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  • Difference between MVC FilterAttribute and Filter

    - by zaaaaphod
    I'm trying to write my own custom AuthorizationAttribute that uses DI. I'm using the MUNQ IoC provider for it's speed and have decided to use constructor injection on all my classes as opposed to post instatiation property binding (because I prefer it). I'm trying to write a custom IFilterProvider that will use my IoC container to return requests for filters (so that I can map concrete classes using the container). I've come up with the following. public class FilterProvider : IFilterProvider { private readonly IocContainer _container; public FilterProvider(IocContainer container) { _container = container; } public IEnumerable<Filter> GetFilters(ControllerContext controllerContext, ActionDescriptor actionDescriptor) { var x = Enumerable.Union<Object>(_container.ResolveAll<IActionFilter>(), _container.ResolveAll<IAuthorizationFilter>()); foreach (Filter actionFilter in x) yield return new Filter(actionFilter, FilterScope.First, null); } } The above code will fail during the foreach because my objects that implement IAuthorizationFilter are based on FilterAttribute and not Filter My question is, what is the difference between Filter and FilterAttribute? I would have thought that there would have been a common link between them, unless I'm missing something. Another deeper question is, how come there is no IFilterAttributeProvider that would support IEnumerable GetFilters(...) Is there some other way that I should be using to resolve IAuthorizationFilter via my IoC container? Thank you very much for your help. Z

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  • WN server filter won't work

    - by Mike Fink
    WN servers have an alternative to cgi programs called filters. I have been trying to get one to work, but I have had no luck. I am writing in python. It looks like the server is not receiving any output from the program but is parsing nothing and wrapping this nothing in my standard header and footer. I have chmod 755 the program and my index.wn file reads: Default-Attributes=parse Default-Wrappers=templates/template1.inc File=includeTests.html File=index.html File=archives.html File=contact.html File=style.css File=testProgram.py #here is the stuff about the filter File=testFilter.html Content-type=text/html Filter=testProgram.py Attributes=parse, cgi here is what is in the filter called testProgram.py: #!/usr/bin/python print "Content-Type: text/html\n\n" print "hi" testProgram.py works perfectly if it is shoved into a cgi-bin folder and chmoded. I suppose my problem may lay with the fact that I have never ever seen a filter program in python. I'm not sure I have even seen a filter program at all. Does anyone out there have any experience with wn servers and filters? Any ideas?

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  • How to filter a persistent map in Clojure?

    - by Checkers
    I have a persistent map which I want to filter. Something like this: (filter #(-> % val (= 1)) {:a 1 :b 1 :c 2}) The above comes out as ([:a 1] [:b 1]) (a lazy sequence of map entries). However I want to be get {:a 1 :b 1}. How can I filter a map so it remains a map without having to rebuild it from a sequence of map entries?

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  • JavaScript: filter() for Objects

    - by AgileMeansDoAsLittleAsPossible
    ECMAScript 5 has the filter() prototype for Array types, but not Object types, if I understand correctly. How would I implement a filter() for Objects in JavaScript? Let's say I have this object: var foo = { bar: "Yes" }; And I want to write a filter() that works on Objects: Object.prototype.filter = function(predicate) { var result = {}; for (key in this) { if (this.hasOwnProperty(key) && !predicate(this[key])) { result[key] = this[key]; } } return result; }; This works when I use it in jsfiddle (http://jsfiddle.net/MPUnL/4/), but when I add it to my site that uses jQuery 1.5 and jQuery UI 1.8.9, I get JavaScript errors in FireBug.

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  • jquery-autocomplete does not work with my django app.

    - by HWM-Rocker
    Hi everybody, I have a problem with the jquery-autocomplete pluging and my django script. I want an easy to use autocomplete plugin. And for what I see this (http://code.google.com/p/jquery-autocomplete/) one seems very usefull and easy. For the django part I use this (http://code.google.com/p/django-ajax-selects/) I modified it a little, because the out put looked a little bit weired to me. It had 2 '\n' for each new line, and there was no Content-Length Header in the response. First I thought this could be the problem, because all the online examples I found had them. But that was not the problem. I have a very small test.html with the following body: <body> <form action="" method="post"> <p><label for="id_tag_list">Tag list:</label> <input id="id_tag_list" name="tag_list" maxlength="200" type="text" /> </p> <input type="submit" value="Submit" /> </form> </body> And this is the JQuery call to add autocomplete to the input. function formatItem_tag_list(bla,row) { return row[2] } function formatResult_tag_list(bla,row) { return row[1] } $(document).ready(function(){ $("input[id='id_tag_list']").autocomplete({ url:'http://gladis.org/ajax/tag', formatItem: formatItem_tag_list, formatResult: formatResult_tag_list, dataType:'text' }); }); When I'm typing something inside the Textfield Firefox (firebug) and Chromium-browser indicates that ther is an ajax call but with no response. If I just copy the line into my browser, I can see the the response. (this issue is solved, it was a safety feature from ajax not to get data from another domain) For example when I am typing Bi in the textfield, the url "http://gladis.org/ajax/tag?q=Bi&max... is generated. When you enter this in your browser you get this response: 4|Bier|Bier 43|Kolumbien|Kolumbien 33|Namibia|Namibia Now my ajax call get the correct response, but there is still no list showing up with all the possible entries. I tried also to format the output, but this doesn't work either. I set brakepoints to the function and realized that they won't be called at all. Here is a link to my minimum HTML file http://gladis.org/media/input.html Has anybody an idea what i did wrong. I also uploaded all the files as a small zip at http://gladis.org/media/example.zip. Thank you for your help! [Edit] here is the urls conf: (r'^ajax/(?P<channel>[a-z]+)$', 'ajax_select.views.ajax_lookup'), and the ajax lookup channel configuration AJAX_LOOKUP_CHANNELS = { # the simplest case, pass a DICT with the model and field to search against : 'tag' : dict(model='htags.Tag', search_field='text'), } and the view: def ajax_lookup(request,channel): """ this view supplies results for both foreign keys and many to many fields """ # it should come in as GET unless global $.ajaxSetup({type:"POST"}) has been set # in which case we'll support POST if request.method == "GET": # we could also insist on an ajax request if 'q' not in request.GET: return HttpResponse('') query = request.GET['q'] else: if 'q' not in request.POST: return HttpResponse('') # suspicious query = request.POST['q'] lookup_channel = get_lookup(channel) if query: instances = lookup_channel.get_query(query,request) else: instances = [] results = [] for item in instances: results.append(u"%s|%s|%s" % (item.pk,lookup_channel.format_item(item),lookup_channel.format_result(item))) ret_string = "\n".join(results) resp = HttpResponse(ret_string,mimetype="text/html") resp['Content-Length'] = len(ret_string) return resp

