] = a ; Z[1] = (TestAO b = new TestAO()) ; Z[2] = c ; } } When i try to compile this i get an error message at the line Z[1] which reads as follows: TestAO.java:22: ')' expected Z[1] = (TestAO b = new TestAO()) ; ^ What i'm trying to do here is create an instance of the object TestAO that i want to be in that index within the assignment of the value at that index instead of creating the instance of the object outside of the array like i did with a. Is this legal and i'm just making some syntax error that i can't see (thus causing the error message) or can what i'm trying to do just not be done?

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• Which templating languages output HTML *as a tree of nodes*?

  - by alamar

  HTML is a tree of nodes, before all. It's not just a text. However, most templating engines handle their input and output as it was just a text; they don't care what happens around their tags, their {$foo}'s and <% bar() %>'s; also they don't care about what are they outputting. Sometimes they happen to produce a correct html, but that's just a coincidence; they didn't aim for that, all they wanted is to replace some funny marks in the text stream with their evaluation. There are a few templating engines which do treat their output as a set of nodes; XSLT and Haml come to mind. For some tasks, this has advantages: for example, you can automatically reformat (like, delete all empty text nodes; auto-indent; word-wrap). The result is guaranteed to be a correct xml/sgml unless you use a strict subset of operations that can break that. Also, such templating engine would automatically quote strings, differently in text nodes and in attributes, because it strictly knows whether you're writing an attribute or a text node. Moreover, it can conditionally remove a node from output because it knows where it does begin and end, which is useful, and do other non-trivial node operations. You might not like XSLT for its verbosiness or functionalness, but it's damn helps that your template is xmllint-able XML, and your output is a good sgml/xml. So the question is: Which template engines do you know that treat their output as a set of correct nodes, not just an unstructured text? I know XSLT, Haml and some obscure python-based one. Moar!

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• How do I use an index in an array reference as a method reference in Perl?

  - by Robert P

  Similar to this question about iterating over subroutine references, and as a result of answering this question about a OO dispatch table, I was wondering how to call a method reference inside a reference, without removing it first, or if it was even possible. For example: package Class::Foo; use 5.012; #Yay autostrict! use warnings; # a basic constructor for illustration purposes.... sub new { my $class = shift; return bless {}, $class; } # some subroutines for flavor... sub sub1 { say 'in sub 1' } sub sub2 { say 'in sub 2' } sub sub3 { say 'in sub 3' } # and a way to dynamically load the tests we're running... sub sublist { my $self = shift; return [ $self->can('sub1'); $self->can('sub3'}; $self->can('sub2'); ]; } package main; my $instance = Class::Foo->new(a => 1, b => 2, c => 3); my $tests = $instance->sublist(); my $index = int(rand($#{$tests})); # <-- HERE So, at HERE, we could do: my $ref = $tests->{$index}; $instance->$ref(); but how would we do this, without removing the reference first?

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• PHP: Use a string as an array index path to retreive a value.

  - by Charles

  Say I have an array like: Array ( [0] => Array ( [Data] => Array ( [id] => 1 [title] => Manager [name] => John Smith ) ) [1] => Array ( [Data] => Array ( [id] => 1 [title] => Clerk [name] => ( [first] => Jane [last] => Smith ) ) ) ) I want to be able to build a function that I can pass a string to that will act as the array index path and return the appropriate array value without using eval(). Is that possible? function($indexPath, $arrayToAccess) { //$indexPath would be something like [0]['Data']['name'] which would return //"Manager" or it could be [1]['Data']['name']['first'] which would return //"Jane" but the amount of array indexs that will be in the index path can //change, so there might be 3 like the first example, or 4 like the second. return $arrayToAccess[$indexPath] <-obviously wont work }

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• (How) Can I approximate a "dynamic" index (key extractor) for Boost MultiIndex?

