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• Automatically Kill/Restart Process(es) When Memory is Critically Low

  - by nemesisfixx

  I have a Debian Wheezy VPS box where am running a couple of Django apps in production. Ideally, would have tried addressed my current memory footprint issues by optimizing the apps, adding more RAM or augmenting with Swap. But the problem is that I doubt there's much memory optimization I'd milk from optimizing the Django apps (the stack being open-source and robust), and adding RAM is a cost constraint for me (this is a remote VPS), also, the host doesn't offer options to use Swap! So, in the meantime (as I wait to secure more resources to afford more RAM), I wish to mitigate the scenarios where the server runs out memory so that I just have to request a VPS restart (as in, at that point, I can't even SSH into the box!). So, what I would love in a solution is the ability to detect when a process (or generally, total system memory usage) exceeds a certain critical amount (for now, example the FREE RAM falls to say 10%) - which I've noticed occurs after the VPS's been up for long, and when also traffic is suddenly much to some of the heavy apps (most are just staging apps anyway). So, I wish to be able to kill/restart the offending process(es) - most likely Apache. Which solution when done manually in these situations has restored sane memory usage levels - a hint that possibly one or more of the Django apps has a memory leak? In brief: Monitor overall system RAM usage When FREE RAM falls below a given critical threshold (say below 10%), kill/restart the offending process(es) - or simpler, if we assume from my current log analysis (using linux-dash) that Apache is often the offender, then kill/restart it. Rinse and repeat...

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• EF4: common interface for EF entities

  - by Feryt

  Hi. I have public interface: public interface IEntity { int ID { get; set; } string Name { get; set; } bool IsEnabled { get; set; } } ehich some EF entities implements(thanks to partial class) and extesion method: public static IEnumerable<SelectListItem> ToSelectListItems<T>(this IQueryable<T> entities, int? selectedID = null) where T : IEntity { return entities.Select(c => new { c.Name, c.ID }).ToList().Select(c => new SelectListItem { Text = c.Name, Value = c.ID.ToString(), Selected = (c.ID == selectedID) }); } Calling ToSelectListItems return exception: Unable to cast the type '<EF entity name>' to type 'IEntity'. LINQ to Entities only supports casting Entity Data Model primitive types. Why, any ideas? Thank you.

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• EF 4.x generated entity classes (POCO) and Map files

  - by JBeckton

  I have an MVC 4 app that I am working on and using the code first implementation except I cheated a bit and created my database first then generated my entity classes (poco) from my database using the EF power tools (reverse engineer). I guess you can say I did database first method but I have no edmx file just the context class and my entity classes (poco) I have a few projects in the works using MVC and EF with pocos but just the one project I used the tool to generate my pocos from the database. My question is about the mapping files that get created when I generate my pocos using the tool. What is the purpose of these Map files? I figured the map files are needed when generating the db from the model like with the true code first method, in my case where I am using a tool to generate my model from the database do the map files have any influence on how my app uses the entity classes?

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• EF - Entity Sql contains clausule with string

  - by zikrija

  Hi all, I have one question about EF. If I understand correctly EF does not support Contains. I try to achieve this: I have column(nvarchar) with this: for ex.row1. 1;3;4;5,row2. 3;4;6 row3. 7;8;16 etc. I have list(of string) with 1,6. My goal is to get row1 and row2 in result set. I try with linq to entity and with linq to sql but i can't get this right. I stuck with this and any help would be appreciated... Tnx

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• IE Flash whitelisting, disabling other ActiveX-es

  - by Maksee

  I use IE primarily for testing. Is it a way to add flash activex in some whitelist for good, while disabling all other activex-es?

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• Is it possible to overlay EditText box on a GLSurfaceView on Android?

  - by Ash McConnell

  I am trying to add a "PlayerName" box on top of a opengl menu background, is this possible? I've tried various layouts, but they don't seem to allow an EditText box to appear on top What is the typical way of doing something like this? Do I need to manually render the text and handle input or is there a better way? It seems like it should be possible to show the EditText on top of the GLSurfaceView somehow.

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• OpenGL's matrix stack vs Hand multiplying

  - by deft_code

  Which is more efficient using OpenGL's transformation stack or applying the transformations by hand. I've often heard that you should minimize the number of state transitions in your graphics pipeline. Pushing and popping translation matrices seem like a big change. However, I wonder if the graphics card might be able to more than make up for pipeline hiccup by using its parallel execution hardware to bulk multiply the vertices. My specific case. I have font rendered to a sprite sheet. The coordinates of each character or a string are calculated and added to a vertex buffer. Now I need to move that string. Would it be better to iterate through the vertex buffer and adjust each of the vertices by hand or temporarily push a new translation matrix?

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• exporting bind and keyframe bone poses from blender to use in OpenGL