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  • Filtering out specific objects from a search query in Alfresco using Java

    - by Snowright
    I have a HashSet containing all groups I've retrieved from my database. I've been asked to filter this result by removing two specific groups. It seems trivial but I can't seem to come up with a solid solution for storing the specific groups I want to filter out. My idea is to just create an array containing references to the two groups I need to filter out. I can then filter out my search query with whatever is in the array. My concern is that in the future they may ask to filter out more groups and maybe an array may not be a good idea. //Creates the array containing groups to filter out String[] hiddenGroups = {"group1","group2"}; //retrieves all groups Set<String>allGroups = new HashSet<String>(); allGroups.addAll(authorityService.getAllAuthorities(AuthorityType.GROUP); List<String>results = new ArrayList<String>(); //filters out specified groups for (String group : allGroups) { boolean isHidden = false; for (String hiddenGroup : hiddenGroups) { if (hiddenGroup.equalsIgnorecase(group)) { isHidden = true; } } if (!isHidden){ results.add(group); } }

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  • Combine multiple DNS filtering result

    - by Martheen Cahya Paulo
    Several DNS servers provide filtering against different categories, mostly for the local government 'undesirable content', some for malware, and some for ads. What I want is to create/use a DNS server that compare against those filtering DNS servers and only provide the address if all the DNS server agrees. For example if DNS server G provide a clean, unfiltered result, DNS server N provide malware and/or pornography filter, and DNS server F provide ad filter, then G, N and F will only provide the same/similar answer if the query is not categorized as malware, pornography, or advertising. Thus, by creating a server M that only answer if all DNS server agree, M effectively filter against all those categories. Maybe it's possible to do this on DDWRT or Tomato, but if not, I would settle for a solution that can be run in Linux/Windows.

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  • [Django] How do I filter the choices in a ModelForm that has a CharField with the choices attribute

    - by nubela
    I understand I am able to filter queryset of Foreignkey or Many2ManyFields, however, how do I do that for a simple CharField that is a Select Widget (Select Tag). For example: PRODUCT_STATUS = ( ("unapproved", "Unapproved"), ("approved", "Listed"), #("Backorder","Backorder"), #("oos","Out of Stock"), #("preorder","Preorder"), ("userdisabled", "User Disabled"), ("disapproved", "Disapproved by admin"), ) and the Field: o_status = models.CharField(max_length=100, choices=PRODUCT_STATUS, verbose_name="Product Status", default="approved") Suppose I wish to limit it to just "approved" and "userdisabled" instead showing the full array (which is what I want to show in the admin), how do I do it? Thanks!

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  • Activate a python virtual environment using activate_this.py in a fabfile on Windows

    - by Rudy Lattae
    I have a Fabric task that needs to access the settings of my Django project. On Windows, I'm unable to install Fabric into the project's virtualenv (issues with Paramiko + pycrypto deps). However, I am able to install Fabric in my system-wide site-packages, no problem. I have installed Django into the project's virtualenv and I am able to use all the " python manage.py" commands easily when I activate the virtualenv with the "VIRTUALENV\Scripts\activate.bat" script. I have a fabric tasks file (fabfile.py) in my project that provides tasks for setup, test, deploy, etc. Some of the tasks in my fabfile need to access the settings of my django project through "from django.conf import settings". Since the only usable Fabric install I have is in my system-wide site-packages, I need to activate the virtualenv within my fabfile so django becomes available. To do this, I use the "activate_this" module of the project's virtualenv in order to have access to the project settings and such. Using "print sys.path" before and after I execute activate_this.py, I can tell the python path changes to point to the virtualenv for the project. However, I still cannot import django.conf.settings. I have been able to successfully do this on *nix (Ubuntu and CentOS) and in Cygwin. Do you use this setup/workflow on Windows? If so Can you help me figure out why this wont work on Windows or provide any tips and tricks to get around this issue? Thanks and Cheers. REF: http://virtualenv.openplans.org/#id9 | Using Virtualenv without bin/python Local development environment: Python 2.5.4 Virtualenv 1.4.6 Fabric 0.9.0 Pip 0.6.1 Django 1.1.1 Windows XP (SP3)

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  • sorl-thumbnail unit tests fail by 1 pixel (!)

    - by stevejalim
    Hi I'm using sorl-thumbnail in a Django 1.2 (currently 1.2 RC) project and getting a surprising failure of four of sorl's built-in unit tests. Essentially, the resized images are all 1px shorter than the unit tests expect them to be. See below for details I'm developing on OSX 10.5.8 (not Snow Leopard) with Python 2.5.1 (r251:54863, Feb 6 2009, 19:02:12) and PIL 1.1.6. Any thoughts what might be up? Cheers Steve ====================================================================== FAIL: test_extension (sorl.thumbnail.tests.fields.FieldTest) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/local/django/myprojectnamehere/lib/sorl/thumbnail/tests/fields.py", line 66, in test_extension self.verify_thumbnail((50, 37), thumb, expected_filename) File "/usr/local/django/myprojectnamehere/lib/sorl/thumbnail/tests/base.py", line 92, in verify_thumbnail self.assertEqual(image.size, expected_size) AssertionError: (50, 38) != (50, 37) ====================================================================== FAIL: test_thumbnail (sorl.thumbnail.tests.fields.ImageWithThumbnailsFieldTest) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/local/django/myprojectnamehere/lib/sorl/thumbnail/tests/fields.py", line 111, in test_thumbnail self.verify_thumbnail((50, 37), thumb, expected_filename) File "/usr/local/django/myprojectnamehere/lib/sorl/thumbnail/tests/base.py", line 92, in verify_thumbnail self.assertEqual(image.size, expected_size) AssertionError: (50, 38) != (50, 37) ====================================================================== FAIL: testTag (sorl.thumbnail.tests.templatetags.ThumbnailTagTest) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/local/django/myprojectnamehere/lib/sorl/thumbnail/tests/templatetags.py", line 118, in testTag self.verify_thumbnail((90, 67), expected_filename=expected_fn) File "/usr/local/django/myprojectnamehere/lib/sorl/thumbnail/tests/base.py", line 92, in verify_thumbnail self.assertEqual(image.size, expected_size) AssertionError: (90, 68) != (90, 67)

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  • How make this special many2many fields validation using Django ORM?

