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• How to create a glib.Source from Python?

  - by Matt Joiner

  I want to integrate some asyncore.dispatcher instances into GLib's default main context. I figure I can create a custom GSource that's able to detect event readiness on the various sockets in asyncore.socket_map. From C I believe this is done by creating the necessary GSourceFuncs which could involve cheap and non-blocking calls to select, and then handling them using asyncore.read, .write and friends. How do I actually create a GSource from Python? The class glib.Source is undocumented, and attempts to use the class interactively have been in vain. Is there some other method that allows me to handled socket events in the asyncore module without resorting to timeouts (or anything that endangers potential throughput and CPU usage)?

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• Apply function to one element of a list in Python

  - by user189637

  I'm looking for a concise and functional style way to apply a function to one element of a tuple and return the new tuple, in Python. For example, for the following input: inp = ("hello", "my", "friend") I would like to be able to get the following output: out = ("hello", "MY", "friend") I came up with two solutions which I'm not satisfied with. One uses a higher-order function. def apply_at(arr, func, i): return arr[0:i] + [func(arr[i])] + arr[i+1:] apply_at(inp, lambda x: x.upper(), 1) One uses list comprehensions (this one assumes the length of the tuple is known). [(a,b.upper(),c) for a,b,c in [inp]][0] Is there a better way? Thanks!

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• Draw and move a point over an image in python

  - by frx08

  Hi all I have to do a little script in Python. In this script I have a variable (that represents a coordinate) that is continuously updated to a new value. So I have to draw a red point over a image and update the point position every time the variable that contains the coordinate is updated. I tried to explain what I need doing something like this but obviously it doesn't works: import Tkinter, Image, ImageDraw, ImageTk i=0 root = Tkinter.Tk() im = Image.open("img.jpg") root.geometry("%dx%d" % (im.size[0], im.size[1])) while True: draw = ImageDraw.Draw(im) draw.ellipse((i, 0, 10, 10), fill=(255, 0, 0)) pi = ImageTk.PhotoImage(im) label = Tkinter.Label(root, image=pi) label.place(x=0, y=0, width=im.size[0], height=im.size[1]) i+=1 del draw someone may help me please? thanks very much!

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• Python/Tkinter make a custom window

  - by user1435947

  I want to make a window without the top taskbar (that is movable), so there is only thin outline around the GUI box. I also want to add my own 'X' to the box. import Tkinter class Application(Frame): def __init__(self, master=None): Frame.__init__(self, master) self.parent = master ............ def main(): root = Tk() root.attributes('-fullscreen', True) root.geometry('500x250+500+200') app = Application(root) app.parent.configure(background = 'gray32') root.resizable(width=FALSE, height=FALSE) app.mainloop() main() I tried forcing the box to resize after going into fullscreen to remove the taskbar, though box is no longer movable. Any suggestions? [I have seen this thread: Python/Tkinter: Removing/disabling a resizable window's maximize button under Windows The -toolwindow attribute didn't work for me, maybe because I use linux...]

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• Read random lines from huge CSV file in Python

  - by jbssm

  I have this quite big CSV file (15 Gb) and I need to read about 1 million random lines from it. As far as I can see - and implement - the CSV utility in Python only allows to iterate sequentially in the file. It's very memory consuming to read the all file into memory to use some random choosing and it's very time consuming to go trough all the file and discard some values and choose others, so, is there anyway to choose some random line from the CSV file and read only that line? I tried without success: import csv with open('linear_e_LAN2A_F_0_435keV.csv') as file: reader = csv.reader(file) print reader[someRandomInteger] A sample of the CSV file: 331.093,329.735 251.188,249.994 374.468,373.782 295.643,295.159 83.9058,0 380.709,116.221 352.238,351.891 183.809,182.615 257.277,201.302 61.4598,40.7106

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• convert string to dict using list comprehension in python

  - by Pavel

  I have came across this problem a few times and can't seem to figure out a simple solution. Say I have a string string = "a=0 b=1 c=3" I want to convert that into a dictionary with a, b and c being the key and 0, 1, and 3 being their respective values (converted to int). Obviously I can do this: list = string.split() dic = {} for entry in list: key, val = entry.split('=') dic[key] = int(val) But I don't really like that for loop, It seems so simple that you should be able to convert it to some sort of list comprehension expression. And that works for slightly simpler cases where the val can be a string. dic = dict([entry.split('=') for entry in list]) However, I need to convert val to an int on the fly and doing something like this is syntactically incorrect. dic = dict([[entry[0], int(entry[1])] for entry.split('=') in list]) So my question is: is there a way to eliminate the for loop using list comprehension? If not, is there some built in python method that will do that for me?