  - by SaldaVonSchwartz

  I'm having a hard time trying to understand how exactly Blender's concept of bone transforms maps to the usual math of skinning (which I'm implementing in an OpenGL-based engine of sorts). Or I'm missing out something in the math.. It's gonna be long, but here's as much background as I can think of. First, a few notes and assumptions: I'm using column-major order and multiply from right to left. So for instance, vertex v transformed by matrix A and then further transformed by matrix B would be: v' = BAv. This also means whenever I export a matrix from blender through python, I export it (in text format) in 4 lines, each representing a column. This is so I can then I can read them back into my engine like this: if (fscanf(fileHandle, "%f %f %f %f", &skeleton.joints[currentJointIndex].inverseBindTransform.m[0], &skeleton.joints[currentJointIndex].inverseBindTransform.m[1], &skeleton.joints[currentJointIndex].inverseBindTransform.m[2], &skeleton.joints[currentJointIndex].inverseBindTransform.m[3])) { if (fscanf(fileHandle, "%f %f %f %f", &skeleton.joints[currentJointIndex].inverseBindTransform.m[4], &skeleton.joints[currentJointIndex].inverseBindTransform.m[5], &skeleton.joints[currentJointIndex].inverseBindTransform.m[6], &skeleton.joints[currentJointIndex].inverseBindTransform.m[7])) { if (fscanf(fileHandle, "%f %f %f %f", &skeleton.joints[currentJointIndex].inverseBindTransform.m[8], &skeleton.joints[currentJointIndex].inverseBindTransform.m[9], &skeleton.joints[currentJointIndex].inverseBindTransform.m[10], &skeleton.joints[currentJointIndex].inverseBindTransform.m[11])) { if (fscanf(fileHandle, "%f %f %f %f", &skeleton.joints[currentJointIndex].inverseBindTransform.m[12], &skeleton.joints[currentJointIndex].inverseBindTransform.m[13], &skeleton.joints[currentJointIndex].inverseBindTransform.m[14], &skeleton.joints[currentJointIndex].inverseBindTransform.m[15])) { I'm simplifying the code I show because otherwise it would make things unnecessarily harder (in the context of my question) to explain / follow. Please refrain from making remarks related to optimizations. This is not final code. Having said that, if I understand correctly, the basic idea of skinning/animation is: I have a a mesh made up of vertices I have the mesh model-world transform W I have my joints, which are really just transforms from each joint's space to its parent's space. I'll call these transforms Bj meaning matrix which takes from joint j's bind pose to joint j-1's bind pose. For each of these, I actually import their inverse to the engine, Bj^-1. I have keyframes each containing a set of current poses Cj for each joint J. These are initially imported to my engine in TQS format but after (S)LERPING them I compose them into Cj matrices which are equivalent to the Bjs (not the Bj^-1 ones) only that for the current spacial configurations of each joint at that frame. Given the above, the "skeletal animation algorithm is" On each frame: check how much time has elpased and compute the resulting current time in the animation, from 0 meaning frame 0 to 1, meaning the end of the animation. (Oh and I'm looping forever so the time is mod(total duration)) for each joint: 1 -calculate its world inverse bind pose, that is Bj_w^-1 = Bj^-1 Bj-1^-1 ... B0^-1 2 -use the current animation time to LERP the componets of the TQS and come up with an interpolated current pose matrix Cj which should transform from the joints current configuration space to world space. Similar to what I did to get the world version of the inverse bind poses, I come up with the joint's world current pose, Cj_w = C0 C1 ... Cj 3 -now that I have world versions of Bj and Cj, I store this joint's world- skinning matrix K_wj = Cj_w Bj_w^-1. The above is roughly implemented like so: - (void)update:(NSTimeInterval)elapsedTime { static double time = 0; time = fmod((time + elapsedTime),1.); uint16_t LERPKeyframeNumber = 60 * time; uint16_t lkeyframeNumber = 0; uint16_t lkeyframeIndex = 0; uint16_t rkeyframeNumber = 0; uint16_t rkeyframeIndex = 0; for (int i = 0; i < aClip.keyframesCount; i++) { uint16_t keyframeNumber = aClip.keyframes[i].number; if (keyframeNumber <= LERPKeyframeNumber) { lkeyframeIndex = i; lkeyframeNumber = keyframeNumber; } else { rkeyframeIndex = i; rkeyframeNumber = keyframeNumber; break; } } double lTime = lkeyframeNumber / 60.; double rTime = rkeyframeNumber / 60.; double blendFactor = (time - lTime) / (rTime - lTime); GLKMatrix4 bindPosePalette[aSkeleton.jointsCount]; GLKMatrix4 currentPosePalette[aSkeleton.jointsCount]; for (int i = 0; i < aSkeleton.jointsCount; i++) { F3DETQSType& lPose = aClip.keyframes[lkeyframeIndex].skeletonPose.jointPoses[i]; F3DETQSType& rPose = aClip.keyframes[rkeyframeIndex].skeletonPose.jointPoses[i]; GLKVector3 LERPTranslation = GLKVector3Lerp(lPose.t, rPose.t, blendFactor); GLKQuaternion SLERPRotation = GLKQuaternionSlerp(lPose.q, rPose.q, blendFactor); GLKVector3 LERPScaling = GLKVector3Lerp(lPose.s, rPose.s, blendFactor); GLKMatrix4 currentTransform = GLKMatrix4MakeWithQuaternion(SLERPRotation); currentTransform = GLKMatrix4Multiply(currentTransform, GLKMatrix4MakeTranslation(LERPTranslation.x, LERPTranslation.y, LERPTranslation.z)); currentTransform = GLKMatrix4Multiply(currentTransform, GLKMatrix4MakeScale(LERPScaling.x, LERPScaling.y, LERPScaling.z)); if (aSkeleton.joints[i].parentIndex == -1) { bindPosePalette[i] = aSkeleton.joints[i].inverseBindTransform; currentPosePalette[i] = currentTransform; } else { bindPosePalette[i] = GLKMatrix4Multiply(aSkeleton.joints[i].inverseBindTransform, bindPosePalette[aSkeleton.joints[i].parentIndex]); currentPosePalette[i] = GLKMatrix4Multiply(currentPosePalette[aSkeleton.joints[i].parentIndex], currentTransform); } aSkeleton.skinningPalette[i] = GLKMatrix4Multiply(currentPosePalette[i], bindPosePalette[i]); } } At this point, I should have my skinning palette. So on each frame in my vertex shader, I do: uniform mat4 modelMatrix; uniform mat4 projectionMatrix; uniform mat3 normalMatrix; uniform mat4 skinningPalette[6]; attribute vec4 position; attribute vec3 normal; attribute vec2 tCoordinates; attribute vec4 jointsWeights; attribute vec4 jointsIndices; varying highp vec2 tCoordinatesVarying; varying highp float lIntensity; void main() { vec3 eyeNormal = normalize(normalMatrix * normal); vec3 lightPosition = vec3(0., 0., 2.); lIntensity = max(0.0, dot(eyeNormal, normalize(lightPosition))); tCoordinatesVarying = tCoordinates; vec4 skinnedVertexPosition = vec4(0.); for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) { skinnedVertexPosition += jointsWeights[i] * skinningPalette[int(jointsIndices[i])] * position; } gl_Position = projectionMatrix * modelMatrix * skinnedVertexPosition; } The result: The mesh parts that are supposed to animate do animate and follow the expected motion, however, the rotations are messed up in terms of orientations. That is, the mesh is not translated somewhere else or scaled in any way, but the orientations of rotations seem to be off. So a few observations: In the above shader notice I actually did not multiply the vertices by the mesh modelMatrix (the one which would take them to model or world or global space, whichever you prefer, since there is no parent to the mesh itself other than "the world") until after skinning. This is contrary to what I implied in the theory: if my skinning matrix takes vertices from model to joint and back to model space, I'd think the vertices should already be premultiplied by the mesh transform. But if I do so, I just get a black screen. As far as exporting the joints from Blender, my python script exports for each armature bone in bind pose, it's matrix in this way: def DFSJointTraversal(file, skeleton, jointList): for joint in jointList: poseJoint = skeleton.pose.bones[joint.name] jointTransform = poseJoint.matrix.inverted() file.write('Joint ' + joint.name + ' Transform {\n') for col in jointTransform.col: file.write('{:9f} {:9f} {:9f} {:9f}\n'.format(col[0], col[1], col[2], col[3])) DFSJointTraversal(file, skeleton, joint.children) file.write('}\n') And for current / keyframe poses (assuming I'm in the right keyframe): def exportAnimations(filepath): # Only one skeleton per scene objList = [object for object in bpy.context.scene.objects if object.type == 'ARMATURE'] if len(objList) == 0: return elif len(objList) > 1: return #raise exception? dialog box? skeleton = objList[0] jointNames = [bone.name for bone in skeleton.data.bones] for action in bpy.data.actions: # One animation clip per action in Blender, named as the action animationClipFilePath = filepath[0 : filepath.rindex('/') + 1] + action.name + ".aClip" file = open(animationClipFilePath, 'w') file.write('target skeleton: ' + skeleton.name + '\n') file.write('joints count: {:d}'.format(len(jointNames)) + '\n') skeleton.animation_data.action = action keyframeNum = max([len(fcurve.keyframe_points) for fcurve in action.fcurves]) keyframes = [] for fcurve in action.fcurves: for keyframe in fcurve.keyframe_points: keyframes.append(keyframe.co[0]) keyframes = set(keyframes) keyframes = [kf for kf in keyframes] keyframes.sort() file.write('keyframes count: {:d}'.format(len(keyframes)) + '\n') for kfIndex in keyframes: bpy.context.scene.frame_set(kfIndex) file.write('keyframe: {:d}\n'.format(int(kfIndex))) for i in range(0, len(skeleton.data.bones)): file.write('joint: {:d}\n'.format(i)) joint = skeleton.pose.bones[i] jointCurrentPoseTransform = joint.matrix translationV = jointCurrentPoseTransform.to_translation() rotationQ = jointCurrentPoseTransform.to_3x3().to_quaternion() scaleV = jointCurrentPoseTransform.to_scale() file.write('T {:9f} {:9f} {:9f}\n'.format(translationV[0], translationV[1], translationV[2])) file.write('Q {:9f} {:9f} {:9f} {:9f}\n'.format(rotationQ[1], rotationQ[2], rotationQ[3], rotationQ[0])) file.write('S {:9f} {:9f} {:9f}\n'.format(scaleV[0], scaleV[1], scaleV[2])) file.write('\n') file.close() Which I believe follow the theory explained at the beginning of my question. But then I checked out Blender's directX .x exporter for reference.. and what threw me off was that in the .x script they are exporting bind poses like so (transcribed using the same variable names I used so you can compare): if joint.parent: jointTransform = poseJoint.parent.matrix.inverted() else: jointTransform = Matrix() jointTransform *= poseJoint.matrix and exporting current keyframe poses like this: if joint.parent: jointCurrentPoseTransform = joint.parent.matrix.inverted() else: jointCurrentPoseTransform = Matrix() jointCurrentPoseTransform *= joint.matrix why are they using the parent's transform instead of the joint in question's? isn't the join transform assumed to exist in the context of a parent transform since after all it transforms from this joint's space to its parent's? Why are they concatenating in the same order for both bind poses and keyframe poses? If these two are then supposed to be concatenated with each other to cancel out the change of basis? Anyway, any ideas are appreciated.

