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• Where is the actual content in a TCP segment

  - by packetloss

  When I email something or download a program, or do anything else over a network, where in the segment is the actual content? If I am emailing a 20KB word document, and the maximum data field size in a segment is 1500 bytes, does that mean it takes about 14 segments to mail my document wherever it is going? I get, I think, the OSI model and I have a decent grasp of the IP protocol. I think I understand the concept of header wrapping of each successive layer in the protocol stack. What I can't get a definitive answer to is where does the actual content go in a TCP segment? Is that the datagram? Maybe the fact I am asking proves I have no clue... Many thanks.

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• Agile sysadmin and devops - How to accomplish?

  - by Marco Ramos

  Nowadays, agile systems adminitration and devops are some of the most trending topics regarding systems administration and operations. Both these concepts are mainly focused on bridging the gap between operations/sysadmins and the projects (developers, business, etc). Even if you never heard of the devops concept, I'm sure that this topic is your concern too. So, what tools and techniques do you use to accomplish devops in you companies? I'm particularly interested in topics like change management, continous integration and automatization, but not only. Please share your thoughts. I'm looking forward to read your answers/opinions :)

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• DNS servers via RA in IPv6

  - by glglgl

  Some time ago, RFC 6106 was created, which states how a router tells the clients about the DNS server to be used. It is a new standard, it has to be implemented, which needs time etc. I'm courious about the need for it: wouldn't have it been better to define a "globally valid" anycast address for DNS? Queries would be sent to this address and would be promoted along the default route until there is a host which claims to be responsible for it. In an enterprise network, that would be a central DNS server (or even more, on really big companies); in a SOHO network, it would either be the router or the DNS server of the ISP, in a root server hosting data center, it would be the DNS of the hoster, etc. What do I see wrong here? Do I have a wrong view of the anycast concept?

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• Should you disable page file with SSD?

  - by Pyrolistical

  I've been reading this question, and it has a lot of great information. But assuming you have more than enough ram, I think page file should be disabled on SSD to extend the life time. I know you would lose the core dump on crash, but not many people need that information. From my understand without a page file as you reach the limit of your ram that might trigger thrashing on disk. But for SSDs there is no concept of thrashing, reads are fast. What do you guys think?

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• Mac OSX Server 10.6 DNS Issues

  - by dallasclark

  Hi, The server was upgraded from 10.5 from 10.6, during the upgrade the Reverse Zones were lost so I tried to recreate these but found that it's best to delete all zones, definitions and start again. So I've started again and Reverse Zones are appearing but I'm still having issues. I receive the following errors (if they help) 01-Nov-2010 12:52:01.254 client 192.168.1.52#57051: view com.apple.ServerAdmin.DNS.public: query (cache) 'server.dev.home.gateway/A/IN' denied 01-Nov-2010 12:59:24.487 client 192.168.1.52#52858: view com.apple.ServerAdmin.DNS.public: query (cache) 'earth.server.dev.home.gateway/A/IN' denied At the moment I have the following setup in the DNS 1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. Reverse Zone 192.168.1.100 Reverse Mapping MacPro-Server.local. server.dev. Primary Zone server.dev. Machine 192.168.1.100 earth.server.dev. Alias server.dev.

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• Windows XP loses drive letter for existing partition on disk

  - by Kev

  Hi, apologies if this has already been asked - I couldn't spot anything exactly the same. I'm looking for help on the fact that Windows XP has suddenly decided to stop assigning a drive letter to the second partition on my laptop's disk. I haven't added or changed hardware and I keep everything pretty clean in terms of software installed. I've partitioned the disk into a system partition on C: and a user partition on d: but lately, when booting or coming out of hibernation or sometime from stand-by, Windows will lose it's d: mapping. If I notice and remap it from MMC, everything will be perfectly happy and will keep going. Any help on this will be greatly appreciated. Cheers, Kev

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• A clear understanding about Mozilla Firefox web applications

  - by Girish Mony

  I have seen lately a concept of installing open web applications in Firefox and Google Chrome just like extensions here . While the site says it as a installable websites. It looks very similar to bookmarks to me. When you click either bookmarks or this installed applications, it opens new tab and the site or application can be viewed. My question is what is the main difference between normal web application like Gmail, or Super user or Facebook and these installable websites? Also what is the advantage in using this installable web apps from normal web applications which we can access by entering url in the browser address bar? I hope this is the right place to post this question. If not please guide me accordingly.