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• Using Python simplejson for transmitting JSON to another server results in unicode encoding problems

  - by Mark

  Hi there, I'm encoding a string with Python's simplejson library with special characters: hello testing spécißl characters plusses: +++++ special chars :œ?´®†¥¨ˆøp“ß?ƒ©??°¬O˜çv?˜µ== However, when I encode it and transmit it to the other machine (using POST), it turns out like this: {'message': ['{"body": "hello testing sp\\u00e9ci\\u00dfl characters\\n\\nplusses: \\n\\nspecial chars :\\u0153\\u2211\\u00b4\\u00ae\\u2020\\u00a5\\u00a8\\u02c6\\u00f8\\u03c0\\u201c\\u00df\\u2202\\u0192\\u00a9\\u02d9\\u2206\\u02da\\u00ac\\u03a9\\u2248\\u00e7\\u221a\\u222b\\u02dc\\u00b5\\u2264\\u2265"}']} The + signs are completely stripped and the rest are in this unicode(?) format. My code for this is: data = {'body': data_string} data_encoded = json.dumps(data) Any ideas? Thanks! Edit: I've tried using json.dumps(data, ensure_ascii=False) but it results in a UnicodeError ordinal not in range error.

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• Running "source" from python

  - by R S

  Hello, I have a file a.txt with lines of commands I want to run, say: echo 1 echo 2 echo 3 If I was on csh (unix), I would have done source a.txt and it would run. From python I want to run os.execl with it, however I get: >>> os.execl("source", "a.txt") Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> File "/usr/lib/python2.5/os.py", line 322, in execl execv(file, args) OSError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory How to do it?

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• Python: Huge file reading by using linecache Vs normal file access open()

  - by user335223

  Hi, I am in a situation where multiple threads reading the same huge file with mutliple file pointers to same file. The file will have atleast 1 million lines. Eachline's length varies from 500 characters to 1500 characters. There won't "write" operations on the file. Each thread will start reading the same file from different lines. Which is the efficient way..? Using the Python's linecache or normal readline() or is there anyother effient way?

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• python len calculation

  - by n00bz0r

  I'm currently trying to build a RDP client in python and I came across the following issue with a len check; From: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc240836%28v=prot.10%29.aspx "81 2a - ConnectData::connectPDU length = 298 bytes Since the most significant bit of the first byte (0x81) is set to 1 and the following bit is set to 0, the length is given by the low six bits of the first byte and the second byte. Hence, the value is 0x12a, which is 298 bytes." This sounds weird. For normal len checks, I'm simply using : struct.pack("h",len(str(PacketLen))) but in this case, I really don't see how I can calculate the len as described above. Any help on this would be greatly appreciated !

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• Python Etiquette: Importing Modules

  - by F3AR3DLEGEND

  Say I have two Python modules: module1.py: import module2 def myFunct(): print "called from module1" module2.py: def myFunct(): print "called from module2" def someFunct(): print "also called from module2" If I import module1, is it better etiquette to re-import module2, or just refer to it as module1.module2? For example (someotherfile.py): import module1 module1.myFunct() # prints "called from module1" module1.module2.myFunct() # prints "called from module2" I can also do this: module2 = module1.module2. Now, I can directly call module2.myFunct(). However, I can change module1.py to: from module2 import * def myFunct(): print "called from module1" Now, in someotherfile.py, I can do this: import module1 module1.myFunct() # prints "called from module1"; overrides module2 module1.someFunct() # prints "also called from module2" Also, by importing *, help('module1') shows all of the functions from module2. On the other hand, (assuming module1.py uses import module2), I can do: someotherfile.py: import module1, module2 module1.myFunct() # prints "called from module1" module2.myFunct() # prints "called from module2" Again, which is better etiquette and practice? To import module2 again, or to just refer to module1's importation?

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• Auto enter pass phrase in case of Python ssl Client/Server

  - by rauch

  I need to create Client/Server application to send files from clients to Server. I use simple ssl sockets for that and authenticate with certificates. ms = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) ssl_sock = ssl.wrap_socket(ms, keyfile=".../newCA/my_client.key", certfile=".../newCA/my_client.crt", server_side=0, cert_reqs=ssl.CERT_REQUIRED, ca_certs=".../newCA/CA/my-ca.crt" ) ssl_sock.connect((HOST, MPORT)) And Server side: msock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) self.ssl_sock = ssl.wrap_socket(msock, keyfile=".../newCA/my_server.key", certfile=".../newCA/my_server.crt", server_side=1, cert_reqs=ssl.CERT_REQUIRED, ca_certs=".../newCA/CA/my-ca.crt" ) self.ssl_sock.bind(('', self.PORT)) self.ssl_sock.listen(self.QUEUE_MAX) The problem is the following: when client tries to connect to Server, it requires Enter the pass phrase for private key for Both: for Server-side and Client-side. In Java we need to set System Property: javax.net.ssl.keyStorePassword="" and it has to be used automatically, But how is it been used in Python? I can't enter pass phrase all time the client connects.