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• How do I repeat a texture with GLKit?

  - by Synopfab

  I am using GLKit in order to show textures on my project. The code is like this: -(void)setTextureImage:(UIImage *)image { NSError *error; texture = [GLKTextureLoader textureWithCGImage:image.CGImage options:nil error:&error]; if (error) { NSLog(@"Error loading texture from image: %@",error); } } effect.texture2d0.envMode = GLKTextureEnvModeReplace; effect.texture2d0.target = GLKTextureTarget2D; effect.texture2d0.name = texture.name; glEnableVertexAttribArray(GLKVertexAttribTexCoord0); glVertexAttribPointer(GLKVertexAttribTexCoord0, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, self.textureCoordinates); Now I want to repeat this texture on a rectangle. Is there any way use GLKit for this behavior? I've tried to use opengl function in addition to the glkit ones, but it raises errors: glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_2D); glTexParameterf( GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT ); glBindTexture( GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture.name ); 2011-11-09 20:10:28.614 **[16309:207] GL ERROR: 0x0500 2011-11-09 20:10:30.840 **[16309:207] Error loading texture from image: Error Domain=GLKTextureLoaderErrorDomain Code=8 "The operation couldn’t be completed. (GLKTextureLoaderErrorDomain error 8.)" UserInfo=0x68545c0 {GLKTextureLoaderGLErrorKey=1280, GLKTextureLoaderErrorKey=OpenGL error}

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• How can I reduce draw calls when using glBufferSubData and DYNAMIC_DRAW?

  - by Kronos

  At first I had the problem where I had about 150 rectangles rendered every tick. I only used STATIC_DRAW and glBufferData. I added support for DYNAMIC_DRAW and glBufferSubData and now I have a very good result... but the number of draw calls (glDrawArrays) is the same. Best practices from Mozilla Dev website said it should be reduced, but how? Every rectangle has a method render() in which I do following (shortend): _gl.bindBuffer(WebGL.ARRAY_BUFFER, vertexBuffer); _gl.enableVertexAttribArray(a_position); _gl.vertexAttribPointer(a_position, 2, WebGL.FLOAT, false, 0, 0); _gl.bufferSubData(WebGL.ARRAY_BUFFER, 0, vertices); _gl.bindBuffer(WebGL.ARRAY_BUFFER, texCoordBuffer); _gl.enableVertexAttribArray(a_texCoordLocation); _gl.vertexAttribPointer(a_texCoordLocation, 2, WebGL.FLOAT, false, 0, 0); _gl.bufferSubData(WebGL.ARRAY_BUFFER, 0, texVertices); _gl.uniform2fv(_utranslation, _translation); _gl.uniform2fv(_urotation, _rotation); _gl.uniform2f(_location, Dart2D.WIDTH, Dart2D.HEIGHT); _gl.drawArrays(WebGL.TRIANGLES, 0, 6); So every rectangle calls drawArrays in every frame...