    - by e-satis
    I have the folowing model: class Step(models.Model): order = models.IntegerField() latitude = models.FloatField() longitude = models.FloatField() date = DateField(blank=True, null=True) class Journey(models.Model): boat = models.ForeignKey(Boat) route = models.ManyToManyField(Step) departure = models.ForeignKey(Step, related_name="departure_of", null=True) arrival = models.ForeignKey(Step, related_name="arrival_of", null=True) I would like to implement the following check: # If a there is less than one step, raises ValidationError. routes = tuple(self.route.order_by("date")) if len(routes) <= 1: raise ValidationError("There must be at least two setps in the route") # save the first and the last step as departure and arrival self.departure = routes[0] self.arrival = routes[-1] # departure and arrival must at least have a date if not (self.departure.date or self.arrival.date): raise ValidationError("There must be an departure and an arrival date. " "Please set the date field for the first and last Step of the Journey") # departure must occurs before arrival if not (self.departure.date > self.arrival.date): raise ValidationError("Departure must take place the same day or any date before arrival. " "Please set accordingly the date field for the first and last Step of the Journey") I tried to do that by overloading save(). Unfortunately, Journey.route is empty in save(). What's more, Journey.id doesn't exists yet. I didn't try django.db.models.signals.post_save but suppose it will fail because Journey.route is empty as well (when does this get filled anyway?). I see a solution in django.db.models.signals.m2m_changed but there are a lot of steps (thousands), and I want to avoid to perform an operation for every single of them.

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  • How to output JSON from within Django and call it with jQuery from a cross domain?

    - by Emre Sevinç
    For a bookmarklet project I'm trying to get JSON data using jQuery from my server (which is naturally on a different domain) running a Django powered system. According to jQuery docs: "As of jQuery 1.2, you can load JSON data located on another domain if you specify a JSONP callback, which can be done like so: "myurl?callback=?". jQuery automatically replaces the ? with the correct method name to call, calling your specified callback." And for example I can test it successfully in my Firebug console using the following snippet: $.getJSON("http://api.flickr.com/services/feeds/photos_public.gne?tags=cat&tagmode=any& format=json&jsoncallback=?", function(data){ alert(data.title); }); It prints the returned data in an alert window, e.g. 'Recent uploads tagged cat'. However when I try the similar code with my server I don't get anything at all: $.getJSON("http://mydjango.yafz.org/randomTest?jsoncallback=?", function(data){ alert(data.title); }); There are no alert windows and the Firebug status bar says "Transferring data from mydjango.yafz.org..." and keeps on waiting. On the server side I have this: def randomTest(request): somelist = ['title', 'This is a constant result'] encoded = json.dumps(somelist) response = HttpResponse(encoded, mimetype = "application/json") return response I also tried this without any success: def randomTest(request): if request.is_ajax() == True: req = {} req ['title'] = 'This is a constant result.' response = json.dumps(req) return HttpResponse(response, mimetype = "application/json") So to cut a long story short: what is the suggested method of returning a piece of data from within a Django view and retrieve it using jQuery in a cross domain fashion? What are my mistakes above?

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  • How to setup Continuous Integration and Continuous Deployment for Django projects?

    - by ycseattle
    Hello, I am researching about how to set up CI and continuous deployment for a small team project for a Django based web application. Here are needs: Developer check in the code into a hosted SVN server (unfuddle.com) A CI server detects new checkin, check out the source, build, run functional tests. If tests all passed, deploy the code to the webserver on Amazon EC2. For now, the CI server is also responsible to run the functional tests. I figured out that I can use Husdon as the CI server, use Selenium to run functional tests, and use Fabric to deploy the build to remote web server in Amazon cloud. I am new to Django development and not very familiar with opensource tools. My questions are: I can find some information to integrate hudson with selenium, but I couldn't find much information on how to integrate Fabric to Hudson as well. Is this setup viable? Do you see problems? How do I integrate and deploy database changes? Most likely in the early stage we will change database schema very often with code changes. I used to use Visual Studio and the database project made it very simple to deploy. I wonder if there is "established, well-supported" way to do that. Thanks!!

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  • How to generate lots of redundant ajax elements like checkboxes and pulldowns in Django?

    - by iJames
    Hello folks. I've been getting lots of answers from stackoverflow now that I'm in Django just be searching. Now I hope my question will also create some value for everybody. In choosing Django, I was hoping there was some similar mechanism to the way you can do partials in ROR. This was going to help me in two ways. One was in generating repeating indexed forms or form elements, and also in rendering only a piece of the page on the round trip. I've done a little bit of that by using taconite with a simple URL click but now I'm trying to get more advanced. This will focus on the form issue which boils down to how to iterate over a secondary object. If I have a list of photo instances, each of which has a couple of parameters, let's say a size and a quantity. I want to generate form elements for each photo instance separately. But then I have two lists I want to iterate on at the same time. Context: photos : Photo.objects.all() and forms = {} for photo in photos: forms[photo.id] = PhotoForm() In other words we've got a list of photo objects and a dict of forms based on the photo.id. Here's an abstraction of the template: {% for photo in photos %} {% include "photoview.html" %} {% comment %} So here I want to use the photo.id as an index to get the correct form. So that each photo has its own form. I would want to have a different action and each form field would be unique. Is that possible? How can I iterate on that? Thanks! {% endcomment %} Quantity: {{ oi.quantity }} {{ form.quantity }} Dimensions: {{ oi.size }} {{ form.size }} {% endfor %} What can I do about this simple case. And how can I make it where every control is automatically updating the server instead of using a form at all? Thanks! James

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  • How to get the related_name of a many-to-many-field?