  - by Sarah

  I have a MultiIndex container of boost::shared_ptrs to members of class Host. These members contain private arrays bool infections[NUM_SEROTYPES] revealing Hosts' infection statuses with respect to each of 1,...,NUM_SEROTYPES serotypes. I want to be able to determine at any time in the simulation the number of people infected with a given serotype, but I'm not sure how: Ideally, Boost MultiIndex would allow me to sort, for example, by Host::isInfected( int s ), where s is the serotype of interest. From what I understand, MultiIndex key extractors aren't allowed to take arguments. An alternative would be to define an index for each serotype, but I don't see how to write the MultiIndex container typedef ... in such an extensible way. I will be changing the number of serotypes between simulations. (Do experienced programmers think this should be possible? I'll attempt it if so.) There are 2^(NUM_SEROTYPES) possible infection statuses. For small numbers of serotypes, I could use a single index based on this number (or a binary string) and come up with some mapping from this key to actual infection status. Counting is still darn slow. I could maintain a separate structure counting the total numbers of infecteds with each serotype. The synchrony is a bit of a pain, but the memory is fine. I would prefer a slicker option, since I would like to do further sorts on other host attributes (e.g., after counting the number infected with serotype s, count the number of those infected who are also in a particular household and have a particular age). Thanks in advance.

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• How do I add an object to a binary tree based on the value of a member variable?

  - by Max

  How can I get a specific value from an object? I'm trying to get a value of an instance for eg. ListOfPpl newListOfPpl = new ListOfPpl(id, name, age); Object item = newListOfPpl; How can I get a value of name from an Object item?? Even if it is easy or does not interest you can anyone help me?? Edited: I was trying to build a binary tree contains the node of ListOfPpl, and need to sort it in the lexicographic. Here's my code for insertion on the node. Any clue?? public void insert(Object item){ Node current = root; Node follow = null; if(!isEmpty()){ root = new Node(item, null, null); return; }boolean left = false, right = false; while(current != null){ follow = current; left = false; right = false; //I need to compare and sort it if(item.compareTo(current.getFighter()) < 0){ current = current.getLeft(); left = true; }else { current = current.getRight(); right = true; } }if(left) follow.setLeft(new Node(item, null, null)); else follow.setRight(new Node(item, null, null)); }

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• Is this Leftist Tree piece of code from Wikipedia correct?

  - by they changed my name

  Link public Node merge(Node x, Node y) { if(x == null) return y; if(y == null) return x; // if this was a max height biased leftist tree, then the // next line would be: if(x.element < y.element) if(x.element.compareTo(y.element) > 0) { // x.element > y.element Node temp = x; x = y; y = temp; } x.rightChild = merge(x.rightChild, y); if(x.leftChild == null) { // left child doesn't exist, so move right child to the left side x.leftChild = x.rightChild; x.rightChild = null; x.s = 1; } else { // left child does exist, so compare s-values if(x.leftChild.s < x.rightChild.s) { Node temp = x.leftChild; x.leftChild = x.rightChild; x.rightChild = temp; } // since we know the right child has the lower s-value, we can just // add one to its s-value x.s = x.rightChild.s + 1; } return x; } What makes me ask this question is: if(x.element.compareTo(y.element) > 0) { // x.element > y.element Node temp = x; x = y; y = temp; } Isn't that just not gonna work, since the references are only switched inside the method?

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• How do I code a tree of objects in Haskell with pointers to parent and children?

  - by axilmar

  I've got the following problem: I have a tree of objects of different classes where an action in the child class invalidates the parent. In imperative languages, it is trivial to do. For example, in Java: public class A { private List<B> m_children = new LinkedList<B>(); private boolean m_valid = true; public void invalidate() { m_valid = false; } public void addChild(B child) { m_children.add(child); child.m_parent = this; } } public class B { public A m_parent = null; private int m_data = 0; public void setData(int data) { m_data = 0; m_parent.invalidate(); } } public class Main { public static void main(String[] args) { A a = new A(); B b = new B(); b.setData(0); //invalidates A } } How do I do the above in Haskell? I cannot wrap my mind around this, since once I construct an object in Haskell, it cannot be changed. I would be much obliged if the relevant Haskell code is posted.

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• Retrieving an element by array index in jQuery vs the each() function.

  - by Alex Ciminian

  I was writing a "pluginable" function when I noticed the following behavior (tested in FF 3.5.9 with Firebug 1.5.3). $.fn.computerMove = function () { var board = $(this); var emptySquares = board.find('div.clickable'); var randPosition = Math.floor(Math.random() * emptySquares.length); emptySquares.each(function (index) { if (index === randPosition) { // logs a jQuery object console.log($(this)); } }); target = emptySquares[randPosition]; // logs a non-jQuery object console.log(target); // throws error: attr() not a function for target board.placeMark({'position' : target.attr('id')}); } I noticed the problem when the script threw an error at target.attr('id') (attr not a function). When I checked the log, I noticed that the output (in Firebug) for target was: <div style="width: 97px; height: 97px;" class="square clickable" id="8"></div> If I output $(target), or $(this) from the each() function, I get a nice jQuery object: [ div#8.square ] Now here comes my question: why does this happen, considering that find() seems to return an array of jQuery objects? Why do I have to do $() to target all over again? [div#0.square, div#1.square, div#2.square, div#3.square, div#4.square, div#5.square, div#6.square, div#7.square, div#8.square] Just a curiosity :).

