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• When to increase AWS RDS MySQL Server instance to larger CPU/RAM?

  - by rksprst

  I'm wondering at what stage do I need to increase the image for the RDS MySQL server to a larger CPU/RAM instance. The CPU utilization graph is near 0. The Avg Free Memory is around 150MB. The Avg Swap Usage is 420MB. Read Latency is 0-20ms/op it spikes up randomly. Avg write latency is on average 5ms/op but spikes up to 10-20ms/op. Are there some common rules here that I should follow? Thanks!

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• What's the best ramdisk for Windows?

  - by Dan Fabulich

  Just Googling for "windows ramdisk" returns a lot of stuff; some free, some paid. Can someone recommend a good one? (I'm willing to pay, but only if it's really worth paying for.) Here's what I'm looking for: Works on XP and Vista Supports 64 bit and 32 bit I'd like it to support more than 2GB of space (is that even possible on a 32 bit operating system?) I think I want something that can avoid swapping the ramdisk pages. (Though swapping would give me more free space; maybe I'll want to swap the ramdisk pages eventually? Is this configurable?)

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• Windows 7 using exactly HALF the installed memory

  - by Nathan Ridley

  I've taken this directly from system information: Installed Physical Memory (RAM) 4.00 GB Total Physical Memory 2.00 GB Available Physical Memory 434 MB Total Virtual Memory 5.10 GB Available Virtual Memory 1.19 GB Page File Space 3.11 GB Also the BIOS reports a full 4GB available. Note the 4gb installed, yet 2gb total. I understand that on a 32 bit operating system, you'll never get the full 4gb of ram, however typically you'll get in the range of 2.5-3.2gb of ram. I have only 2gb available! My swap file goes nuts when I do anything! Note that I have dual SLI nvidia video cards, each with 512mb of on board ram, though I have the SLI feature turned off. Anybody know why Windows might claim that I have exactly 2gb of ram total? Note: previously asked on SuperUser, but closed as "belongs on superuser" before this site opened: http://serverfault.com/questions/39603/windows-7-using-exactly-half-the-installed-memory (I still need an answer!)

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• MaxClients in apache. How to know the size of my proccess?

  - by Larry

  From http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.2/misc/perf-tuning.html The single biggest hardware issue affecting webserver performance is RAM. A webserver should never ever have to swap, as swapping increases the latency of each request beyond a point that users consider "fast enough". This causes users to hit stop and reload, further increasing the load. You can, and should, control the MaxClients setting so that your server does not spawn so many children it starts swapping. This procedure for doing this is simple: determine the size of your average Apache process, by looking at your process list via a tool such as top, and divide this into your total available memory, leaving some room for other processes. The main issue is that I can't understand how to know the size, because, well i have the size of httpd on no more of 3888 But, if we need to determine the number for MaxClients, and I have 4GB of RAM, so I get: 972, so I should use like 900 in the MaxClients?

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• VirtualBox - split partitioned VDI into separate VDIs

  - by mathematical.coffee

  I'm very new to VirtualBox. I set up an Arch Linux VM and a Ubuntu VM (Ubuntu host), both sharing the same .vdi like so (I had in my mind a dual-boot situation): VDI file (25GB) |- /dev/sda1: 5GB (Arch Linux) |- /dev/sda2: [Ubuntu] |- /dev/sda5 (swap, 1GB) |- /dev/sda6 Ubuntu /, 9GB |- /dev/sda7 Ubuntu /home, 10GB I've now realised that I don't want a dual-boot-type setup, I'd rather boot each machine independently (my initial thought was to share /home between Ubunto and Arch). So, my question: Can I split /dev/sda1 and /dev/sda2 each to their own .vdi files so I can use them as completely separate machines? I'd rather not have to re-install either Arch (because it took me ages to work it out!) or Ubuntu (because I've already done a few GB of updates and don't want to redo them). I haven't been able to find anything about this - most questions I see are about converting a .vdi to a partition on the host, or splitting a .vdi into multiple smaller files (that are not independent), or converting a partition on the host to a .vdi file. cheers.

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• Hyper-V performance comparisons vs physical client?

  - by rwmnau

  Are there any comparisons between Hyper-V client machines and their physical equivalent? I've looked around and can find 4000 articles about improving Hyper-V performance, but I can't find any that actually do a side-by-side comparison or give benchmarking numbers. Ideally, I'm interested in a comparison of CPU, memory, disk, and graphics performance between something like the following: Some powerful workstation (with plenty of RAM) with Windows 7 installed on it directly Same exact worksation with Hyper-V Server 2008 R2 (the bare Server role) and a full-screen Windows 7 client machine Virtual Server 2005 had performance that didn't compare at all with actual hardware, but with the advances in CPU and hardware-level virtualization, has performance improved significantly? How obvious would it be to a user of the two above scenarios that one of them was virtualized, and does anybody know of actual benchmarking of this type?