    - by amann
    I am trying to get the related_name of a many-to-many-field. The m2m-field is located betweeen the models "Group" and "Lection" and is declared in the group-model as following: lections = models.ManyToManyField(Lection, blank=True) The field looks like this: <django.db.models.fields.related.ManyToManyField object at 0x012AD690> The print of field.__dict__ is: {'_choices': [], '_m2m_column_cache': 'group_id', '_m2m_name_cache': 'group', '_m2m_reverse_column_cache': 'lection_id', '_m2m_reverse_name_cache': 'lection', '_unique': False, 'attname': 'lections', 'auto_created': False, 'blank': True, 'column': 'lections', 'creation_counter': 71, 'db_column': None, 'db_index': False, 'db_table': None, 'db_tablespace': '', 'default': <class django.db.models.fields.NOT_PROVIDED at 0x00FC8780>, 'editable': True, 'error_messages': {'blank': <django.utils.functional.__proxy__ object at 0x00FC 7B50>, 'invalid_choice': <django.utils.functional.__proxy__ object at 0x00FC7A50>, 'null': <django.utils.functional.__proxy__ object at 0x00FC7 A70>}, 'help_text': <django.utils.functional.__proxy__ object at 0x012AD6F0>, 'm2m_column_name': <function _curried at 0x012A88F0>, 'm2m_db_table': <function _curried at 0x012A8AF0>, 'm2m_field_name': <function _curried at 0x012A8970>, 'm2m_reverse_field_name': <function _curried at 0x012A89B0>, 'm2m_reverse_name': <function _curried at 0x012A8930>, 'max_length': None, 'name': 'lections', 'null': False, 'primary_key': False, 'rel': <django.db.models.fields.related.ManyToManyRel object at 0x012AD6B0>, 'related': <RelatedObject: mymodel:group related to lections>, 'related_query_name': <function _curried at 0x012A8670>, 'serialize': True, 'unique_for_date': None, 'unique_for_month': None, 'unique_for_year': None, 'validators': [], 'verbose_name': 'lections'} Now the field should be accessed via a lection-instance. So this is done by lection.group_set But i need to access it dynamically, so there is the need to get the related_name attribute from somewhere. Here in the documentation, there is a note that it is possible to access ManyToManyField.related_name, but this doesn't work for my somehow.. Help would be a lot appreciated. Thanks in advance.

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  • How do I subtract two dates in Django/Python?

    - by Ryan
    Hi! I'm working on a little fitness tracker in order to teach myself Django. I want to graph my weight over time, so I've decided to use the Python Google Charts Wrapper. Google charts require that you convert your date into a x coordinate. To do this I want to take the number of days in my dataset by subtracting the first weigh-in from the last weigh-in and then using that to figure out the x coords (for example, I could 100 by the result and increment the x coord by the resulting number for each y coord.) Anyway, I need to figure out how to subtract Django datetime objects from one another and so far, I am striking out on both google and here at the stack. I know PHP, but have never gotten a handle on OO programming, so please excuse my ignorance. Here is what my models look like: class Goal(models.Model): goal_weight = models.DecimalField("Goal Weight",max_digits=4, decimal_places=1) target_date = models.DateTimeField("Target Date to Reach Goal") set_date = models.DateTimeField("When did you set your goal?") comments = models.TextField(blank=True) def __unicode__(self): return unicode(self.goal_weight) class Weight(models.Model): """Weight at a given date and time """ goal = models.ForeignKey(Goal) weight = models.DecimalField("Current Weight",max_digits=4, decimal_places=1) weigh_date = models.DateTimeField("Date of Weigh-In") comments = models.TextField(blank=True) def __unicode__(self): return unicode(self.weight) def recorded_today(self): return self.date.date() == datetime.date.today() Any ideas on how to proceed in the view? Thanks so much!

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  • What's a good way to format AJAX responses? Or, using Django templating with AJAX

    - by synic
    In some of the code I'm working on, the author max AJAX calls to a Django view that returns JSON. Once the JSON is retrieved, it'll be injected into the page with a function that looks like this (note, this is a simplification, but I'm sure you know what I'm getting at here): function build_event_listing(events) { var html = ''; for(int i = 0; i < events.length; i++) { event = events[i]; html += "<h2>" + event.title + "</h2>\n"; html += "<p>" + event.description + "</p>"; html += "Click <a href='/event/view/" + event.id + "'>here<a> for more info."; } events_div.html(html); } I really don't like this approach. To change the look of each event listing, the designer would have to modify that ugly JS. I'd much rather make use of Django's templating system, but I'm wondering how I can do this? I had the idea of writing the view like this: def view_listings(req): events = models.Event.objects.all() html = [] for event in events: html.append( render_to_string('event/single_event.html', { 'event': event, }, context_instance=RequestContext(req)) return HttpResponse(''.join(html), mimetype='text/html') ... but it just seems like there should be a better way. Any ideas?

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  • Outlook DASL Filter - Custom Search

    - by Ryan B
    I'm trying to write a DASL filter to combine three queries: Get all mail with no category and no flag. ("urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office#Keywords" IS NULL AND "urn:schemas:httpmail:messageflag" IS NULL) Get all mail that is categorized as "Ryan" and flagged with a red "Today" flag. Don't know how to write this one. Get all mail that is uncategorized and flagged with a red "Today" flag. Don't know how to write this one. Once I have the individual queries, I will combine and OR them. I am stuck on how to filter the flag value.

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  • SQL Merge Replication - Filter Sets

    - by Refracted Paladin
    I have a "working" Replication Set in SQL 2005 that we use in house to our users at remote branches on SQL Express 2005. I want to apply a filter to our biggest Set to help minimize the bandwidth impact. What I am asking is what considerations do I need to take into account before throwing a filter on there. Will it cause any issues I should be aware of? Does it affect compression adversely. Will everyone need to reinitialize after applying it? Any heads up or insight would be appreciated. Thanks,

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  • Permission issue for apache

    - by Aamir Adnan
    Environment Details: Amazon Ec2 Ubuntu 12.04 Django + mod_wsgi + python 2.6 web server: apache2 I have mounted a 10GB ebs volume to an instance to /mnt/ebs1/. After mounting the volume and formatting, I have placed all my project files in /mnt/ebs1/project. the wsgi file is in /mnt/ebs1/project/apache/django.wsgi. The content of wsgi file is: import os, sys sys.path.insert(0, '/mnt/ebs1/project') sys.path.insert(1, '/mnt/ebs1') os.environ['DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE'] = 'project.configs.common.settings' import django.core.handlers.wsgi application = django.core.handlers.wsgi.WSGIHandler() My httpd.conf file looks as: LoadModule wsgi_module /usr/lib/apache2/modules/mod_wsgi.so WSGIPythonHome /usr/bin/python2.6 WSGIScriptAlias / /mnt/ebs1/project/apache/django.wsgi <Directory /mnt/ebs1/project> Order allow,deny Allow from all </Directory> <Directory /mnt/ebs1/project/apache> Order allow,deny Allow from all </Directory> Alias /static/ /mnt/ebs1/project/static/ <Directory /mnt/ebs1/project/static> Order deny,allow Allow from all </Directory> The above configurations gives me Forbidden: You don't have permission to access / on this server. I tried to find the user which is running apache using ps aux which is www-data and has group www-data. I have tried to change the ownership of /mnt/ebs1 and its subdirectories using chown -R www-data:www-data /mnt/ebs1 but that still does not solve the problem. Can any one tell me what I am doing wrong or have missed?