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• Disabling depth write trashes the frame buffer on some GPUs

  - by EboMike

  I sometimes disable depth buffer writing via glDepthMask(GL_FALSE) during the alpha rendering of a frame. That works perfectly fine on some GPUs (like the Motorola Droid's PowerVR), but on the HTC EVO with the Adreno GPU for example, I end up with the frame buffer being complete garbage (I see traces of the meshes I rendered somewhere, but the entire screen is mostly trashed). If I force glDepthMask to be true the entire time, everything works fine. I need glDepthMask to be off during parts of the alpha rendering. What can cause the framebuffer to get destroyed by turning the depth writing off? I do clear the depth buffer initially, and the majority of the screen has pixels rendered with depth writing turned on first before I do additional drawing with it turned off.

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• OpenGL slower than Canvas

  - by VanDir

  Up to 3 days ago I used a Canvas in a SurfaceView to do all the graphics operations but now I switched to OpenGL because my game went from 60FPS to 30/45 with the increase of the sprites in some levels. However, I find myself disappointed because OpenGL now reaches around 40/50 FPS at all levels. Surely (I hope) I'm doing something wrong. How can I increase the performance at stable 60FPS? My game is pretty simple and I can not believe that it is impossible to reach them. I use 2D sprite texture applied to a square for all the objects. I use a transparent GLSurfaceView, the real background is applied in a ImageView behind the GLSurfaceView. Some code public MyGLSurfaceView(Context context, AttributeSet attrs) { super(context); setZOrderOnTop(true); setEGLConfigChooser(8, 8, 8, 8, 0, 0); getHolder().setFormat(PixelFormat.RGBA_8888); mRenderer = new ClearRenderer(getContext()); setRenderer(mRenderer); setLongClickable(true); setFocusable(true); } public void onSurfaceCreated(final GL10 gl, EGLConfig config) { gl.glEnable(GL10.GL_TEXTURE_2D); gl.glShadeModel(GL10.GL_SMOOTH); gl.glDisable(GL10.GL_DEPTH_TEST); gl.glDepthMask(false); gl.glEnable(GL10.GL_ALPHA_TEST); gl.glAlphaFunc(GL10.GL_GREATER, 0); gl.glEnable(GL10.GL_BLEND); gl.glBlendFunc(GL10.GL_ONE, GL10.GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA); gl.glHint(GL10.GL_PERSPECTIVE_CORRECTION_HINT, GL10.GL_NICEST); } public void onSurfaceChanged(GL10 gl, int width, int height) { gl.glViewport(0, 0, width, height); gl.glMatrixMode(GL10.GL_PROJECTION); gl.glLoadIdentity(); gl.glOrthof(0, width, height, 0, -1f, 1f); gl.glMatrixMode(GL10.GL_MODELVIEW); gl.glLoadIdentity(); } public void onDrawFrame(GL10 gl) { gl.glClear(GL10.GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT); gl.glMatrixMode(GL10.GL_MODELVIEW); gl.glLoadIdentity(); gl.glEnableClientState(GL10.GL_VERTEX_ARRAY); gl.glEnableClientState(GL10.GL_TEXTURE_COORD_ARRAY); // Draw all the graphic object. for (byte i = 0; i < mGame.numberOfObjects(); i++){ mGame.getObject(i).draw(gl); } // Disable the client state before leaving gl.glDisableClientState(GL10.GL_VERTEX_ARRAY); gl.glDisableClientState(GL10.GL_TEXTURE_COORD_ARRAY); } mGame.getObject(i).draw(gl) is for all the objects like this: /* HERE there is always a translatef and scalef transformation and sometimes rotatef */ gl.glBindTexture(GL10.GL_TEXTURE_2D, mTexPointer[0]); // Point to our vertex buffer gl.glVertexPointer(3, GL10.GL_FLOAT, 0, mVertexBuffer); gl.glTexCoordPointer(2, GL10.GL_FLOAT, 0, mTextureBuffer); // Draw the vertices as triangle strip gl.glDrawArrays(GL10.GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 0, mVertices.length / 3); EDIT: After some test it seems to be due to the transparent GLSurfaceView. If I delete this line of code: setEGLConfigChooser(8, 8, 8, 8, 0, 0); the background becomes all black but I reach 60 fps. What can I do?

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• Quaternion Camera

  - by Alex_Hyzer_Kenoyer

  Can someone help me figure out how to use a Quaternion with the PerspectiveCamera in libGDX or in general? I am trying to rotate my camera around a sphere that is being drawn at (0,0,0). I am not sure how to go about setting up the quaternion correctly, manipulating it, and then applying it to the camera. Edit: Here is what I have tried to do so far. // This is how I set it up Quaternion orientation = new Quaternion(); orientation.setFromAxis(Vector3.Y, 45); // This is how I am trying to update the rotations public void rotateX(float amount) { Quaternion temp = new Quaternion(); temp.set(Vector3.X, amount); orientation.mul(temp); } public void rotateY(float amount) { Quaternion temp = new Quaternion(); temp.set(Vector3.Y, amount); orientation.mul(temp); } public void updateCamera() { // This is where I am unsure how to apply the rotations to the camera // I think I should update the view and projection matrices? camera.view.mul(orientation); ... }

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• Weird y offset when using custom frag shader (Cocos2d-x)