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• How to add a checkbox for each row in Rails 3.2 index page?

  - by user938363

  We would like to add a checkbox to each row on Rails index page to flag for the row. This checkbox is not part of the object (no checkbox boolean in database). When the index page shows, a user can check the box to trigger an event for the row in following process: #objects/checkbox_index.html.erb <table> <tr> <th>CheckBox</th> <th>Object Name</th> <th>Object ID</th> </tr> <%= @objects.each do |obj| %> <tr> <td><%= checkbox %></td> <td><%= obj.name %></td> <td><%= obj.id %></td> </tr> <% end %> </table> In controller, the process will be like this: @objects.each do |obj| some_event if obj.checked end There are a couple of questions we don't quite understand: 1. How to declare an array checkbox variable on the form and link it to each row of obj? We have been using `attr_accessor` to declare var for a form. 2. How to retrieve each row on checkbox_index form and pass them back to controller? We are using simple_form for new/edit. Can anyone point me towards any good examples of this sort of behavior, or suggest what we should be thinking about? Many Thanks.

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• javadoc and overloaded methods

  - by skrebbel

  Hi all, I'm developing an API with many identically named methods that just differ by signature, which I guess is fairly common. They all do the same thing, except that they initialize various values by defaults if the user does not want to specify. As a digestible example, consider public interface Forest { public Tree addTree(); public Tree addTree(int amountOfLeaves); public Tree addTree(int amountOfLeaves, Fruit fruitType); public Tree addTree(int amountOfLeaves, int height); public Tree addTree(int amountOfLeaves, Fruit fruitType, int height); } The essential action performed by all of these methods is the same; a tree is planted in the forest. Many important things users of my API need to know about adding trees hold for all these methods. Ideally, I would like to write one Javadoc block that is used by all methods: /** * Plants a new tree in the forest. Please note that it may take * up to 30 years for the tree to be fully grown. * * @param amountOfLeaves desired amount of leaves. Actual amount of * leaves at maturity may differ by up to 10%. * @param fruitType the desired type of fruit to be grown. No warranties * are given with respect to flavour. * @param height desired hight in centimeters. Actual hight may differ by * up to 15%. */ In my imagination, a tool could magically choose which of the @params apply to each of the methods, and thus generate good docs for all methods at once. With Javadoc, if I understand it correctly, all I can do is essentially copy&paste the same javadoc block five times, with only a slightly differing parameter list for each method. This sounds cumbersome to me, and is also difficult to maintain. Is there any way around that? Some extension to javadoc that has this kind of support? Or is there a good reason why this is not supported that I missed?

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• Dynamically loading sub-trees into YUI Treeview

  - by user319399

  When you create a YUI TreeView instance, you can pass in an object that represents an entire tree, and it will automatically build up the TextNodes for you. I'd like to send in a partial tree, such that the tree only goes, say, 2 levels deep, and anything deeper than that will invoke dynamic loading. I've got that much working. Now for the interesting part. In the dynamic loading callback I give to my tree instance, I want to again be able to just give YUI a big object representing more of the tree. I want to do something like this: // data is a array of objects organized into a tree, with some nodes requiring dynamic loading when they are navigated to tree = new YAHOO.widget.TreeView("treeDiv1", data); tree.setDynamicLoad(loadDataForNode); function loadDataForNode(node, onCompleteCallback) { if(node.children.length==0) { var subTree = { "label":"Cars", isLeaf:false, children:[ { "label":"Chevy", isLeaf:true }, { "label":"Ford", isLeaf:true }, ] }; // doesn't work, even though it has the required "label" field var tempNode = new YAHOO.widget.TextNode(subTree, node, true); } onCompleteCallback(); } Is this possible? Or do I have to iterate over all the nodes in my subtree and construct individual TextNodes for each one? Thanks much...