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  • Protect all XML-RPC calls with HTTP basic auth but one

    - by bodom_lx
    I set up a Django project for smartphone serving XML-RPC methods over HTTPS and using basic auth. All XML-RPC methods require username and password. I would like to implement a XML-RPC method to provide registration to the system. Obviously, this method should not require username and password. The following is the Apache conf section responsible for basic auth: <Location /RPC2> AuthType Basic AuthName "Login Required" Require valid-user AuthBasicProvider wsgi WSGIAuthUserScript /path/to/auth.wsgi </Location> This is my auth.wsgi: import os import sys sys.stdout = sys.stderr sys.path.append('/path/to/project') os.environ['DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE'] = 'project.settings' from django.contrib.auth.models import User from django import db def check_password(environ, user, password): """ Authenticates apache/mod_wsgi against Django's auth database. """ db.reset_queries() kwargs = {'username': user, 'is_active': True} try: # checks that the username is valid try: user = User.objects.get(**kwargs) except User.DoesNotExist: return None # verifies that the password is valid for the user if user.check_password(password): return True else: return False finally: db.connection.close() There are two dirty ways to achieve my aim with current situation: Have a dummy username/password to be used when trying to register to the system Have a separate Django/XML-RPC application on another URL (ie: /register) that is not protected by basic auth Both of them are very ugly, as I would also like to define a standard protocol to be used for services like mine (it's an open Dynamic Ridesharing Architecture) Is there a way to unprotect a single XML-RPC call (ie. a defined POST request) even if all XML-RPC calls over /RPC2 are protected?

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  • Protect all XML-RPC calls with HTTP basic auth but one

    - by bodom_lx
    I set up a Django project for smartphone serving XML-RPC methods over HTTPS and using basic auth. All XML-RPC methods require username and password. I would like to implement a XML-RPC method to provide registration to the system. Obviously, this method should not require username and password. The following is the Apache conf section responsible for basic auth: <Location /RPC2> AuthType Basic AuthName "Login Required" Require valid-user AuthBasicProvider wsgi WSGIAuthUserScript /path/to/auth.wsgi </Location> This is my auth.wsgi: import os import sys sys.stdout = sys.stderr sys.path.append('/path/to/project') os.environ['DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE'] = 'project.settings' from django.contrib.auth.models import User from django import db def check_password(environ, user, password): """ Authenticates apache/mod_wsgi against Django's auth database. """ db.reset_queries() kwargs = {'username': user, 'is_active': True} try: # checks that the username is valid try: user = User.objects.get(**kwargs) except User.DoesNotExist: return None # verifies that the password is valid for the user if user.check_password(password): return True else: return False finally: db.connection.close() There are two dirty ways to achieve my aim with current situation: Have a dummy username/password to be used when trying to register to the system Have a separate Django/XML-RPC application on another URL (ie: /register) that is not protected by basic auth Both of them are very ugly, as I would also like to define a standard protocol to be used for services like mine (it's an open Dynamic Ridesharing Architecture) Is there a way to unprotect a single XML-RPC call (ie. a defined POST request) even if all XML-RPC calls over /RPC2 are protected?

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  • Windows XP - non-user input data filter message after installing wireless keyboard & mouse

    - by James
    After I installed MS wireless keyboard and mouse and associated software, I started getting this annoying message titled "Hardware installation" telling me the software I am trying to install did not pass the XP logo tests. The software is for "HID non-user input data filter" and I have two options Continue anyway or stop installation. Now, if I try to continue the installation fails, if stop installing another message pops up with a little mouse logo and the whole process repeats itself. after I am done with that message a third dialog appears. This is happening every time I boot up my PC (a desktop), I tried following an advice I found in some forum and download windows update for ID non-user input data filter, but that installation failed as well. The thing is, that both keyboard and mouse are working fine Is there anyway to get past these dialogs ?

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  • How LINQ to Object statements work