  - by Mister Guacamole

  I'm trying to mask a sprite so I wrote a simple fragment shader that renders only the pixels that are not hidden under another texture (the mask). The problem is that it seems my texture has its y-coordinate offset after passing through the shader. This is the init method of the sprite (GroundZone) I want to mask: bool GroundZone::initWithSize(Size size) { // [...] // Setup the mask of the sprite m_mask = RenderTexture::create(textureWidth, textureHeight); m_mask->retain(); m_mask->setKeepMatrix(true); Texture2D *maskTexture = m_mask->getSprite()->getTexture(); maskTexture->setAliasTexParameters(); // Disable linear interpolation on the mask // Load the custom frag shader with a default vert shader as the sprite’s program FileUtils *fileUtils = FileUtils::getInstance(); string vertexSource = ccPositionTextureA8Color_vert; string fragmentSource = fileUtils->getStringFromFile( fileUtils->fullPathForFilename("CustomShader_AlphaMask_frag.fsh")); GLProgram *shader = new GLProgram; shader->initWithByteArrays(vertexSource.c_str(), fragmentSource.c_str()); shader->bindAttribLocation(GLProgram::ATTRIBUTE_NAME_POSITION, GLProgram::VERTEX_ATTRIB_POSITION); shader->bindAttribLocation(GLProgram::ATTRIBUTE_NAME_TEX_COORD, GLProgram::VERTEX_ATTRIB_TEX_COORDS); shader->link(); CHECK_GL_ERROR_DEBUG(); shader->updateUniforms(); CHECK_GL_ERROR_DEBUG(); int maskTexUniformLoc = shader->getUniformLocationForName("u_alphaMaskTexture"); shader->setUniformLocationWith1i(maskTexUniformLoc, 1); this->setShaderProgram(shader); shader->release(); // [...] } These are the custom drawing methods for actually drawing the mask over the sprite: You need to know that m_mask is modified externally by another class, the onDraw() method only render it. void GroundZone::draw(Renderer *renderer, const kmMat4 &transform, bool transformUpdated) { m_renderCommand.init(_globalZOrder); m_renderCommand.func = CC_CALLBACK_0(GroundZone::onDraw, this, transform, transformUpdated); renderer->addCommand(&m_renderCommand); Sprite::draw(renderer, transform, transformUpdated); } void GroundZone::onDraw(const kmMat4 &transform, bool transformUpdated) { GLProgram *shader = this->getShaderProgram(); shader->use(); glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1); glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, m_mask->getSprite()->getTexture()->getName()); glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0); } Below is the method (located in another class, GroundLayer) that modify the mask by drawing a line from point start to point end. Both points are in Cocos2d coordinates (Point (0,0) is down-left). void GroundLayer::drawTunnel(Point start, Point end) { // To dig a line, we need first to get the texture of the zone we will be digging into. Then we get the // relative position of the start and end point in the zone's node space. Finally we use the custom shader to // draw a mask over the existing texture. for (auto it = _children.begin(); it != _children.end(); it++) { GroundZone *zone = static_cast<GroundZone *>(*it); Point nodeStart = zone->convertToNodeSpace(start); Point nodeEnd = zone->convertToNodeSpace(end); // Now that we have our two points converted to node space, it's easy to draw a mask that contains a line // going from the start point to the end point and that is then applied over the current texture. Size groundZoneSize = zone->getContentSize(); RenderTexture *rt = zone->getMask(); rt->begin(); { // Draw a line going from start and going to end in the texture, the line will act as a mask over the // existing texture DrawNode *line = DrawNode::create(); line->retain(); line->drawSegment(nodeStart, nodeEnd, 20, Color4F::RED); line->visit(); } rt->end(); } } Finally, here's the custom shader I wrote. #ifdef GL_ES precision mediump float; #endif varying vec2 v_texCoord; uniform sampler2D u_texture; uniform sampler2D u_alphaMaskTexture; void main() { float maskAlpha = texture2D(u_alphaMaskTexture, v_texCoord).a; float texAlpha = texture2D(u_texture, v_texCoord).a; float blendAlpha = (1.0 - maskAlpha) * texAlpha; // Show only where mask is invisible vec3 texColor = texture2D(u_texture, v_texCoord).rgb; gl_FragColor = vec4(texColor, blendAlpha); return; } I got a problem with the y coordinates. Indeed, it seems that once it has passed through my custom shader, the sprite's texture is not at the right place: Without custom shader (the sprite is the brown thing): With custom shader: What's going on here? Thanks :) EDIT It looks like after passing through the shader when I set the position of the sprite I set it in points, with (0,0) being in the top-right. Indeed, when I do sprite->setPosition(320, 480), the sprite is perfectly placed at the top of the screen.

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• GLSL: How Do I cast a float into an int?

  - by dugla

  In a GLSL fragment shader I am trying to cast a float into an int. The compiler has other ideas. It complains thusly: ERROR: 0:60: '=' : cannot convert from 'mediump float' to 'highp int' I am trying to do this: mediump float indexf = floor(2.0 * mixer); highp int index = indexf; I (vainly) tried to raise the precision of the int above the float to appease the GL Gods but no joy. Could someone please school me here? Thanks, Doug

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• Can one draw a cube using different method/drawing mode?