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• Modeling RBAC actors using LDAP (Core X.5xx)

  - by Tetsujin no Oni

  Mirrored from stackoverflow... When implementing an RBAC model using an LDAP store (I'm using Apache Directory 1.0.2 as a testbed), some of the actors are obviously mappable to specific objectClasses: Resources - I don't see a clear mapping for this one. applictionEntity seems only tangentially intended for this purpose Permissions - a Permission can be viewed as a single-purpose Role; obviously I'm not thinking of an LDAP permission, as they govern access to LDAP objects and attributes rather than an RBAC permission to a Resource Roles - maps fairly directly to groupOfNames or groupOfUniqueNames, right? Users - person In the past I've seen models where a Resource isn't dealt with in the directory in any fashion, and Permissions and Roles were mapped to Active Directory Groups. Is there a better way to represent these actors? How about a document discussing good mappings and intents of the schema?

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• WebDAV mapped drive asking for username and password

  - by confus3d

  Since we migrated domains we're having problems with mapping a drive using a WebDAV connection in our login script. It's a simple net use x: \\server.domain.com\folder Which used to authenticate automatically (all we needed to do to make this happen was to put the server in the intranet zone in the internet explorer settings). Since the domain migration though, nearly everyone is being prompted for a username and password to connect. Does anyone have any idea how to fix this? Any help much appreciated. The webdav share is on a Windows 2003 server running IIS.

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• Map /dev/bus/usb node to /sys node on Linux

  - by Cody Brocious

  I'm using libusb to find and access a USB device, but once I get the information I need from there, I need to map it to a /sys node. This could be to the actual USB bus it's on, the /sys/bus/usb-serial node (which is where I'm going to get eventually), or effectively anywhere else since I can walk the tree from there. I can get to a /dev/bus/usb node easily enough, but I'm a bit lost from there. What would be the best route to perform this mapping? Alternatively, a way to get the /dev/ttyUSB device node for a /dev/bus/usb node would work as well, since it gets me the same result.

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• Changing default shortcut for Spaces on a Macbook Pro with Snow Leapord?

  - by Mahmoud Abdelkader

  I'm primarily a Linux user but my main home PC is a Macbook Pro with Snow Leopard. The concept of "Spaces" in a Mac is extremely important to how I utilize my development environments and I use this feature on Linux all the time. I use Compiz Manager for Ubuntu which allows me to "Desktop Switch" and navigate all desktops using the Ctrl+Alt+Arrow keys to a particular desktop. On a Mac, the process is similar, however, you're only given 3 non-customizable short-cuts: Option+Arrow, Ctrl+Arrow, and Alt+Arrow. How can I change the keyboard shortcut to take Ctrl+Option? The keys would then fit my working style and it won't feel awkward to remember two sets of keyboard shortcuts. Thanks! Mahmoud

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• PHP: Extensionless URLs in IIS7 (windows)? (for wordpress)

  - by smithym

  Hi there, I have recently installed wordpress but i would like to configure extensionless URLs .. I am using IIS7 but on a shared server. I presume i cna add something to web.config file?? I am little bit confused, in IIS7 and asp.net mvc it is done via code... but in PHP i don't think it is .... so the only alternative is to use a re-write module but i can't as I am on a shared server and can't install ISAPI stuff.. so I was wondering if there is a way to do the mapping i.e. when going to testme it would actually load testme.php Any advise really appreciated Thanks

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• Copy Network Volume configuration among Linux systems

  - by David Yu

  I have several standalone Debian Linux (Lenny) systems. As it stands now, all of the systems are configured with a generic login account. This login account has a network volume that connects to a Windows share on a Windows server. I need to create a batch of user accounts on all of the systems (this part I figured out). After I create all of the user accounts, I need all of them to have the same network volume mapping as the current generic account. Is the network volume configuration saved somewhere, where I could copy that configuration across all of the user accounts?

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• Should you disable page file with SSD?