    - by rajbk
    This post goes into detail as to now LINQ statements work when querying a collection of objects. This topic assumes you have an understanding of how generics, delegates, implicitly typed variables, lambda expressions, object/collection initializers, extension methods and the yield statement work. I would also recommend you read my previous two posts: Using Delegates in C# Part 1 Using Delegates in C# Part 2 We will start by writing some methods to filter a collection of data. Assume we have an Employee class like so: 1: public class Employee { 2: public int ID { get; set;} 3: public string FirstName { get; set;} 4: public string LastName {get; set;} 5: public string Country { get; set; } 6: } and a collection of employees like so: 1: var employees = new List<Employee> { 2: new Employee { ID = 1, FirstName = "John", LastName = "Wright", Country = "USA" }, 3: new Employee { ID = 2, FirstName = "Jim", LastName = "Ashlock", Country = "UK" }, 4: new Employee { ID = 3, FirstName = "Jane", LastName = "Jackson", Country = "CHE" }, 5: new Employee { ID = 4, FirstName = "Jill", LastName = "Anderson", Country = "AUS" }, 6: }; Filtering We wish to  find all employees that have an even ID. We could start off by writing a method that takes in a list of employees and returns a filtered list of employees with an even ID. 1: static List<Employee> GetEmployeesWithEvenID(List<Employee> employees) { 2: var filteredEmployees = new List<Employee>(); 3: foreach (Employee emp in employees) { 4: if (emp.ID % 2 == 0) { 5: filteredEmployees.Add(emp); 6: } 7: } 8: return filteredEmployees; 9: } The method can be rewritten to return an IEnumerable<Employee> using the yield return keyword. 1: static IEnumerable<Employee> GetEmployeesWithEvenID(IEnumerable<Employee> employees) { 2: foreach (Employee emp in employees) { 3: if (emp.ID % 2 == 0) { 4: yield return emp; 5: } 6: } 7: } We put these together in a console application. 1: using System; 2: using System.Collections.Generic; 3: //No System.Linq 4:  5: public class Program 6: { 7: [STAThread] 8: static void Main(string[] args) 9: { 10: var employees = new List<Employee> { 11: new Employee { ID = 1, FirstName = "John", LastName = "Wright", Country = "USA" }, 12: new Employee { ID = 2, FirstName = "Jim", LastName = "Ashlock", Country = "UK" }, 13: new Employee { ID = 3, FirstName = "Jane", LastName = "Jackson", Country = "CHE" }, 14: new Employee { ID = 4, FirstName = "Jill", LastName = "Anderson", Country = "AUS" }, 15: }; 16: var filteredEmployees = GetEmployeesWithEvenID(employees); 17:  18: foreach (Employee emp in filteredEmployees) { 19: Console.WriteLine("ID {0} First_Name {1} Last_Name {2} Country {3}", 20: emp.ID, emp.FirstName, emp.LastName, emp.Country); 21: } 22:  23: Console.ReadLine(); 24: } 25: 26: static IEnumerable<Employee> GetEmployeesWithEvenID(IEnumerable<Employee> employees) { 27: foreach (Employee emp in employees) { 28: if (emp.ID % 2 == 0) { 29: yield return emp; 30: } 31: } 32: } 33: } 34:  35: public class Employee { 36: public int ID { get; set;} 37: public string FirstName { get; set;} 38: public string LastName {get; set;} 39: public string Country { get; set; } 40: } Output: ID 2 First_Name Jim Last_Name Ashlock Country UK ID 4 First_Name Jill Last_Name Anderson Country AUS Our filtering method is too specific. Let us change it so that it is capable of doing different types of filtering and lets give our method the name Where ;-) We will add another parameter to our Where method. This additional parameter will be a delegate with the following declaration. public delegate bool Filter(Employee emp); The idea is that the delegate parameter in our Where method will point to a method that contains the logic to do our filtering thereby freeing our Where method from any dependency. The method is shown below: 1: static IEnumerable<Employee> Where(IEnumerable<Employee> employees, Filter filter) { 2: foreach (Employee emp in employees) { 3: if (filter(emp)) { 4: yield return emp; 5: } 6: } 7: } Making the change to our app, we create a new instance of the Filter delegate on line 14 with a target set to the method EmployeeHasEvenId. Running the code will produce the same output. 1: public delegate bool Filter(Employee emp); 2:  3: public class Program 4: { 5: [STAThread] 6: static void Main(string[] args) 7: { 8: var employees = new List<Employee> { 9: new Employee { ID = 1, FirstName = "John", LastName = "Wright", Country = "USA" }, 10: new Employee { ID = 2, FirstName = "Jim", LastName = "Ashlock", Country = "UK" }, 11: new Employee { ID = 3, FirstName = "Jane", LastName = "Jackson", Country = "CHE" }, 12: new Employee { ID = 4, FirstName = "Jill", LastName = "Anderson", Country = "AUS" } 13: }; 14: var filterDelegate = new Filter(EmployeeHasEvenId); 15: var filteredEmployees = Where(employees, filterDelegate); 16:  17: foreach (Employee emp in filteredEmployees) { 18: Console.WriteLine("ID {0} First_Name {1} Last_Name {2} Country {3}", 19: emp.ID, emp.FirstName, emp.LastName, emp.Country); 20: } 21: Console.ReadLine(); 22: } 23: 24: static bool EmployeeHasEvenId(Employee emp) { 25: return emp.ID % 2 == 0; 26: } 27: 28: static IEnumerable<Employee> Where(IEnumerable<Employee> employees, Filter filter) { 29: foreach (Employee emp in employees) { 30: if (filter(emp)) { 31: yield return emp; 32: } 33: } 34: } 35: } 36:  37: public class Employee { 38: public int ID { get; set;} 39: public string FirstName { get; set;} 40: public string LastName {get; set;} 41: public string Country { get; set; } 42: } Lets use lambda expressions to inline the contents of the EmployeeHasEvenId method in place of the method. The next code snippet shows this change (see line 15).  For brevity, the Employee class declaration has been skipped. 1: public delegate bool Filter(Employee emp); 2:  3: public class Program 4: { 5: [STAThread] 6: static void Main(string[] args) 7: { 8: var employees = new List<Employee> { 9: new Employee { ID = 1, FirstName = "John", LastName = "Wright", Country = "USA" }, 10: new Employee { ID = 2, FirstName = "Jim", LastName = "Ashlock", Country = "UK" }, 11: new Employee { ID = 3, FirstName = "Jane", LastName = "Jackson", Country = "CHE" }, 12: new Employee { ID = 4, FirstName = "Jill", LastName = "Anderson", Country = "AUS" } 13: }; 14: var filterDelegate = new Filter(EmployeeHasEvenId); 15: var filteredEmployees = Where(employees, emp => emp.ID % 2 == 0); 16:  17: foreach (Employee emp in filteredEmployees) { 18: Console.WriteLine("ID {0} First_Name {1} Last_Name {2} Country {3}", 19: emp.ID, emp.FirstName, emp.LastName, emp.Country); 20: } 21: Console.ReadLine(); 22: } 23: 24: static bool EmployeeHasEvenId(Employee emp) { 25: return emp.ID % 2 == 0; 26: } 27: 28: static IEnumerable<Employee> Where(IEnumerable<Employee> employees, Filter filter) { 29: foreach (Employee emp in employees) { 30: if (filter(emp)) { 31: yield return emp; 32: } 33: } 34: } 35: } 36:  The output displays the same two employees.  