  - by den-javamaniac

  Hi. I've just started learning gamedev (in particular android EGL based) and have ran over a code from Pro Android Games 2 that looks as follows: /* * Copyright (C) 2007 Google Inc. * * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. * You may obtain a copy of the License at * * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and * limitations under the License. */ package opengl.scenes.cubes; import java.nio.ByteBuffer; import java.nio.ByteOrder; import java.nio.IntBuffer; import javax.microedition.khronos.opengles.GL10; public class Cube { public Cube(){ int one = 0x10000; int vertices[] = { -one, -one, -one, one, -one, -one, one, one, -one, -one, one, -one, -one, -one, one, one, -one, one, one, one, one, -one, one, one, }; int colors[] = { 0, 0, 0, one, one, 0, 0, one, one, one, 0, one, 0, one, 0, one, 0, 0, one, one, one, 0, one, one, one, one, one, one, 0, one, one, one, }; byte indices[] = { 0, 4, 5, 0, 5, 1, 1, 5, 6, 1, 6, 2, 2, 6, 7, 2, 7, 3, 3, 7, 4, 3, 4, 0, 4, 7, 6, 4, 6, 5, 3, 0, 1, 3, 1, 2 }; // Buffers to be passed to gl*Pointer() functions // must be direct, i.e., they must be placed on the // native heap where the garbage collector cannot vbb.asIntBuffer() // move them. // // Buffers with multi-byte datatypes (e.g., short, int, float) // must have their byte order set to native order ByteBuffer vbb = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(vertices.length*4); vbb.order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder()); mVertexBuffer = vbb.asIntBuffer(); mVertexBuffer.put(vertices); mVertexBuffer.position(0); ByteBuffer cbb = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(colors.length*4); cbb.order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder()); mColorBuffer = cbb.asIntBuffer(); mColorBuffer.put(colors); mColorBuffer.position(0); mIndexBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(indices.length); mIndexBuffer.put(indices); mIndexBuffer.position(0); } public void draw(GL10 gl) { gl.glFrontFace(GL10.GL_CW); gl.glVertexPointer(3, GL10.GL_FIXED, 0, mVertexBuffer); gl.glColorPointer(4, GL10.GL_FIXED, 0, mColorBuffer); gl.glDrawElements(GL10.GL_TRIANGLES, 36, GL10.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, mIndexBuffer); } private IntBuffer mVertexBuffer; private IntBuffer mColorBuffer; private ByteBuffer mIndexBuffer;} So it suggests to draw a cube using triangles. My question is: can I draw the same cube using GL_TPOLYGON? If so, isn't that an easier/more understandable way to do things?

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• Extra fire simulation on iPad device

  - by Nezam

  I have with me an iOS app for iPad which creates a few fire simulations over a png.Well,its working well exactly how we wanted it but when we are testing it on a device,we get an extra fire simulation.Heres the screen: iPad Simulator: This is how it should display (iPad Simulation) iPad Device: This is how its displaying (iPad Device) M ready to share whichever portion of my code which gets me to my solution once someone gets hit here.Thanks in advance

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• Computing a normal matrix in conjunction with gluLookAt

  - by Chris Smith

  I have a hand-rolled camera class that converts yaw, pitch, and roll angles into a forward, side, and up vector suitable for calling gluLookAt. Using this camera class I can modify the model-view matrix to move about the 3D world just fine. However, I am having trouble when using this camera class (and associated model-view matrix) when trying to perform directional lighting in my vertex shader. The problem is that the light direction, (0, 1, 0) for example, is relative to where the 'camera is looking' and not the actual world coordinates. (Or is this eye coordinates vs. model coordinates?) I would like the light direction to be unaffected by the camera's viewing direction. For example, when the camera is looking down the Z axis the ground is lit correctly. However, if I point the camera straight at the ground, then it goes dark. This is (I think) because the light direction is parallel with the camera's 'up' vector which is perpendicular with the ground's normal vector. I tried computing the normal matrix without taking the camera's model view into account, but then none of my objects were rotated correctly. Sorry if this sounds vague. I suspect there is a straight forward answer, but I'm not 100% clear on how the normal matrix should be used for transforming vertex normals in my vertex shader. For reference, here is pseudo code for my rendering loop: pMatrix = new Matrix(); pMatrix = makePerspective(...) mvMatrix = new Matrix() camera.apply(mvMatrix); // Calls gluLookAt // Move the object into position. mvMatrix.translatev(position); mvMatrix.rotatef(rotation.x, 1, 0, 0); mvMatrix.rotatef(rotation.y, 0, 1, 0); mvMatrix.rotatef(rotation.z, 0, 0, 1); var nMatrix = new Matrix(); nMatrix.set(mvMatrix.get().getInverse().getTranspose()); // Set vertex shader uniforms. gl.uniformMatrix4fv(shaderProgram.pMatrixUniform, false, new Float32Array(pMatrix.getFlattened())); gl.uniformMatrix4fv(shaderProgram.mvMatrixUniform, false, new Float32Array(mvMatrix.getFlattened())); gl.uniformMatrix4fv(shaderProgram.nMatrixUniform, false, new Float32Array(nMatrix.getFlattened())); // ... gl.drawElements(gl.TRIANGLES, this.vertexIndexBuffer.numItems, gl.UNSIGNED_SHORT, 0); And the corresponding vertex shader: // Attributes attribute vec3 aVertexPosition; attribute vec4 aVertexColor; attribute vec3 aVertexNormal; // Uniforms uniform mat4 uMVMatrix; uniform mat4 uNMatrix; uniform mat4 uPMatrix; // Varyings varying vec4 vColor; // Constants const vec3 LIGHT_DIRECTION = vec3(0, 1, 0); // Opposite direction of photons. const vec4 AMBIENT_COLOR = vec4 (0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 1.0); float ComputeLighting() { vec4 transformedNormal = vec4(aVertexNormal.xyz, 1.0); transformedNormal = uNMatrix * transformedNormal; float base = dot(normalize(transformedNormal.xyz), normalize(LIGHT_DIRECTION)); return max(base, 0.0); } void main(void) { gl_Position = uPMatrix * uMVMatrix * vec4(aVertexPosition, 1.0); float lightWeight = ComputeLighting(); vColor = vec4(aVertexColor.xyz * lightWeight, 1.0) + AMBIENT_COLOR; } Note that I am using WebGL, so if the anser is use glFixThisProblem(...) any pointers on how to re-implement that on WebGL if missing would be appreciated.

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• Simple iOS glDrawElements - BAD_ACCESS