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• Kernel Panic with gentoo boot (root partition not found)

  - by JB87

  Kernel panic - not syncing: VFS: Unable to mount root fs on unknown-block(1,0) grub.conf default 0 timeout 30 splashimage=(hd0,0)/boot/grub/splash.xpm.gz title Gentoo Linux 2.6.34-r6 root (hd0,0) kernel /boot/kernel-2.6.34-gentoo-r6 root=/dev/ram0 real_root=/dev/sda3 vim:ft=conf: fdisk -l Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 1 5 40131 83 Linux /dev/sda2 6 71 530145 82 Linux swap / Solaris /dev/sda3 72 1044 7815622+ 83 Linux so im having trouble getting gentoo to boot, how can I change it from looking for root at block(1,0) to block(0,0) which is where my root partition is created? I though setting it to look to that hdd in grub is all I needed? that is my first guess to what might be causing the problem but not sure why it is giving this error. please advise...

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• Create mix CDs from MP3 files

  - by Dave Jarvis

  How would you write a script (preferably for the Windows commandline) that: Examines thousands of MP3 files stored on a single drive (e.g., G:\) Randomizes the collection Populates a series of directories up to 650MB worth of songs (without exceeding 650MB) Every song is shucked exactly once (Optional) The directory size comes as close as possible to 650MB The DIR, COPY, and XCOPY commands have no explicit file size switches. A few Google searches have come up with: File size condition in DOS Cygwin and UWIN DOS File sizes It would be ideal if UNIX-like environments can be avoided. My question, then: How do you compare file (or directory) sizes using the Windows commandline?

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• why would you create two different subnets on the same physical network?

  - by xirtyllo

  I'm working at a messy location, one of the strange (for me) things is that on the same physical network there are two different subnets. Specifically some computers will have 10.0.0.0/24 and some others will have 172.16.0.0/24. There is only one DHCP server, which gives IPs on the 10.0.0.0/24 range, and there are two internet gateways, one with IP 172.16.0.1 and one with IP 10.0.0.1 . To give an example, I can easily swap one PC from one subnet to the other just by changing its IP and gateway settings. I am trying to imagine why they created the network this way, and which may be the possible advantages and/or drawbacks of having two different subnets on the same physical network. Any thoughts?

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• Probability of failure with larger number of network elements

  - by MikeKulls

  I'm having a discussion with a work colleague. I'm saying that a network with 100 elements will have pretty much 10 times as many failures as a network with 10 elements, ie a tech will need to replace faulty hardware 10 times more often. He suggests that the failure rate doesn't go up in a linear fashion and the failure rate will be significantly less than 10x, in fact only slightly more failures. This is not the probability of an outage etc, we are just talking in relation to the amount of parts that a tech would need to swap out in a given time frame.

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• Installing 64-bit Ubuntu alongside 32-bit Ubuntu?

  - by Macha

  I have a 64-bit processor in my PC, but because of worries over application compatibility, up until now I have been using 32-bit Ubuntu (and 32-bit Vista because Dell wouldn't sell me 64-bit with my PC). Is it possible for me to install 64-bit Ubuntu alongside 32-bit ubuntu and 32-bit Windows Vista, so I can choose between them at boot and share data, and without uninstalling my 32-bit Ubuntu? My partitions are as follows Drive 1: 10 GB Vista recovery partition (E:), 240 GB Windows NTFS parition (230 GB used, C:). Drive 2: 167 GB Windows NTFS Partition (130 GB used, D: ), 8 GB swap partition, 13 GB / partition (6 GB used), 62 GB /home partition (20 GB used).

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• What database is easy to maintain and manage in a cluster?

  - by Sanoj

  I'm looking for a database (DBMS) that is easy to scale out. I would like to have high availability so I need a multi-master cluster, where the data is replicated to two or more physical computers. I would also like to be able to start with one node (no replication), and then scale out to more nodes as needed without a reinstallation or downtime. I would like to have a DBMS that are easy to maintain and manage. It should be easy to add nodes, remove nodes, take live backup and monitor the use of resources. It doesn't have to be a relational database system, so a NoSQL is okey. And I would like to have a free version so I can test it in small scale and compare it with alternatives. What alternatives do I have?

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• Practical RAID Performance?

  - by wag2639

  I've always thought the following to be a general rule of thumb for RAID: RAID 0: Best performance for READ and WRITE from stripping, greatest risk RAID 1: Redundant, decent for READ (I believe it can read from different parts of a file from different hard drives), not the best for WRITE RAID 0+1 (01): combines redundancy of RAID 1 with performance of RAID 0 RAID 1+0 (10): slightly better version of RAID 0+1 RAID 5: good READ performance, bad WRITE performance, redundant IS THIS ASSUMPTION CORRECT? (and how do they compare to a JBOD setup for R/W IO performance) Are certain practical RAID setups better for different applications: gaming, video editing, database (Acccess or SQL)? I was thinking about hard disk drives but does this apply to solid state drives as well?