Our Where method is too restricted since it works with a collection of Employees only. Lets change it so that it works with any IEnumerable<T>. In addition, you may recall from my previous post,  that .NET 3.5 comes with a lot of predefined delegates including public delegate TResult Func<T, TResult>(T arg); We will get rid of our Filter delegate and use the one above instead. We apply these two changes to our code. 1: public class Program 2: { 3: [STAThread] 4: static void Main(string[] args) 5: { 6: var employees = new List<Employee> { 7: new Employee { ID = 1, FirstName = "John", LastName = "Wright", Country = "USA" }, 8: new Employee { ID = 2, FirstName = "Jim", LastName = "Ashlock", Country = "UK" }, 9: new Employee { ID = 3, FirstName = "Jane", LastName = "Jackson", Country = "CHE" }, 10: new Employee { ID = 4, FirstName = "Jill", LastName = "Anderson", Country = "AUS" } 11: }; 12:  13: var filteredEmployees = Where(employees, emp => emp.ID % 2 == 0); 14:  15: foreach (Employee emp in filteredEmployees) { 16: Console.WriteLine("ID {0} First_Name {1} Last_Name {2} Country {3}", 17: emp.ID, emp.FirstName, emp.LastName, emp.Country); 18: } 19: Console.ReadLine(); 20: } 21: 22: static IEnumerable<T> Where<T>(IEnumerable<T> source, Func<T, bool> filter) { 23: foreach (var x in source) { 24: if (filter(x)) { 25: yield return x; 26: } 27: } 28: } 29: } We have successfully implemented a way to filter any IEnumerable<T> based on a  filter criteria. Projection Now lets enumerate on the items in the IEnumerable<Employee> we got from the Where method and copy them into a new IEnumerable<EmployeeFormatted>. The EmployeeFormatted class will only have a FullName and ID property. 1: public class EmployeeFormatted { 2: public int ID { get; set; } 3: public string FullName {get; set;} 4: } We could “project” our existing IEnumerable<Employee> into a new collection of IEnumerable<EmployeeFormatted> with the help of a new method. We will call this method Select ;-) 1: static IEnumerable<EmployeeFormatted> Select(IEnumerable<Employee> employees) { 2: foreach (var emp in employees) { 3: yield return new EmployeeFormatted { 4: ID = emp.ID, 5: FullName = emp.LastName + ", " + emp.FirstName 6: }; 7: } 8: } The changes are applied to our app. 1: public class Program 2: { 3: [STAThread] 4: static void Main(string[] args) 5: { 6: var employees = new List<Employee> { 7: new Employee { ID = 1, FirstName = "John", LastName = "Wright", Country = "USA" }, 8: new Employee { ID = 2, FirstName = "Jim", LastName = "Ashlock", Country = "UK" }, 9: new Employee { ID = 3, FirstName = "Jane", LastName = "Jackson", Country = "CHE" }, 10: new Employee { ID = 4, FirstName = "Jill", LastName = "Anderson", Country = "AUS" } 11: }; 12:  13: var filteredEmployees = Where(employees, emp => emp.ID % 2 == 0); 14: var formattedEmployees = Select(filteredEmployees); 15:  16: foreach (EmployeeFormatted emp in formattedEmployees) { 17: Console.WriteLine("ID {0} Full_Name {1}", 18: emp.ID, emp.FullName); 19: } 20: Console.ReadLine(); 21: } 22:  23: static IEnumerable<T> Where<T>(IEnumerable<T> source, Func<T, bool> filter) { 24: foreach (var x in source) { 25: if (filter(x)) { 26: yield return x; 27: } 28: } 29: } 30: 31: static IEnumerable<EmployeeFormatted> Select(IEnumerable<Employee> employees) { 32: foreach (var emp in employees) { 33: yield return new EmployeeFormatted { 34: ID = emp.ID, 35: FullName = emp.LastName + ", " + emp.FirstName 36: }; 37: } 38: } 39: } 40:  41: public class Employee { 42: public int ID { get; set;} 43: public string FirstName { get; set;} 44: public string LastName {get; set;} 45: public string Country { get; set; } 46: } 47:  48: public class EmployeeFormatted { 49: public int ID { get; set; } 50: public string FullName {get; set;} 51: } Output: ID 2 Full_Name Ashlock, Jim ID 4 Full_Name Anderson, Jill We have successfully selected employees who have an even ID and then shaped our data with the help of the Select method so that the final result is an IEnumerable<EmployeeFormatted>.  Lets make our Select method more generic so that the user is given the freedom to shape what the output would look like. We can do this, like before, with lambda expressions. Our Select method is changed to accept a delegate as shown below. TSource will be the type of data that comes in and TResult will be the type the user chooses (shape of data) as returned from the selector delegate. 1:  2: static IEnumerable<TResult> Select<TSource, TResult>(IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TResult> selector) { 3: foreach (var x in source) { 4: yield return selector(x); 5: } 6: } We see the new changes to our app. On line 15, we use lambda expression to specify the shape of the data. In this case the shape will be of type EmployeeFormatted. 1:  2: public class Program 3: { 4: [STAThread] 5: static void Main(string[] args) 6: { 7: var employees = new List<Employee> { 8: new Employee { ID = 1, FirstName = "John", LastName = "Wright", Country = "USA" }, 9: new Employee { ID = 2, FirstName = "Jim", LastName = "Ashlock", Country = "UK" }, 10: new Employee { ID = 3, FirstName = "Jane", LastName = "Jackson", Country = "CHE" }, 11: new Employee { ID = 4, FirstName = "Jill", LastName = "Anderson", Country = "AUS" } 12: }; 13:  14: var filteredEmployees = Where(employees, emp => emp.ID % 2 == 0); 15: var formattedEmployees = Select(filteredEmployees, (emp) => 16: new EmployeeFormatted { 17: ID = emp.ID, 18: FullName = emp.LastName + ", " + emp.FirstName 19: }); 20:  21: foreach (EmployeeFormatted emp in formattedEmployees) { 22: Console.WriteLine("ID {0} Full_Name {1}", 23: emp.ID, emp.FullName); 24: } 25: Console.ReadLine(); 26: } 27: 28: static IEnumerable<T> Where<T>(IEnumerable<T> source, Func<T, bool> filter) { 29: foreach (var x in source) { 30: if (filter(x)) { 31: yield return x; 32: } 33: } 34: } 35: 36: static IEnumerable<TResult> Select<TSource, TResult>(IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TResult> selector) { 37: foreach (var x in source) { 38: yield return selector(x); 39: } 40: } 41: } The code outputs the same result as before. On line 14 we filter our data and on line 15 we project our data. What if we wanted to be more expressive and concise? We could combine both line 14 and 15 into one line as shown below. Assuming you had to perform several operations like this on our collection, you would end up with some very unreadable code! 1: var formattedEmployees = Select(Where(employees, emp => emp.ID % 2 == 0), (emp) => 2: new EmployeeFormatted { 3: ID = emp.ID, 4: FullName = emp.LastName + ", " + emp.FirstName 5: }); A cleaner way to write this would be to give the appearance that the Select and Where methods were part of the IEnumerable<T>. This is exactly what extension methods give us. Extension methods have to be defined in a static class. Let us make the Select and Where extension methods on IEnumerable<T> 1: public static class MyExtensionMethods { 2: static IEnumerable<T> Where<T>(this IEnumerable<T> source, Func<T, bool> filter) { 3: foreach (var x in source) { 4: if (filter(x)) { 5: yield return x; 6: } 7: } 8: } 9: 10: static IEnumerable<TResult> Select<TSource, TResult>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TResult> selector) { 11: foreach (var x in source) { 12: yield return selector(x); 13: } 14: } 15: } The creation of the extension method makes the syntax much cleaner as shown below. We can write as many extension methods as we want and keep on chaining them using this technique. 