  - by user699215

  You can copy paste this into the default OpenGl template created in Xcode. Why am I not seeing anything :-) It is strange as the glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 3); is working fine, but with glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, sizeof(indices)/sizeof(GLubyte), GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, indices); Is giving BAD_ACCESS? Copy paste this into Xcode default OpenGl template: ViewController #import "ViewController.h" #define BUFFER_OFFSET(i) ((char *)NULL + (i)) // Uniform index. enum { UNIFORM_MODELVIEWPROJECTION_MATRIX, UNIFORM_NORMAL_MATRIX, NUM_UNIFORMS }; GLint uniforms[NUM_UNIFORMS]; // Attribute index. enum { ATTRIB_VERTEX, ATTRIB_NORMAL, NUM_ATTRIBUTES }; @interface ViewController () { GLKMatrix4 _modelViewProjectionMatrix; GLKMatrix3 _normalMatrix; float _rotation; GLuint _vertexArray; GLuint _vertexBuffer; NSArray* arrayOfVertex; } @property (strong, nonatomic) EAGLContext *context; @property (strong, nonatomic) GLKBaseEffect *effect; - (void)setupGL; - (void)tearDownGL; @end @implementation ViewController - (void)viewDidLoad { [super viewDidLoad]; self.context = [[EAGLContext alloc] initWithAPI:kEAGLRenderingAPIOpenGLES2]; GLKView *view = (GLKView *)self.view; view.context = self.context; view.drawableDepthFormat = GLKViewDrawableDepthFormat24; [self setupGL]; } - (void)dealloc { [self tearDownGL]; if ([EAGLContext currentContext] == self.context) { [EAGLContext setCurrentContext:nil]; } } - (void)didReceiveMemoryWarning { [super didReceiveMemoryWarning]; if ([self isViewLoaded] && ([[self view] window] == nil)) { self.view = nil; [self tearDownGL]; if ([EAGLContext currentContext] == self.context) { [EAGLContext setCurrentContext:nil]; } self.context = nil; } // Dispose of any resources that can be recreated. } GLuint vertexBufferID; GLuint indexBufferID; static const GLfloat vertices[9] = { -0.5, -0.5, 0.5, 0.5, -0.5, 0.5, -0.5, 0.5, 0.5 }; static const GLubyte indices[3] = { 0, 1, 2 }; - (void)setupGL { [EAGLContext setCurrentContext:self.context]; // [self loadShaders]; self.effect = [[GLKBaseEffect alloc] init]; self.effect.light0.enabled = GL_TRUE; self.effect.light0.diffuseColor = GLKVector4Make(1.0f, 0.4f, 0.4f, 1.0f); glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST); // glGenVertexArraysOES(1, &_vertexArray); // glBindVertexArrayOES(_vertexArray); glGenBuffers(1, &vertexBufferID); glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vertexBufferID); glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertices), vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW); glGenBuffers(1, &indexBufferID); glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, indexBufferID); glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(indices), indices, GL_STATIC_DRAW); glEnableVertexAttribArray(GLKVertexAttribPosition); glVertexAttribPointer(GLKVertexAttribPosition, // Specifies the index of the generic vertex attribute to be modified. 3, // Specifies the number of components per generic vertex attribute. Must be 1, 2, 3, 4. GL_FLOAT, // GL_FALSE, // 0, // BUFFER_OFFSET(0)); // // glBindVertexArrayOES(0); } - (void)tearDownGL { [EAGLContext setCurrentContext:self.context]; glDeleteBuffers(1, &_vertexBuffer); glDeleteVertexArraysOES(1, &_vertexArray); self.effect = nil; } #pragma mark - GLKView and GLKViewController delegate methods - (void)update { float aspect = fabsf(self.view.bounds.size.width / self.view.bounds.size.height); GLKMatrix4 projectionMatrix = GLKMatrix4MakePerspective(GLKMathDegreesToRadians(65.0f), aspect, 0.1f, 100.0f); self.effect.transform.projectionMatrix = projectionMatrix; GLKMatrix4 baseModelViewMatrix = GLKMatrix4MakeTranslation(0.0f, 0.0f, -4.0f); baseModelViewMatrix = GLKMatrix4Rotate(baseModelViewMatrix, _rotation, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f); // Compute the model view matrix for the object rendered with GLKit GLKMatrix4 modelViewMatrix = GLKMatrix4MakeTranslation(0.0f, 0.0f, -1.5f); modelViewMatrix = GLKMatrix4Rotate(modelViewMatrix, _rotation, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f); modelViewMatrix = GLKMatrix4Multiply(baseModelViewMatrix, modelViewMatrix); self.effect.transform.modelviewMatrix = modelViewMatrix; // Compute the model view matrix for the object rendered with ES2 modelViewMatrix = GLKMatrix4MakeTranslation(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.5f); modelViewMatrix = GLKMatrix4Rotate(modelViewMatrix, _rotation, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f); modelViewMatrix = GLKMatrix4Multiply(baseModelViewMatrix, modelViewMatrix); _normalMatrix = GLKMatrix3InvertAndTranspose(GLKMatrix4GetMatrix3(modelViewMatrix), NULL); _modelViewProjectionMatrix = GLKMatrix4Multiply(projectionMatrix, modelViewMatrix); _rotation += self.timeSinceLastUpdate * 0.5f; } int i; - (void)glkView:(GLKView *)view drawInRect:(CGRect)rect { glClearColor(0.65f, 0.65f, 0.65f, 1.0f); glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT); // glBindVertexArrayOES(_vertexArray); // Render the object with GLKit [self.effect prepareToDraw]; //glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 3); // Render the object again with ES2 // glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 3); glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, sizeof(indices)/sizeof(GLubyte), GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, indices); } @end

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• GetData() error creating framebuffer

  - by Lelezeus

  I'm currently porting a game written in C# with XNA library to Android with Monogame. I have a Texture2D and i'm trying to get an array of uint in this way: Texture2d textureDeform = game.Content.Load<Texture2D>("Texture/terrain"); uint[] pixelDeformData = new uint[textureDeform.Width * textureDeform.Height]; textureDeform.GetData(pixelDeformData, 0, textureDeform.Width * textureDeform.Height); I get the following exception: System.Exception: Error creating framebuffer: Zero at Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Graphics.Texture2D.GetTextureData (Int32 ThreadPriorityLevel) [0x00000] in :0 I found that the problem is in private byte[] GetTextureData(int ThreadPriorityLevel) creating the framebuffer: private byte[] GetTextureData(int ThreadPriorityLevel) { int framebufferId = -1; int renderBufferID = -1; GL.GenFramebuffers(1, ref framebufferId); // framebufferId is still -1 , why can't be created? GraphicsExtensions.CheckGLError(); GL.BindFramebuffer(All.Framebuffer, framebufferId); GraphicsExtensions.CheckGLError(); //renderBufferIDs = new int[currentRenderTargets]; GL.GenRenderbuffers(1, ref renderBufferID); GraphicsExtensions.CheckGLError(); // attach the texture to FBO color attachment point GL.FramebufferTexture2D(All.Framebuffer, All.ColorAttachment0, All.Texture2D, this.glTexture, 0); GraphicsExtensions.CheckGLError(); // create a renderbuffer object to store depth info GL.BindRenderbuffer(All.Renderbuffer, renderBufferID); GraphicsExtensions.CheckGLError(); GL.RenderbufferStorage(All.Renderbuffer, All.DepthComponent24Oes, Width, Height); GraphicsExtensions.CheckGLError(); // attach the renderbuffer to depth attachment point GL.FramebufferRenderbuffer(All.Framebuffer, All.DepthAttachment, All.Renderbuffer, renderBufferID); GraphicsExtensions.CheckGLError(); All status = GL.CheckFramebufferStatus(All.Framebuffer); if (status != All.FramebufferComplete) throw new Exception("Error creating framebuffer: " + status); ... } The frameBufferId is still -1, seems that framebuffer could not be generated and I don't know why. Any help would be appreciated, thank you in advance.