  - by Pyrolistical

  I've been reading http://serverfault.com/questions/23621/any-benefit-or-detriment-from-removing-a-pagefile-on-an-8gb-ram-machine, and it has a lot of great information. But assuming you have more than enough ram, I think page file should be disabled on SSD to extend the life time. I know you would lose the core dump on crash, but not many people need that information. From my understand without a page file as you reach the limit of your ram that might trigger thrashing on disk. But for SSDs there is no concept of thrashing, reads are fast. What do you guys think?

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• how can I stop my sonicwall TZ-210 (SonicOS Enhanced 5.5.1.0-5o) from responding to arp queries on the wan subnet?

  - by IsaacB

  My sonicwall TZ-210 is answering arp queries on the wan subnet (which my isp doesn't like), basically mapping all the wan ips to its own mac address, causing network havoc since it is not set to route those back to the main isp gateway. How the heck can I turn this behavior off? I have already entered in all wan subnet ips in the static arp cache and left them 'unpublished' which I presumed would mean that it did not bother answering arp queries for them. Apparently it did not do the trick. Arp queries are still being answered unfortunately. What can I do? Any suggestions?

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• Remove SID with ICACLS

  - by chris

  I am trying to remove an obsolete SID (the account was apparently deleted). I've tried to run the following on the server (win2003) and a client (win7): icacls c:\path /remove *S-1-5-21-1883347182-1220252494-433279356-1095 /T But I always get the output Successfully processed 0 files; Failed processing 0 files without it doing anything. How can I get it to work? Update: I've used AccessEnum to get the SID because icacls only says "No mapping between account names and security IDs was done." but doesn't show the sid. The output from AccessEnum is: "Path" "Read" "Write" "Deny" "c:\path" "Administrators, S-1-5-21-1883347182-1220252494-433279356-1095, ..." "Administrators, S-1-5-21-1883347182-1220252494-433279356-1095, ..." ""

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• Does Lapping a CPU / Heatsink actually drop the temp?

  - by Pure.Krome

  Hi folks, i've been watching some YouTube vids about Lapping a CPU. I've never heard of this modding technique before and, though extreame, I was wondering if it acutally works? Assuming you lap your cpu and/or heatsink correctly, will the temps drop? When I say drop, at least a 1 degree drop is success (for the debate of this topic). To keep this topic clean, please refrain from anyone commenting on the overkill of labour, just for a 1 degree (worst case) drop, etc. This is a discussion about the theory and concept, not personal opionion of wether to lap or not.

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• Serial port access errors in WINE

  - by goldenmean

  Hello, I have a setup in which I use a USB serial adapter + some application which sends and receives data using that serial usb. But this setup which works on a Windows, or even in a VMWare Virtual windows, does not work under WINE. IT transmits data but i cannot receive data. The cable and the applications are same as in the working and non-working scenarios. I guess The fact that the application works over the USB serial cable just as fine under Virtual Windows(VMware running on linux) by mapping /dev/ttyUSB to the com port, no external software/DLL needed, means it does not need any specific driver. (Am I correct in this assumption that application doesnt need any driver?) (I also tried with a different setup(different USB serial adapter + different application under WINE, but even that does not work under WINE, but it works fine under WIndows/Virtual Windows) How can I get it working under WINE? Any pointers appreciated.

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• Stop VLC player from saving effects & filter settings

  - by bocamax

  VLC Player v1.1.11 Windows 7 Ultimate VLC player launches each new video with setting I used once to brighten a dark video. On a second computer, VLC player opens all videos rotated 270 which was a feature I used once. I now have to manually uncheck Image adjust on one computer & uncheck Transform on another for each video to have it play without these custom settings. I've custom mapped VLC Hotkeys that I use extensively. As a result, I do not want to "reset preferences" and lose my Hotkey mapping. VLC Tools Settings Video Effects Basic Image Adjust (Brightness, Contrast, etc.) VLC Tools Settings Video Effects Basic Transform (Rotate 90, 180, 270) Is there a setting I'm not finding to stop VLC from applying a one time adjustment to all videos?

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• Is there a way to bridge two outgoing TCP connections in order to bypass firewalls and NAT?