1: var formattedEmployees = employees 2: .Where(emp => emp.ID % 2 == 0) 3: .Select (emp => new EmployeeFormatted { ID = emp.ID, FullName = emp.LastName + ", " + emp.FirstName }); Making these changes and running our code produces the same result. 1: using System; 2: using System.Collections.Generic; 3:  4: public class Program 5: { 6: [STAThread] 7: static void Main(string[] args) 8: { 9: var employees = new List<Employee> { 10: new Employee { ID = 1, FirstName = "John", LastName = "Wright", Country = "USA" }, 11: new Employee { ID = 2, FirstName = "Jim", LastName = "Ashlock", Country = "UK" }, 12: new Employee { ID = 3, FirstName = "Jane", LastName = "Jackson", Country = "CHE" }, 13: new Employee { ID = 4, FirstName = "Jill", LastName = "Anderson", Country = "AUS" } 14: }; 15:  16: var formattedEmployees = employees 17: .Where(emp => emp.ID % 2 == 0) 18: .Select (emp => 19: new EmployeeFormatted { 20: ID = emp.ID, 21: FullName = emp.LastName + ", " + emp.FirstName 22: } 23: ); 24:  25: foreach (EmployeeFormatted emp in formattedEmployees) { 26: Console.WriteLine("ID {0} Full_Name {1}", 27: emp.ID, emp.FullName); 28: } 29: Console.ReadLine(); 30: } 31: } 32:  33: public static class MyExtensionMethods { 34: static IEnumerable<T> Where<T>(this IEnumerable<T> source, Func<T, bool> filter) { 35: foreach (var x in source) { 36: if (filter(x)) { 37: yield return x; 38: } 39: } 40: } 41: 42: static IEnumerable<TResult> Select<TSource, TResult>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TResult> selector) { 43: foreach (var x in source) { 44: yield return selector(x); 45: } 46: } 47: } 48:  49: public class Employee { 50: public int ID { get; set;} 51: public string FirstName { get; set;} 52: public string LastName {get; set;} 53: public string Country { get; set; } 54: } 55:  56: public class EmployeeFormatted { 57: public int ID { get; set; } 58: public string FullName {get; set;} 59: } Let’s change our code to return a collection of anonymous types and get rid of the EmployeeFormatted type. We see that the code produces the same output. 1: using System; 2: using System.Collections.Generic; 3:  4: public class Program 5: { 6: [STAThread] 7: static void Main(string[] args) 8: { 9: var employees = new List<Employee> { 10: new Employee { ID = 1, FirstName = "John", LastName = "Wright", Country = "USA" }, 11: new Employee { ID = 2, FirstName = "Jim", LastName = "Ashlock", Country = "UK" }, 12: new Employee { ID = 3, FirstName = "Jane", LastName = "Jackson", Country = "CHE" }, 13: new Employee { ID = 4, FirstName = "Jill", LastName = "Anderson", Country = "AUS" } 14: }; 15:  16: var formattedEmployees = employees 17: .Where(emp => emp.ID % 2 == 0) 18: .Select (emp => 19: new { 20: ID = emp.ID, 21: FullName = emp.LastName + ", " + emp.FirstName 22: } 23: ); 24:  25: foreach (var emp in formattedEmployees) { 26: Console.WriteLine("ID {0} Full_Name {1}", 27: emp.ID, emp.FullName); 28: } 29: Console.ReadLine(); 30: } 31: } 32:  33: public static class MyExtensionMethods { 34: public static IEnumerable<T> Where<T>(this IEnumerable<T> source, Func<T, bool> filter) { 35: foreach (var x in source) { 36: if (filter(x)) { 37: yield return x; 38: } 39: } 40: } 41: 42: public static IEnumerable<TResult> Select<TSource, TResult>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TResult> selector) { 43: foreach (var x in source) { 44: yield return selector(x); 45: } 46: } 47: } 48:  49: public class Employee { 50: public int ID { get; set;} 51: public string FirstName { get; set;} 52: public string LastName {get; set;} 53: public string Country { get; set; } 54: } To be more expressive, C# allows us to write our extension method calls as a query expression. Line 16 can be rewritten a query expression like so: 1: var formattedEmployees = from emp in employees 2: where emp.ID % 2 == 0 3: select new { 4: ID = emp.ID, 5: FullName = emp.LastName + ", " + emp.FirstName 6: }; When the compiler encounters an expression like the above, it simply rewrites it as calls to our extension methods.  So far we have been using our extension methods. The System.Linq namespace contains several extension methods for objects that implement the IEnumerable<T>. You can see a listing of these methods in the Enumerable class in the System.Linq namespace. Let’s get rid of our extension methods (which I purposefully wrote to be of the same signature as the ones in the Enumerable class) and use the ones provided in the Enumerable class. Our final code is shown below: 1: using System; 2: using System.Collections.Generic; 3: using System.Linq; //Added 4:  5: public class Program 6: { 7: [STAThread] 8: static void Main(string[] args) 9: { 10: var employees = new List<Employee> { 11: new Employee { ID = 1, FirstName = "John", LastName = "Wright", Country = "USA" }, 12: new Employee { ID = 2, FirstName = "Jim", LastName = "Ashlock", Country = "UK" }, 13: new Employee { ID = 3, FirstName = "Jane", LastName = "Jackson", Country = "CHE" }, 14: new Employee { ID = 4, FirstName = "Jill", LastName = "Anderson", Country = "AUS" } 15: }; 16:  17: var formattedEmployees = from emp in employees 18: where emp.ID % 2 == 0 19: select new { 20: ID = emp.ID, 21: FullName = emp.LastName + ", " + emp.FirstName 22: }; 23:  24: foreach (var emp in formattedEmployees) { 25: Console.WriteLine("ID {0} Full_Name {1}", 26: emp.ID, emp.FullName); 27: } 28: Console.ReadLine(); 29: } 30: } 31:  32: public class Employee { 33: public int ID { get; set;} 34: public string FirstName { get; set;} 35: public string LastName {get; set;} 36: public string Country { get; set; } 37: } 38:  39: public class EmployeeFormatted { 40: public int ID { get; set; } 41: public string FullName {get; set;} 42: } This post has shown you a basic overview of LINQ to Objects work by showning you how an expression is converted to a sequence of calls to extension methods when working directly with objects. It gets more interesting when working with LINQ to SQL where an expression tree is constructed – an in memory data representation of the expression. The C# compiler compiles these expressions into code that builds an expression tree at runtime. The provider can then traverse the expression tree and generate the appropriate SQL query. You can read more about expression trees in this MSDN article.

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