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• 2D map/plane with nodes overlayed that supports panning, scaling and clicking on nodes

  - by garlicman

  I'm trying my hand at Android development and seem to be running into an invisible ceiling in trying to get what I want accomplished. Basically I'm trying to create an app that renders a 2D surface map that I can (pinch) zoom and pan. I'll have to place nodes on the surface of the map that will scale/zoom and pan in relation to the surface. I started out with a 2D ImageView approach and got as far as pinch zoom, pan and laying nodes as relative ImageViews, but all the methods I tried to get X,Y,W,H for the 2D surface were always off for some reason. Additionally, I was never able to scale the node ImageViews correctly, and as a result never got far enough to try and work out their X,Y scaled offset. So I decided to get back to 3D rendering. Conceptually pan/zoom is camera manipulation, so I don't have to mess with how to scale the 2D map or the nodes. But I need a starting point or sample to get me going that's close to what I'm trying to achieve. A sample on a translucent spinning cube isn't helping as much as I need it to. Any tips? Links, insults and sympathy are all welcome!

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• Using gluLookAt to move camera in 2D iPhone game ?

  - by Mr.Gando

  Hey guys, I'm trying to use gluLookAt to move the camera in my iPhone game, but every time I've tried to use gluLookAt my screen just goes "blank" ( grey in this case ) I'm trying to render a simple triangle and to move the camera, this is my code: to setup my scene I do: glViewport(0, 0, backingWidth, backingHeight); glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION); glLoadIdentity(); glRotatef(-90.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0); //using iPhone in horizontal mode glOrthof(-240, 240, -160, 160, -1, 1); glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW); then my "triangle rendering" code looks like: GLfloat triangle[] = {0, 100, 100, 0, -100, 0,}; glClearColor(0.7, 0.7, 0.7, 1.0); glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT); glEnableClientState(GL_VERTEX_ARRAY); glColor4f(1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0); glVertexPointer(2, GL_FLOAT, 0, &triangle); glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 6); glDisableClientState(GL_VERTEX_ARRAY); This draws a red triangle in the middle of the screen, when I try to apply gluLookAt ( I got the implementation of the function from Cocos2D so I asume it's correct ), i do: glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW); glLoadIdentity(); gluLookAt(0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1); // try to move the camera a bit ? GLfloat triangle[] = {0, 100, 100, 0, -100, 0,}; glClearColor(0.7, 0.7, 0.7, 1.0); glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT); glEnableClientState(GL_VERTEX_ARRAY); glColor4f(1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0); glVertexPointer(2, GL_FLOAT, 0, &triangle); glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 6); glDisableClientState(GL_VERTEX_ARRAY); This leads me to grey screen (glClearColor is grey), I've tried all sort of things and read what I've found about gluLookAt on the net, but no luck :(, if someone could explain me or show me how to move to move the camera in a top-down fashion ( zelda, etc ), I would really appreciate it. Thanks!

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• Why, on iOS, is glRenderbufferStorage appearing to fail?

  - by dugla

  On an iOS device (iPad) I decided to change the storage for my renderbuffer from the CAEAGLLayer that backs the view to explicit storage via glRenderbufferStorage. Sadly, the following code fails to result in a valid FBO. Can someone please tell me what I missed?: glGenFramebuffers(1, &m_framebuffer); glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, m_framebuffer); glGenRenderbuffers(1, &m_colorbuffer); glBindRenderbuffer(GL_RENDERBUFFER, m_colorbuffer); GLsizei width = (GLsizei)layer.bounds.size.width; GLsizei height = (GLsizei)layer.bounds.size.height; glRenderbufferStorage(m_colorbuffer, GL_RGBA8_OES, width, height); glFramebufferRenderbuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, GL_RENDERBUFFER, m_colorbuffer); Note: The layer size is valid and correct. This is solid production working rendering code. The only change I am making is the line glRenderbufferStorage(...) previously I did: [m_context renderbufferStorage:GL_RENDERBUFFER fromDrawable:layer] Thanks, Doug

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• building a game for different resoulution phones

  - by Jason

  Hi, I am starting some tests for building a game on the android program. So far everything is working and seems nice. However I do not understand how to make sure my game looks correct on all phones as the all will have slightly different screen ratios (and even very different on some odd phones) What I am doing right now is making a view frustrum ( could also be ortho ) which I set to go from -ratio to +ratio ( as I have seen on many examples) however this causes my test shape to be stretched and sometimes cut off by the edge of the screen. I am tilting my phone to landscape to do my tests ( a bit extreame) but it should still render correctly if I have dome things right. Should I be scaling by some ratio before drawing or something? An example would be greatly apriciated PS I am doing a 2d game

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• Open GL Android frame-by-frame animation tutorial/example code

  - by Trick

  My first question was asked wrong, so I need to ask again :) I found out, that I will have to do an OpenGL animation for my Android game. The closest (known) example is Talking Tom (but I don't know how they did the animations). I have large PNGs which I would like to put into a animation. For example - 30 PNGs 427×240px at 8 FPS. I know some things already about Open GL, but I am used to learn from example code. And it is quicker that way (so I don't need to invent hot water all over again :)). Does anybody has any points to direct me?

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