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• Python win32api not moving mouse cursor in VirtualBox

  - by wes

  I'm trying to use this Python code: import math for i in xrange(500): x = 500 + math.sin(math.pi * i / 100) * 500 y = 500 + math.cos(i) * 100 x, y = int(x), int(y) win32api.SetCursorPos((x, y)) time.sleep(.01) taken from here to move the mouse cursor in an XP VirtualBox. The mouse icon will flicker to the appropriate graphic (when it hits the edge of a window it turns into the <- resize image, for instance), but it doesn't actually move the visible cursor. I can move the mouse around while the code is running. Same result using the ctypes example in the above link. It works fine in the Win7 host. I have Guest Additions installed, if that matters.

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• Python BeautifulSoup Print Info in CSV

  - by Codin

  I can print the information I am pulling from a site with no problem. But when I try to place the street names in one column and the zipcodes into another column into a CSV file that is when I run into problems. All I get in the CSV is the two column names and every thing in its own column across the page. Here is my code. Also I am using Python 2.7.5 and Beautiful soup 4 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup import csv import urllib2 url="http://www.conakat.com/states/ohio/cities/defiance/road_maps/" page=urllib2.urlopen(url) soup = BeautifulSoup(page.read()) f = csv.writer(open("Defiance Steets1.csv", "w")) f.writerow(["Name", "ZipCodes"]) # Write column headers as the first line links = soup.find_all(['i','a']) for link in links: names = link.contents[0] print unicode(names) f.writerow(names)

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• How can I "override" deepcopy in Python?

  - by Az

  Hi there, I'd like to override __deepcopy__ for a given SQLAlchemy-mapped class such that it ignores any SQLA attributes but deepcopies everything else that's part of the class. I'm not particularly familiar with overriding any of Python's built-in objects in particular but I've got some idea as to what I want. Let's just make a very simple class User that's mapped using SQLA. class User(object): def __init__(self, user_id, name): self.user_id = user_id self.name = name I've used dir() to see, before and after mapping, what SQLAlchemy-specific attributes there are and I've found _sa_class_manager and _sa_instance_state. Provided those are the only ones how would I ignore that when defining __deepcopy__? Also, are there any attributes the SQLA injects into the mapped object? (I asked this in a previous question (as an edit a few days after I selected an answer to the main question, though) but I think I missed the train there. Apologies for that.)

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• python input UnicodeDecodeError:

  - by The man on the Clapham omnibus

  python 3.x >>> a = input() hope >>> a 'hope' >>> b = input() håpe >>> b 'håpe' >>> c = input() start typing hå... delete using backspace... and change to hope Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> UnicodeDecodeError: 'utf8' codec can't decode byte 0xc3 in position 1: invalid continuation byte >>> The situation is not terrible, I am working around it, but find it strange that when deleting, the bytes get messed up. Has anyone else experienced this? the terminal history shows that I thought that I entered h?ope any ideas? in the script that is using this, I do import readline to give command line history.

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• Dealing with Windows line-endings in Python

  - by Adam Nelson

  I've got a 700MB XML file coming from a Windows provider. As one might expect, the line endings are '\r\n' (or ^M in vi). What is the most efficient way to deal with this situation aside from getting the supplier to send over '\n' :-) Use os.linesep Use rstrip() (requiring opening the file ... which seems crazy) Using Universal newline support is not standard on my Mac Snow Leopard - so isn't an option. I'm open to anything that requires Python 2.6+ but it needs to work on Snow Leopard and Ubuntu 9.10 with minimal external requirements. I don't mind a small performance penalty but I am looking for the standard best way to deal with this.

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• Identifying a function call in a python script line in runtime

  - by Dani

  I have a python script that I run with 'exec'. The script's string has calls to functions. When a function is called, I would like it to know the line number and offset in line for that call in the script (in the string I fed exec with). Here is an example. If my script is: foo1(); foo2(); foo1() foo3() And if I have code that prints (line,offset) in every function, I should get (0,0), (0,8), (0,16), (1,0) In most cases this can be easily done by getting the stack frame, because it contains the line number and the function name. The only problem is when there are two functions with the same name in a certain line. Unfortunately this is a common case for me. Any ideas?

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• How to grab the lines AFTER a matched line in python

  - by toofly

  Hi All, I am an amateur using Python on and off for some time now. Sorry if this is a silly question, but I was wondering if anyone knew an easy way to grab a bunch of lines if the format in the input file is like this: " Heading 1 Line 1 Line 2 Line 3 Heading 2 Line 1 Line 2 Line 3 " I won't know how many lines are after each heading, but I want to grab them all. All I know is the name, or a regular expression pattern for the heading. The only way I know to read a file is the "for line in file:" way, but I don't know how to grab the lines AFTER the line I'm currently on. Hope this makes sense, and thanks for the help!