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• Are Motherboards for the Acer Aspire One AOA150 Netbook Compatible with the AOA110?

  - by Mindstormscreator

  I have an Acer Aspire One ZG5 AOA110-1588 netbook, and the motherboard doesn't have a port for a SATA 2.5 inch hard drive; it only supports this slow 8GB SSD type drive. Through research I've discovered that the AOA150 motherboards do have a SATA slot, and the bottom plate of these laptops have an appropriate protrusion for the drive to fit in (for example, compare this to this). The AOA110 and AOA150 models are very similar in appearance and specs. I've even seen tutorials that involve soldering a SATA connector onto the AOA110's motherboard, essentially creating an AOA150 motherboard (right?) So, could I just swap out the motherboard in my netbook with the MBS0506001? (I'd post another link to the actual board but can't because of the spam prevention...) I assume I would also need to purchase and replace the bottom cover with a larger one and possibly get a hard drive caddy as well...? Thanks!

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• Can I trust that ZFS is consistent between Linux and FreeBSD?

  - by iconoclast

  I'm planning to build a FreeNAS box sometime soon, but if ZFS on Linux eventually proves to be reliable, I might want to switch, just to have a more familiar OS. So I'm wondering if I can trust that the different implementations of ZFS are compatible. In other words, if I just swap out the boot disk from FreeNAS to Linux or OpenIndiana, can I trust that nothing bad will happen to my data? This may seem like a stupid question--obviously it ought to be compatible--but I'm guessing that ZFS isn't commonly used in cases where drives are moved between computers, so I'm hoping someone can provide a better answer than just "it ought to be".

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• Finding out whether files are added, changed or deleted on a FTP server

  - by futureelite7

  I've recently been given the task to migrate about 200GB of data from one dedicated server to another. As this will take a week or more, I've been taking a snapshot of the current files on the FTP server using wget's mirror feature. However, since other users will probably be uploading / changing stuff in the meantime, the snapshot that I have made will not include the most recent changes. Since I only have access to FTP on this server, I'm planning to write a script that will recursively do a FTP stat on all files in the FTP folder, and compare the directory listing against the snapshot I have locally. If there are differences in the number of files, then I know files have been added or deleted. If the modification dates have been changed, then I know the files have been changed, and should redownload those files specifically. Am I missing anything in my approach, or are there any possible improvements to this approach?

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• How to tell if PAE is hurting me?

  - by James

  I have a couple of servers with 20-30 GB RAM that are running (a variant of) RHEL4. They are currently running the SMP i386 kernel, not x64, not even the hugemem kernel. This means LowMem is confined to < 1G, and thus dentry_cache and ext3_inode_cache to 100M or so each. How can I tell if this is a problem? Here's a typical vmstat report while it's compiling some Java: $ vmstat 10 procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- --system-- ----cpu---- r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa 1 1 0 19493816 394740 922420 0 0 1058 2292 1491 1020 6 3 80 12 2 1 0 19519480 395244 850156 0 0 1179 1412 1329 1195 9 4 75 12 1 1 0 19557368 392616 828344 0 0 1783 1680 1498 1756 14 5 72 9 I don't like the way bi is nonzero when there is so much memory free. I imagine slabtop could point more directly to the problem but I don't really understand how to interpret its output.

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• Is it possible to mount a hot-swappable drive when it is turned on?

  - by John

  In my PC, I have a hot-swap drive. Usually I keep it off to save power. I only really use it when accessing from another PC on the network. Is it possible to configure /etc/fstab to mount this drive when I turn it on (without having to shake the mouse, open file manager and click the drive to have it mounted? Currently, I have: UUID=a869e5ca-7d3b-4d64-91e2-eadbecd8c9e5 /media/i-TVShows ext4 rw,nosuid,nodev,auto,user,uhelper=udisks 0 0 in my /etc/fstab file but it doesn't seem to do the trick. I want the drive to be user-mountable, on power on, with RW access, and I'm thinking of adding 'nofail'...this is my first time writing to the fstab file, and a lot of the parameters I took from the output of 'mount' so feel free to correct any oddness you find. Thanks

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• udev: waiting for uevents to be processed on my Gentoo