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• How to define trees with more than one type in ML programing language

  - by user550413

  Well, I am asked to do the next thing: To define a binary tree which can contain 2 different types: ('a,'b) abtree and these are the requirements: Any inner vertex (not a leaf) must be of the type 'a or 'b and the leafs have no value. For every path in the tree all 'a values must appear before the 'b value: examples of paths: 'a->'a->'a-'b (legal) 'a->'b->'b (legal) 'a->'a->'a (legal) 'b->'b->'b (legal) 'a->'b->'a (ILLEGAL) and also I need to define another tree which is like the one described above but now I have got also 'c and in the second requirement it says that for every path I 'a values appear before the 'b values and all the 'b values appear before the 'c values. First, I am not sure how to define binary trees to have more than 1 type in them. I mean the simplest binary tree is: datatype 'a tree = leaf | br of 'a * 'a tree * 'a tree; And also how I can define a tree to have these requirements. Any help will be appreciated. Thanks.

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• Applying a function to a custom type in F#

  - by Frederik Wordenskjold

  On my journey to learning F#, I've run into a problem I cant solve. I have defined a custom type: type BinTree = | Node of int * BinTree * BinTree | Empty I have made a function which takes a tree, traverses it, and adds the elements it visits to a list, and returns it: let rec inOrder tree = seq{ match tree with | Node (data, left, right) -> yield! inOrder left yield data; yield! inOrder right | Empty -> () } |> Seq.to_list; Now I want to create a function, similar to this, which takes a tree and a function, traverses it and applies a function to each node, then returns the tree: mapInOrder : ('a -> 'b) -> 'a BinTree -> 'b BinTree This seems easy, and it probably is! But I'm not sure how to return the tree. I've tried this: let rec mapInOrder f tree = match tree with | Node(data, left, right) -> mapInOrder f left Node(f(data), left, right) mapInOrder f right | Empty -> () but this returns a unit. I havent worked with custom types before, so I'm probably missing something there!

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• How does Haskell do pattern matching without us defining an Eq on our data types?

  - by devoured elysium

  I have defined a binary tree: data Tree = Null | Node Tree Int Tree and have implemented a function that'll yield the sum of the values of all its nodes: sumOfValues :: Tree -> Int sumOfValues Null = 0 sumOfValues (Node Null v Null) = v sumOfValues (Node Null v t2) = v + (sumOfValues t2) sumOfValues (Node t1 v Null) = v + (sumOfValues t1) sumOfValues (Node t1 v t2) = v + (sumOfValues t1) + (sumOfValues t2) It works as expected. I had the idea of also trying to implement it using guards: sumOfValues2 :: Tree -> Int sumOfValues2 Null = 0 sumOfValues2 (Node t1 v t2) | t1 == Null && t2 == Null = v | t1 == Null = v + (sumOfValues2 t2) | t2 == Null = v + (sumOfValues2 t1) | otherwise = v + (sumOfValues2 t1) + (sumOfValues2 t2) but this one doesn't work because I haven't implemented Eq, I believe: No instance for (Eq Tree) arising from a use of `==' at zzz3.hs:13:3-12 Possible fix: add an instance declaration for (Eq Tree) In the first argument of `(&&)', namely `t1 == Null' In the expression: t1 == Null && t2 == Null In a stmt of a pattern guard for the definition of `sumOfValues2': t1 == Null && t2 == Null The question that has to be made, then, is how can Haskell make pattern matching without knowing when a passed argument matches, without resorting to Eq?

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• Java ORM related question - SQL Vs Google DB (Big Table?) GAE

  - by StackerFlow

  I was wondering about the following two options when one is not using SQL tables but ORM based DBs (Example - when you are using GAE) Would the second option be less efficient? Requirement: There is an object. The object has a collection of similar items. I need to store this object. Example, say the object is a tree and it has a collection of leaves. Option 1: Traditional SQL type structure: Table for the Tree (with TreeId as the identifier for a row in the Table.) Table for the Leaves (where each leaf has a TreeId and to show the leaves of a tree, I query all leaves where the TreeId is the Id of the tree.) Here, the Tree structure DOES NOT have a field with leaves. Option 2: ORM / GAE Tables: Using the same example above, I have an object for Tree where the object has a collection (Set/List in Java/C++) of leaves. I store and retrieve the Tree together with the leaves (as the leaves are implemented as a Set in the Tree object) My question is, will the second one be less efficient that the first option? If so, why? Are there other alternatives? Thank you!