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• Extract anything that looks like links from large amount of data in python

  - by Riz

  Hi, I have around 5 GB of html data which I want to process to find links to a set of websites and perform some additional filtering. Right now I use simple regexp for each site and iterate over them, searching for matches. In my case links can be outside of "a" tags and be not well formed in many ways(like "\n" in the middle of link) so I try to grab as much "links" as I can and check them later in other scripts(so no BeatifulSoup\lxml\etc). The problem is that my script is pretty slow, so I am thinking about any ways to speed it up. I am writing a set of test to check different approaches, but hope to get some advices :) Right now I am thinking about getting all links without filtering first(maybe using C module or standalone app, which doesn't use regexp but simple search to get start and end of every link) and then using regexp to match ones I need.

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• Need help understanding some Python code

  - by Yarin

  I'm new to Python, and stumped by this piece of code from the Boto project: class SubdomainCallingFormat(_CallingFormat): @assert_case_insensitive def get_bucket_server(self, server, bucket): return '%s.%s' % (bucket, server) def assert_case_insensitive(f): def wrapper(*args, **kwargs): if len(args) == 3 and not (args[2].islower() or args[2].isalnum()): raise BotoClientError("Bucket names cannot contain upper-case " \ "characters when using either the sub-domain or virtual " \ "hosting calling format.") return f(*args, **kwargs) return wrapper Trying to understand what's going on here. What is the '@' symbol in @assert_case_sensitive ? What do the args *args, **kwargs mean? What does 'f' represent? Thanks!

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• How do I splice a python string programmatically?

  - by Robin Welch

  Very simple question, hopefully. So, in Python you can split up strings using indices as follows: >>> a="abcdefg" >>> print a[2:4] cd but how do you do this if the indices are based on variables? E.g. >>> j=2 >>> h=4 >>> print a[j,h] Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in ? TypeError: string indices must be integers

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• Python unittest with expensive setup

  - by Staale

  My test file is basically: class Test(unittest.TestCase): def testOk(): pass if __name__ == "__main__": expensiveSetup() try: unittest.main() finally: cleanUp() However, I do wish to run my test through Netbeans testing tools, and to do that I need unittests that don't rely on an environment setup done in main. Looking at http://stackoverflow.com/questions/402483/caching-result-of-setup-using-python-unittest - it recommends using Nose. However, I don't think Netbeans supports this. I didn't find any information indicating that it does. Additionally, I am the only one here actually writing tests, so I don't want to introduce additional dependencies for the other 2 developers unless they are needed. How can I do the setup and cleanup once for all the tests in my TestSuite? The expensive setup here is creating some files with dummy data, as well as setting up and tearing down a simple xml-rpc server. I also have 2 test classes, one testing locally and one testing all methods over xml-rpc.

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• Web framework recommendation for python (webservices, auth, cache, ...)

  - by illuminated

  Hi all, Googling for the past week, but cannot finally decide which python web framework would be right for me. The web app I'm about to develop would be almost completely "pure" html with js (jQuery). Server side would have to do the following: authentication session management caching web services (almost all the on page data would be pulled with jQuery through web services) secured web services (through some form of authentication; this is for remote accessing some of the web services though other web apps, desktop/mobile applications) If there is a good tutorial/guide/idea for how to do this in Django I would be most thankfull if someone could share it as I already have experience with it. The thing that made me start thinking about other frameworks is Django's built in ORM. I know I could swap it with SQLAlchemy, but wouldn't go down that road if I'm not sure all the rest of the requirements is supported. Thanks all in advance.

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• How to display and change an icon inside a python Tk Frame

  - by codingJoe

  I have a python Tkinter Frame that displays several fields. I want to also add an red/yellow/green icon that will display the status of an external device. The icon is loaded from a file called ICON_LED_RED.ico. How do I display the icon in my frame? How do I change the icon at runtime? for example replace BitmapImage('RED.ico') with BitmapImage('GREEN.ico') class Application(Frame): def init(self, master=None): Frame.__init__(self, master) self.pack() self.createWidgets() def createWidgets(self): # ...other frame code.. works just fine. self.OKBTN = Button(self) self.OKBTN["text"] = "OK" self.OKBTN["fg"] = "red" self.OKBTN["command"] = self.ok_btn_func self.OKBTN.pack({"side": "left"}) # when I add the following the frame window is not visible # The process is locked up such that I have to do a kill -9 self.statusFrame = Frame(self, bd=2, relief=RIDGE) Label(self.statusFrame, text='Status:').pack(side=LEFT, padx=5) self.statIcon = BitmapImage('data/ICON_LED_RED.ico') Label (self.statusFrame, image=self.statIcon ).grid() self.statusFrame.pack(expand=1, fill=X, pady=10, padx=5)

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