  - by stan31337

  During the startup I see machine executing this thing for about 30 seconds: udev: waiting for uevents to be processed Then I get a quick message which says something like: devfs: timeout (50 seconds) I can't see the whole thing because after that system starts up very fast including Xfce. What logs and configs do I need to provide for further investigation? $uname -a Linux genta 3.6.6-gentoo #1 SMP Sun Nov 11 11:02:23 NOVT 2012 i686 Genuine Intel(R) CPU T2300 @ 1.66GHz GenuineIntel GNU/Linux Thank you! UPD: rc-status genta / # rc-status sysinit Runlevel: sysinit dmesg [ started ] udev [ started ] devfs [ started ] genta / # rc-status boot Runlevel: boot hwclock [ started ] modules [ started ] fsck [ started ] root [ started ] mtab [ started ] localmount [ started ] sysctl [ started ] bootmisc [ started ] hostname [ started ] termencoding [ started ] keymaps [ started ] net.lo [ started ] swap [ started ] urandom [ started ] procfs [ started ]

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• Windows Vista Home Premium upgrade to Windows 7 Ultimate

  - by chugh97

  I have 2 laptops with Vista Home Premium editions. I bought the upgrade license from MS, to upgrade one of my laptops. I have upgraded one of the laptops fine. Now the question is, If I want to upgrade the second laptop but uninstall the windows 7 on the first one, would this be possible. I am only wanting to swap the OS onto the other laptop as the other one is faster. Is this possible? and if so how can it be done?

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• Windows Vista home premium upgrade to Windows 7 ultimate

  - by chugh97

  I have 2 laptops with Vista Home Premium editions. I bought the upgrade license from MS, to upgrade one of my laptops. I have upgraded one of the laptops fine. Now the question is, If I want to upgrade the second laptop but uninstall the windows 7 on the first one, would this be possible. I am only wanting to swap the OS onto the other laptop as the other one is faster. Is this possible? and if so how can it be done?

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• Windows Vista Home Premium upgrade to Windows 7 Ultimate

  - by chugh97

  I have 2 laptops with Vista Home Premium editions. I bought the upgrade license from MS, to upgrade one of my laptops. I have upgraded one of the laptops fine. Now the question is, If I want to upgrade the second laptop but uninstall the windows 7 on the first one, would this be possible. I am only wanting to swap the OS onto the other laptop as the other one is faster. Is this possible? and if so how can it be done?

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• Innodb : cannot allocate the memory for the buffer pool

  - by mingyeow

  My innodb keeps crashing. This is the error message below. Does anyone know why this keeps happening? InnoDB: by InnoDB 49201616 bytes. Operating system errno: 12 InnoDB: Check if you should increase the swap file or InnoDB: ulimits of your operating system. InnoDB: On FreeBSD check you have compiled the OS with InnoDB: a big enough maximum process size. InnoDB: Note that in most 32-bit computers the process InnoDB: memory space is limited to 2 GB or 4 GB. InnoDB: We keep retrying the allocation for 60 seconds... 0 processes alive and '/usr/bin/mysqladmin --defaults-file=/etc/mysql/debian.cnf ping' resulted in /usr/bin/mysqladmin: connect to server at 'localhost' failed error: 'Can't connect to local MySQL server through socket '/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock' (2)' Check that mysqld is running and that the socket: '/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock' exists! InnoDB: Fatal error: cannot allocate the memory for the buffer pool [ERROR] Default storage engine (InnoDB) is not available

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• Securely wiping a file on a tmpfs

  - by Nanzikambe

  I have a script that decrypts some data to a tmpfs, the directory is secure (permissions), the machine's swap is encrypted (random key on boot) and when the script is done it does a 35 pass wipe (Peter Gutmann) of the cleartext on the tmpfs . I do this because I'm aware wiping files on a journaling file system is insecure, data may be recovered. For discussion, here're the relevant bits extracted: # make the tmpfs mkdir /mnt/tmpfs chmod 0700 /mnt/tmpfs mount -t tmpfs -o size=1M tmpfs /mnt/tmpfs cd /mnt/tmpfs # decrypt the data gpg -o - <crypted_input_file> | \ tar -xjpf - # do processing stuff # wipe contents find . -type f -exec bcwipe -I {} ';' # nuke the tmpfs cd .. umount -f /mnt/tmpfs rm -fR /mnt/tmpfs So, my question, assuming for the moment that nobody is able to read the cleartext in the tmpfs while it exists (I use umask to set cleartext to 0600), is there any way any trace of the cleartext could remain either in memory or on disk after the snippet above completes?

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• Is it possible to fake a Windows install for grub to add to boot menu?

  - by Mussnoon

  When doing a fresh install of a Linux distro (Ubuntu, for instance) on a fresh hard drive, if I want to install Linux first, and Windows later, is it possible to make grub think there's a Windows install on the first partition so that it'll be added to the boot menu after the installation is complete? To illustrate, I have a new hard drive and have created two primary partitions (both still raw) and two logical (Ext4 and Swap). I want to install Ubuntu on the Ext4 partition first, and some version of Windows on the first primary partition only after that (because I currently don't have a Windows install disk, but do have one for Ubuntu). Is it possible to make Ubuntu add an entry for Windows right now and avoid having to repair grub after I've installed Windows?

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