  - by TK Kocheran

  We're all familiar with the problem of port-forwarding and NAT: if you want to expose something to accepting an incoming connection, you need to configure port-forwarding on the router or conjure up some other black magickery to "punch holes" in the firewall using UDP or something. I'm fairly new to the whole "hole-punching" concept so could someone explain how it works? Essentially, I'd like to understand how hole-punching would work and the theory behind it, as well as if two TCP connections could be bridged via a third party. Since there's no issue with outgoing TCP connections since it's handled with NAT, could a third party bridge the connections so that the two parties are still connected but without the bandwidth cost of traffic going through the third party?

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• Can I pin a cmd/batch file to command prompt on the Windows 7 taskbar?

  - by eidylon

  Hey all, just wanted to ask quick if anyone knows how to do this. If not I'll post it on connect.microsoft.com as a suggestion. With Explorer pinned to the taskbar you can pin folders to Explorer, so they are in the jumplist for the explorer shortcut. I have a shortcut to CMD pinned to my taskbar and would like to be able to do the same concept, ... that is to be able to pin a bat/cmd file to the CMD shortcut, so in the CMD jumplist, I could have quick access to a couple batch files I use routinely. Anyone know a way to do this? I tried just dragging the batch file to the CMD shortcut on the taskbar like how you do with folders and Explorer, but that did not work.

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• What are the best options for a root filesystem hosted on SSD under Linux

  - by stsquad

  I'm working on an embedded system which is going to be booting and hosting it's rootfs on an SSD disk. We are currently looking at using Intel X-18M SSDs. The file system structure will have a fairly static /usr section (modulo software upgrades) and an active /var and /var/log for maintaining state and logging. Given the wear-levelling done by the underlying flash does having separate partitions help or hinder? As modern SSDs appear as straight block devices and hide their mapping magic behind their firmware is there any point trying to optimise the choice of file-system that sits on-top of the SSD? Finally does enable SMART monitoring make any sense in this context or are their SSD specific ways of determining the underlying health of the storage hardware?

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• Understanding the Linux Root

  - by Zac

  I've been using Linux (Ubuntu) for about 2 weeks now and am still struggling with some basic concept surrounding the root user: (1) Some terminal operations (such as making subdirectories inside a FHS directory such as /opt) require me to prefix the command with sudo - why? I guess what I'm choking on is: if I'm already logged in as a valid system user, why do I have to be a superuser/root in order to modify things that the sysadmin has already deemed me worthy of accessing? (2) Is there a GUI (Gnome, KDE) equivalent to sudo? Is there a way to assume a superuser role through a graphical context, rather than from inside a new shell? (3) I can't access the /root directory logged in as myself... but I installed the system to begin with and was never asked to create a root account! How do I log in as root and gain access to /root?!? Thanks for all feedback & input!

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• Understanding the Linux Root

  - by Zac

  I've been using Linux (Ubuntu) for about 2 weeks now and am still struggling with some basic concept surrounding the root user: (1) Some terminal operations (such as making subdirectories inside a FHS directory such as /opt) require me to prefix the command with sudo - why? I guess what I'm choking on is: if I'm already logged in as a valid system user, why do I have to be a superuser/root in order to modify things that the sysadmin has already deemed me worthy of accessing? (2) Is there a GUI (Gnome, KDE) equivalent to sudo? Is there a way to assume a superuser role through a graphical context, rather than from inside a new shell? (3) I can't access the /root directory logged in as myself... but I installed the system to begin with and was never asked to create a root account! How do I log in as root and gain access to /root?!? Thanks for all feedback & input!

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• Apache2: Trying to map a subdomain to a subdirectory

  - by user1561753

  So basically I want to have: sub.domain.com/anything - domain.com/asub/anything I'm a bit new to this and a bit confused. The first thing I did was configure my DNS settings so sub.domain.com goes to domain.com using a CNAME (would an A record and the IP be better?) Next I went into my VirtualHost file and have: RewriteEngine on RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} www.(.+) [NC] RewriteRule ^/(.*) http://domain.com/$1 [R] RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^sub.domain.com RewriteRule ^/(.*) http://domain.com/asub/$1 [R] So the first rule is meant to handle www. and making sure that is caught correctly and it works. The second rule is what I've added for the subdomain mapping and it doesn't seem to be doing anything

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