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• how to change a while sql query loop into an array loop

  - by Mac Taylor

  hey guys i record number of queries of my website and in page the below script runs , 40 extra queries added to page . how can I change this sql connection into a propper and light one function tree_set($index) { //global $menu; Remove this. $q=mysql_query("select id,name,parent from cats where parent='$index'"); if(mysql_num_rows($q) === 0) { return; } // User $tree instead of the $menu global as this way there shouldn't be any data duplication $tree = $index > 0 ? '<ul>' : ''; // If we are on index 0 then we don't need the enclosing ul while($arr=mysql_fetch_assoc($q)) { $subFileCount=mysql_query("select id,name,parent from cats where parent='{$arr['id']}'"); if(mysql_num_rows($subFileCount) > 0) { $class = 'folder'; } else { $class = 'file'; } $tree .= '<li>'; $tree .= '<span class="'.$class.'">'.$arr['name'].'</span>'; $tree .=tree_set("".$arr['id'].""); $tree .= '</li>'."\n"; } $tree .= $index > 0 ? '</ul>' : ''; // If we are on index 0 then we don't need the enclosing ul return $tree; } i heard , this can be done by changing it into an array , but i don't know how to do so thanks in advance

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• Apache mod_rewrite driving me mad

  - by WishCow

  The scenario I have a webhost that is shared among multiple sites, the directory layout looks like this: siteA/ - css/ - js/ - index.php siteB/ - css/ - js/ - index.php siteC/ . . . The DocumentRoot is at the top level, so, to access siteA, you type http://webhost/siteA in your browser, to access siteB, you type http://webhost/siteB, and so on. Now I have to deploy my own site, which was designed with having 3 VirtualHosts in mind, so my structure looks like this: siteD/ - sites/sitename.com/ - log/ - htdocs/ - index.php - sites/static.sitename.com - log/ - htdocs/ - css - js - sites/admin.sitename.com - log/ - htdocs/ - index.php As you see, the problem is that my index.php files are not at the top level directory, unlike the already existing sites on the webhost. Each VirtualHost should point to the corresponding htdocs/ folder: http://siteD.com -> siteD/sites/sitename.com/htdocs http://static.siteD.com -> siteD/sites/static.sitename.com/htdocs http://admin.siteD.com -> siteD/sites/admin.sitename.com/htdocs The problem I cannot have VirtualHosts on this host, so I have to emulate it somehow, possibly with mod_rewrite. The idea Have some predefined parts in all of the links on the site, that I can identify, and route accordingly to the correct file, with mod_rewrite. Examples: http://webhost/siteD/static/js/something.js -> siteD/sites/static.sitename.com/htdocs/js/something.js http://webhost/siteD/static/css/something.css -> siteD/sites/static.sitename.com/htdocs/css/something.css http://webhost/siteD/admin/something -> siteD/sites/admin.sitename.com/htdocs/index.php http://webhost/siteD/admin/sub/something -> siteD/sites/admin.sitename.com/htdocs/index.php http://webhost/siteD/something -> siteD/sites/sitename.com/htdocs/index.php http://webhost/siteD/sub/something -> siteD/sites/sitename.com/htdocs/index.php Anything that starts with http://url/sitename/admin/(.*) will get rewritten, to point to siteD/sites/admin.sitename.com/htdocs/index.php Anything that starts with http://url/sitename/static/(.*) will get rewritten, to point to siteD/sites/static.sitename.com/htdocs/$1 Anything that starts with http://url/sitename/(.*) AND did not have a match already from above, will get rewritten to point to siteD/sites/sitename.com/htdocs/index.php The solution Here is the .htaccess file that I've come up with: RewriteEngine On RewriteBase / RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} ^/siteD/static/(.*)$ [NC] RewriteRule ^siteD/static/(.*)$ siteD/sites/static/htdocs/$1 [L] RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} ^/siteD/admin/(.*)$ [NC] RewriteRule ^siteD/(.*)$ siteD/sites/admin/htdocs/index.php [L,QSA] So far, so good. It's all working. Now to add the last rule: RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} ^/siteD/(.*)$ [NC] RewriteRule ^siteD/(.*)$ siteD/sites/public/htdocs/index.php [L,QSA] And it's broken. The last rule catches everything, even the ones that have static/ or admin/ in them. Why? Shouldn't the [L] flag stop the rewriting process in the first two cases? Why is the third case evaluated? Is there a better way of solving this? I'm not sticking to rewritemod, anything is fine as long as it does not need access to server-level config. I don't have access to RewriteLog, or anything like that. Please help :(

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